عبدالجواد احمدی

Today, the use of smartphones has increased dramatically among teenage girls. Experts believe that this excessive use of smartphones can cause body image and eating disorders in adolescent girls. The emergence of social networks such as Facebook and Instagram may have increased body image dissatisfaction through social comparison. The media are a potent and influential tool in guiding women towards eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Media advertising, especially advertising related to the beauty and slimming industry, can promote unhealthy ideals about body weight and shape. These ads usually show images of skinny and make–up bodies as beauty models and increase anxiety in people. This concern may lead to unhealthy ideals about body weight and shape, which can lead to disturbed body image and eating disorders. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between smartphone addiction, body image, and eating disorders in female adolescents.

The current research design was analytical and used correlational models. The statistical population of this research comprised all teenage girls aged 15 and 18, living in the 18th district of Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. Of them, 200 were selected by convenience sampling. According to Julie Pallant's formula, the sample size is N>50+8m, where m is the number of predictor variables, and N is the minimum sample size. Considering that there were three predictor variables in this research, the minimum suitable sample size was 74. To increase the validity of the test and control the possible dropout of subjects, the sample size was increased to 200 female teenagers studying in four high schools and conservatories. The secondary high school girls of the second year were determined in the 18th district of Tehran. They were selected using a non–random sampling method, and they completed the study questionnaires in the spring of 2023. The inclusion criteria were as follows: access to the online questionnaires, being in the age range of teenagers (15 to 18 years old), being in the target area, and answering the questions consciously. The exclusion criteria were not being satisfied with participating in the research, not completing all the questions in the questionnaire, and the occurrence of any physical or mental problems for the participants. The participants responded to the Cell Phone Addiction Scale (Koo, 2009), the Body Image Questionnaire (Fisher, 1970), and the Nutrition Attitude Questionnaire (Garner et al., 1982). Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significant level of 0.05 in SPSS software version 26.

The findings showed that tolerance of deprivation (β= –0.232, p<0.001), life disturbance (β= –0.311, p<0.001), and insistence (β=–0.354, p<0.001) predicted body image disorder in adolescent girls. Also, tolerance of deprivation (β = 0.225, p = 0.05), life disorder (β=0.314, p<0.001), and insistence (β=0.224, p=0.04) predicted eating disorders in adolescent girls. In addition, 62% of the variance of body image disorder and 44% of the variance of eating disorder were explained based on the components of smartphone addiction (deprivation tolerance, life disorder, compulsion–insistence).

The results of the present study determined that smartphone addiction and its components (tolerance of deprivation, life disorder, compulsion–insistence) are predictors of body image and eating disorders in adolescent girls.

Today, smoking and the problems of obesity or weight loss are one of the major concerns of the World Health Organization, especially in children and adolescents. This study aimed to predict the attitudes toward cigarette smoking and concern about weight and diet based on self-compassion with the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural pressure.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of teenage secondary school girls in Alborz province in the 97-98 academic year. Among them, 300 individuals were selected by multistage random sampling method. The instruments used were the attitudes toward smoking scale (Shore & et al, 2000), the worry over weight and diet questionnaire (Kagan & Squires, 1984), the self-compassion questionnaire (Neff 2003) and the perceived socio-cultural pressure questionnaire (Stice & bearman, 2001). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method using SPSS24 and AMOS24 software.

The results showed that the proposed model best fitted the data. According to the results, perceived socio-cultural pressure has a mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion with attitudes toward smoking and concern about weight and diet. Also, self-compassion is not directly related with attitudes toward smoking (P<0.05, β= -0/0083) and concern about weight and diet (P<0.05, β=0.002) but is directly related to perceived socio-cultural pressure (P<0.05, β=0.222). Perceived socio-cultural pressure is not directly related to attitudes toward smoking (P< 0.05, β=0.074) but is directly related to the concern about weight and diet (P<0.05, β=0.139). Also, the indirect effect of self-compassion (P<0.05) was confirmed by perceived socio-cultural pressure on concerns about weight and diet. While the results showed that there was no significant indirect relationship between self-compassion and perceived socio-cultural pressure with attitudes toward cigarette smoking. A significant indirect effect of self-compassion (P<0.05) was confirmed by perceived socio-cultural pressure on the attitudes toward smoking and concern about weight and diet.

The results showed that high self-compassion female students had less concern about their weight and diet and perceived less socio-cultural pressure. Therefore, it is recommended to develop treatment programs based on compassion to prevent problems related to concerns about weight and diet for students.

The aim of this study was to standardize the 20-item life satisfaction index of the elderly without cognitive problems.

The present study was cross-sectional and descriptive and was in the category of developmental research. The population of this study is the elderly of Tehran, the method of judgmental sampling and the sample after removing the incomplete cases of 199 people, including 116 women and 83 men. After translating and obtaining the opinions of experts and subjects, the face validity and content of the questionnaire were confirmed. SPSS-22 and AMOS-23 software were used for statistical analysis.

The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by internal consistency method and Cronbach's- alpha coefficient for the whole test was 0.840 and for all subscales was between 0.295 and 0.678. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed by first and second- order confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that five factors, including zest for life, Resolution and fortitude, consistency between aspirations and goals achieved, positive self-image and how to mood are approved with 99% confidence and 18 questions of the questionnaire with 99% confidence are included in the test scales. The results of convergent validity were also favorable and the correlation between the elderly life satisfaction questionnaire and the public life satisfaction scale was r = 0.726 (P <0.001).

The analysis of the findings shows that the 18-item questionnaire on life satisfaction of the elderly is acceptable in terms of psychometric properties.

This study set out to examine the impact of assertiveness training on the level of academic motivation and Internet addiction of high school students in Tehran. This quasi-experimental research had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all Tehrani 11th graders in school year 2017-18.  The drawn sample (N=80) was selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and was assigned to two experimental (N=40) and two control groups (N=40). The instruments included the Academic Motivation Questionnaire (Abdekhoda’ee et al., 2008) and the Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1998). The experimental groups were given eight two-hour sessions of assertiveness training, while the control group received no intervention. At the end of the training, academic motivation and Internet addiction were measured during posttest phase and the data were analyzed via ANCOVA. The results indicated that the assertiveness training significantly reduced Internet addiction in students and it improved their academic motivation. Consequently, assertiveness training could be utilized as an effective method at schools.

This research was conducted to assess the impact of mindfulness on academic motivation among the 11th-grade students in Tehran.  As an experimental research, we employed a pre- and post-test with a control group. The participants included all 11th-grade students who were studying in District Two of Tehran country in 2017-2018. The researchers utilized multi-phase cluster sampling to choose 80 students (40 female and 40 male students), who showed lower scores on their academic motivation test, and randomly placed them into four groups of participants (two experimental groups and two control groups).  The experimental groups received mindfulness training in eight sessions. Then all participants were given Academic Motivation as the post-test. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance, and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance. The results indicated that mindfulness practice had a significant impact on increasing academic motivation in female and male students. Due to the positive impact of mindfulness practices on students to increase their academic motivations, it is suggested that teachers and educators create a motivating academic environment by encouraging students’ self-efficacy and providing mindfulness technique.

Autism spectrum disorders, as one of childhood disorders, have severe effects on life and family's social and physiological health. Including high levels of anxiety, stress, isolation and uncertainty in parents and other family members. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based therapy on quality of life and coping styles of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. In this quasi-experimental study, thirty mothers of children with autistic spectrum disorder in Qods city were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. After performing the pretest, the experimental group participated in the eight sessions of mindfulness awareness and afterward a posttest was performed. Data were collected using SF-36 quality of life and Lazarus coping styles questionnaires, and were analyzed by SPSS23 using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics), multivariate covariance analysis. The results of the data analysis indicated that mindfulness-based therapy had a positive and significant effect on the quality of life and coping strategies of mothers of children with autistic spectrum disorder. (P< 0.05) This study showed that mindfulness can improve the quality of life and the coping strategies of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders, so, based on these findings, it is recommended to implement this kind of intervention in consulting, social welfare centers and social work clinic.

This research aimed to investigate the mediating role of the mother’s mindfulness and family resiliency on the relationship between child with autism spectrum disorder behavior problems and mother’s psychological well-being. Statistical populations of the study were mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder who were 3 to 16 years old in Tehran, Karaj and Qazvin cities. 170 mothers were selected through purposeful sampling. The research tools included Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB-18), Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS). Path analysis showed that mother’s mindfulness and family resiliency played a mediating role in the relationship between child with autism spectrum disorder behavior problems and mother’s psychological well-being. So, it is suggested that psychotherapist not only pay enough attention to the problems of children with ASD but also consider their parent’s mental health, family circumstances and other available sources of support in the society for achieving a comprehensive view of the situation.

Risky behaviors are defined as behaviors that put physical, psychological, and social health and wellbeing of individuals and society at risk. Adolescence, a period associated with extensive physical, psychological, and social changes, is prone to initiation of risky behaviors, particularly as a result of egocentrism and lack of understanding of one’s behaviors. Adolescents’ tendency to various risky behaviors is a prime cause of concern in any society, because adolescents who have a higher tendency to risky behaviors, enjoy less academic achievement, have a higher level of inclination to suicide, and are at a higher risk of fatalities due to diseases associated with risky behaviors. The aim of the present research is a review of reasons for a tendency to risky behaviors on the part of adolescents. This research was carried out using library and documentary research methods and benefited from theories and research in the risky behaviors literature. On the whole, it can be concluded that an exact determination of influential factors contributing to a tendency for risky behaviors in adolescents, as well as drawing up programs and plans to prevent and control such behaviors are essentially important.

This study aimed to compare executive functions and self-efficacy in patients with Multiple Sclerosis to healthy individuals. One hundred patients who have had the disease at least for 5 years were selected randomly from the referents to the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Iran. The comparison group who consisted of patients’ relatives and the staff of the Multiple Sclerosis Society were matched on the basis of age, gender, education, occupation and marital status. The participants completed the Executive Function Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013) and the Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Sherer et al., 1982).The data analyzed using t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicated that the Multiple Sclerosis patients had lower scores in executive functions and self-efficacy than healthy individuals. The present findings suggest that developing Multiple Sclerosis lead to executive functions and self-efficacy deficiency which demonstrate a need to implement intervention programs for Multiple Sclerosis patients by specialists.

Multiple sclerosis is one of the neuro-cognitive disorders that make a lot of cognitive and behavioral effects. This study was aimed to compare executive function and life orientation in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy people.
This study was descriptive and causal-comparative. Among all of the patients referred to Multiple Sclerosis Society of Iran, 100 patients with multiple sclerosis, at least 5 years of their disease passing, were chosen by sample randomization. For the comparison group, among relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis and multiple sclerosis society staff, 100 people were matched in terms of age, sex, education, occupation and marital status. Data was obtained by using executive function questionnaire (Nejati, 2013) and life orientation questionnaire (Scheier and Carver, 1985) and analyzed by T-test and MANOVA.
Healthy people have higher average in the scales of executive functions and life orientation, compared to patients with multiple sclerosis. There is a significant different between these groups (p>0/05).
Results showed that patients with multiple sclerosis compared to healthy people are of a lower position in the scales of executive functions. Life orientation scores in multiple sclerosis patients was lower than healthy people, and their attitude is toward the negative direction and pessimistic. According to the results, there is a need to pay more serious attention from specialists about intervention in the problems of this group.

Senescence is a global phenomenon. Alzheimer's disease is one of the most important neurologic diseases in the old age which causes progressive deterioration in cognitive functions in addition to mood, personality, judgment and behavioral alterations. Since this disease imposes many emotional and financial costs on the patients and carers, the diagnosis in the early stages can reduce the consequences. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the performance of healthy elderly and the elderly with the Alzheimer's disease in Bender Geshtalt Test and Mini-Mental State Examination. The study was an ex post facto type research. The sample consisted of 60-90 year-old elderly living in the nursing homes of Tehran: 50 healthy elderly and 50 elderly with A.D. They were selected by available sampling. The data were collected through Bender Gestalt Test as well as Mini-Mental State Examination and analysed by using t-independent test and multivariate analysis. The results of Mini-Mental State Examination indicated that there is a significant difference between 2 groups in orientation of time, orientation of place, registration, recent memory, repeat, reading, attention and calculation, comprehension, writing and drawing. No significant difference was observed in naming. The findings of Bender Gestalt Test showed significant differences in rotation, fragmentation, preservation, collision, impotence, difficulty in closure, motor incoordination, angulation, cohesion,simplification,and retrogression. Within the parameters of time and overlapping shapes there was no significant difference between the two groups. The lower scores in MMSE and more errors in Bender Gestalt Test in the elderly with A.D show brain damage and regression to lower level of developmental stages (p=0.05).

The present study aimed to construct a test to assess students’academic adjustment. A set of 152 items were generated with six subscales including type of university, field of study, social and interpersonal skills, emotional and academic adjustments, self-discovery, and objective oriented. Four hundred and eleven college students were selected by stratified sampling from city of Ghazvin. The participants completed the 152 items questionnaire. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that items within each subscale were highly correlated with each other. Additionally, the items within each subscale had low correlation with items of other subscales which indicated high independence of subscales.The reliability of the test using Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.94. The final version of the test consisted of 138 items after removing items with low and double loading.

Emotional factors have a considerable effect on the second/foreign language learning. This issue has been accentuated by Krashen's affective filter hypothesis (1982) which indicates that emotional factors can function as both a hurdle in or catalyst for learning process. The present research aims to examine the homesickness and social adjustment and their relationship in non-Iranian Persian learners in a selected group of learners at Persian Centre in Imam Khomeini International University. Doing so, 178 Persian learners (35 females and 143 males) were selected as the research sample. The Adjustment Inventory (Bell, 1961) and Homesickness Scale (van Vliet, 2001) were employed to gather data. The results showed that 12.9 % of Persian learners felt weak, 64.7% experienced mild and 22.4% had sever degree of homesickness. Moreover, it was revealed that 24.7%, 62.5%, and 12.8% of learners had low, middle and high degree of social adjustment respectively. It was also found that there was significant difference in total score of homesickness between female and male learners However, there existed no significant difference between these two groups in social adjustment. Analyzing the relationship between homesickness and social adjustment showed that there was a significant negative correlation among the total score of homesickness, subscales of ‘desire to return to homeland’ and ‘adaptation problem’ with social adjustment. Finally, some recommendations are offered in order to prevent and reduce the potential damage on campus and classrooms for teachers and staff.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of training on anxiety in mothers of hospitalized children with urinary tract infection. The study was conducted in 40 mothers of hospitalized children in the Qazvin children hospital, during 2012-13. The subjects were selected by random sampling method and were divided into intervention and control groups. Data were collected through the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory on admission and two days before discharge. This questionnaire measures State anxiety and Trait anxiety subscales. Data were analyzed using paired T-test and independent sample T-test. Training had a significant effect on State anxiety in mothers of hospitalized children with urinary tract infection but did not affect Trait anxiety.

this study aimed to compare prospective memory and meta-memory (feeling- of- knowing judgments) of normal individuals and individuals with OCD. The participants were 100 students of Imam Khomeini International University in Tehran and Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch. To assess the severity of OCD symptoms, the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (Hodgson &Rachman, 1977) was used. Prospective memory, memory and metamemory performance were assessed by the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (Crawford, Smith, Della Sala, Logie,
Maylor, 2003) and the neutral and threat related material (adapted from Tuna, Tekcan, & Topcuoglu, 2005) respectively. The result of independent t–test indicated that the normal group had better scores in prospective memory than OCD group. The results of Manova indicated that meta-memory performance is better in normal group in comparison to OCD group but there wasn’t any difference between two groups in memory performance.

In order to examin the relationship between personality dimensions of affective abuse in women students (single and married) of Imam Khom-eini International aniversity in Qazv-in, 400 students of this university selected by multistage-raceme rand-om method. In order to measure the personality dimensions and degree of affective abuse of women, scales of five big factor of personality and aff-ective abuse were used respectively. In analysis of data, after doing des-criptive steps, and for measuring the relationship of personality dimensions and affective abuse, multiple regre-ssion analysis test was used and in order to comparison of single and married students, we used independent t-test. The findings of this study indicated that personality dimensions has relationship with affective abuse. Married students more abused single students and in terms personality dimensions, they are different only in two dimensions of neuroticism and openness against experiences, with single students too, and in order 3 deimensions of personality, there is no difference between them.

This study examined the humor styles (affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating) as moderator's link to the Big Five personality and general health in the university students. 250 male and female undergraduate students in Imam Khomeini International University, Faculty of Social Sciences, in academic year of 2009-2010, were selected through relative stratified sampling and asked to fill Humor Styles Questionnaire, Big Five Inventory, and General Health Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using partial correlation, multivariate regression, and T-test methods. Results indicated that the humor styles moderated the relationship between the big five personality and general health. Several significant correlations were found between each of the four humor styles with the big five and general health. Differences among affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating humor styles in male and female students were not observed, but the self-enhancing humor style observed was significantly different between male and female students. The findings indicate that the effective role of humor styles used by moderators link the Big Five personality and general health.

Mas·hyy saturated soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Shnakhthshdhyy phenomenon that many researchers in the past three decades has attracted. More research on the liquefaction of saturated soils has focused Mas·hyy the natural soils are rarely composed of clean sands, and mixed with clay or silt soils, which is why the study has important Ghyrkhmyry and paste. Despite numerous studies on these soils are still many aspects of the behavior of these soils is unknown. In this study the effect of shear stress to strengthening and dissimilar behavior Mas·hyy soils mixed with different percentages of silt is Ghyrkhmyry. The results of 67 experiments carried out so that the periodic S·hmhvry demonstrates that the change in the initial phase angle) IPTL in the $ q-p '$ is strongly influenced by the degree of back tension. The percentage of fine soil mixed with similar or dissimilar soils, and consolidate the changes clearly on the line in the initial phase of the $ q-p '$ is effective.

The main aim of this study was to investigate the working memory capacity in high depressive symptoms and non-depressed female students. By using screening sampling method, 41 students with high depressive symptoms in Tarbait-e-Moallem University were selected. 41 non-depressed students were selected as control group, randomly. The instruments were Beck depression inventory (BDI) and clinical interview and working memory index (WMI). It was utilized the MANOVA for analyzing the data. Depression was negatively related to working memory capacity. Students with high depressive symptoms and non-depressed group were significantly different in all working memory subscales. Slow response and sensitivity to task complexity are the main problems of depressed student in working memory tasks.