علی اصغر اصغرنژاد فرید

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS), which primarily underlie emotions and behaviors, are associated with borderline personality disorder. However, the reasons behind these associations in adolescents require further exploration.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of brain inhibition/activation systems (BIS/BAS) in impulsivity with a mediating role of emotion dysregulation in female vocational school teenagers with borderline personality disorder.

The current descriptive-correlational study was conducted on a statistical population of all female students of technical vocational schools with borderline personality disorder in District 5 of Tehran. Thus, 176 female students of technical and vocational schools were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection tools included the Borderline Personality Scale (STB) by Jackson and Claridge (1991), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)/ Behavioral Activation System (BAS) questionnaire developed by Carver and White (1994), Barrett impulsiveness scale (2004), and Gratz and Roemer's Emotion Dysregulation Scale (2004). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling with Smart PLS software using the Partial Least Square method.

According to the results, the indirect effect of brain activation/inhibition systems on impulsivity with the mediating role of emotion dysregulation was 0.523 and significant at the 0.05 level (p< 0.05). The direct effect of brain systems on emotion dysregulation and impulsivity was 0.436 and 0.463, respectively, which was significant at the 0.05 level (p< 0.05). The direct effect of emotion dysregulation on impulsivity was 0.524 and significant at the 0.05 level (P< 0.05).

As shown in this study, there was a significant relationship between the sensitivity of brain systems in emotion dysregulation and subsequently impulsivity. Thus, impulsivity-prone teenagers and students should be identified to provide them with preventive interventions (e.g., coping strategies and strengthening protective factors such as individual, social, and family support).

Adolescents are the spiritual assets of the society and their mental and physical health guarantees the health of the society in the future. Therefore, their issues are among the issues that should be given special attention. Investigating the root issues of teenagers and their delinquency is necessary to reach an ideal conditional society.

The method of the current research was a descriptive and comparative causal type. The statistical population of delinquent juveniles included all adolescent boys between the ages of 15 and 18 years of the correctional center of Tehran in the first quarter of 1401 and the statistical population of non-delinquent juveniles included all adolescent boys of Tehran city, based on the age and region of residence of delinquent juveniles. To collect data, the revised scale of sensitivity to reinforcement, family social capital questionnaire and emotional control questionnaire were used.

The results of multivariate variance analysis showed that between the brain-behavioral systems (for the behavioral activation system equal to (F=38.45), for the behavioral inhibition system equal to (F=22.39), for the war system equal to (F=21.72), for the escape system is equal to (F = 20.45) and for the freezing system is equal to (F = 13.27), family social capital (structural social capital within the family, cognitive social capital within the family, external structural social capital) family and social cognitive capital outside the family) only in the component of social cognitive capital outside the family (F=19.72) and emotional control (emotional inhibition, aggression control, mental rumination and benign control) only in the emotional inhibition component (F=6.91) of adolescents There is a significant difference between delinquent and non-delinquent boys (P<0.01)..

It seems that behavioral brain systems and biological bases, social factors related to family structure and emotional processes can be considered as effective factors in the occurrence of delinquency and prevention of delinquent behaviors by most researchers and practitioners in this field.

The present study aimed to investigate the structural relationship between cognitive-obsessional beliefs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 315 students from University of Tabriz were randomly selected and responded to the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OCCWG) and the Revised Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire (OCI-R) by Foa et al. Datawere analyzed by path analysis. Results showed that 1) the effect of feeling too much responsibility on the symptoms of obsession with checking, and obsession with thought is significant. 2) The effect of overestimation of risk on the symptoms of checking obsession and intellectual obsession was significant. 3) The effect of the inability to tolerate ambiguous conditions on the symptoms of inspection obsession was significant. 4) The effect of the importance of thoughts on the symptoms of checking obsession and thought obsession was significant. 5) The effect of thought control on the symptoms of obsessive thoughts and obsession with symmetry/order was significant. These findings have practical implications in clinical settings that are discussed.

The present research was conducted with the aim of developing a structural model of students' happiness based on resilience, self-esteem and school satisfaction with the mediation of self-efficacy. 

The method of the current research was descriptive-correlation type, which was carried out in the form of path analysis model. The statistical population of this research was made up of female students of the second level of high school in areas 2 and 5 of Tehran, who were studying in different fields of study in the academic year of 2022-2023. To determine the sample size, the principles of determining the sample size in structural equation modeling were used and 400 people were selected as a sample, which was selected using a multi-stage cluster random method. Data collection was based on Oxford happiness questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resilience scale, Cooper Smith self-esteem questionnaire, Morris adolescent self-efficacy questionnaire, and school satisfaction subscale related to the multidimensional scale of students' life satisfaction, which was Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The scores of the questionnaires were 0.93, 0.91, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively, and their face and content validity was confirmed using experts' opinions. Data analysis was done with SPSS and AMOS software. 

The results of the path analysis showed that the main research model fits the collected data and all the goodness of fit indices were excellent (CFI=1, RMSEA=0.000, X2=0). 

Based on the results obtained, there is a direct and indirect relationship between all three exogenous variables in the model (resilience, self-esteem and school satisfaction) with the main endogenous variable (happiness). And self-efficacy variable mediates the relationship between these variables.

The current study aims to report the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy-based intervention (MST-BI), an intensive family focused and community-based therapy, in treating conduct disorder (CD) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors in male adolescent with CD. 

The case was a 17-year-old boy who met the DSM-IV criteria for CD and NSSI behaviors. A 4-week baseline and repeated measure design (a 5-month intervention and 3-month follow-up) were used. The rule-breaking and aggression constructs of Achenbach systems empirically based assessment (ASEBA) as well as the inventory of statements about self-injury (ISAS) were used for assessment at baseline, during treatment and at the follow-up phase. 

MST-BI reduced rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors. Also, it reduced NSSI behaviors. These outcomes were maintained for 3 months.

MST-BI has the potential to treat CD symptoms and NSSI behaviors in male adolescents with CD.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental health condition characterized by instability in mood and interpersonal relationships. These patients are on the border between neurosis and psychosis.

This study aimed to investigate the role of Behavioral Inhibition Systems/Behavioral Activation Systems in self-destructive behaviors in female vocational school students with BPD according to the mediating role of emotional dysregulation.

The research had a descriptive-correlational method, and its statistical population consisted of all female students with BPD at technical and vocational schools in an educational district of Tehran. 176 students were selected using the purposive sampling method. Data collection tool included Jackson and Claridge's Borderline Personality Disorder Scale (1991), Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Questionnaire by Carver and White (1994), Self-Destructive Behaviors Questionnaire by Sansone et al. (1998), and Difficulties in emotion regulation scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004). Data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method with SmartPLS software.

The indirect effect of BIS/BAS on self-destructive behaviors with a mediating role of emotional dysregulation was -0.553 and significant (p<0.05). The direct effect of BIS/BAS on emotional dysregulation was -0.436 and significant (p< 0.05). Furthermore, the direct effect of BIS/BAS on self-destructive behaviors was -0.504 and significant (p<0.05), and the direct effect of emotional dysregulation on self-destructive behaviors was 0.506 and significant (p<0.05).

There was a significant relationship between behavioral activation and inhibition systems with self-destructive behaviors according to a mediating role of emotional dysregulation.

Identifying the effective factors in teachers' life satisfaction as an effective index in education has attracted the attention of education administrators and researchers, so the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of hope and resilience in predicting life satisfaction in teachers.

The method of the current research was descriptive and correlational. The research population included married middle school teachers in Tehran in the academic year of 2022-2023, and 120 qualified people were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. And Omid Schneider et al. (1991), Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience, and Diener et al. (1985) life satisfaction questionnaires answered. To analyze the data, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and multiple regressions were used using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that the relationship between hope (r=0.589) and resilience (r=0.761) with teachers' life satisfaction was positive and significant (p<0.01). And the components of hope 34.7 and resilience 58.9 percent predict the variance of teachers' life satisfaction.

Those involved in the educational system should pay special attention to the role of factors such as hope and resilience in making policies and planning related to the promotion of teachers' life satisfaction.

Feeling happy has positive consequences on the lifestyle and academic success of students and increases the desire to perform behaviors that are related to academic success. Happiness makes a person express his positive abilities and becomes a driving force for a person's movement on the path to success. One of the variables related to happiness is resilience, which refers to a person's ability to establish his biological and psychological balance in dangerous conditions and positive adaptation in response to challenges threats, and adverse conditions. Resilience can reduce stress and disability in stressful situations and increase happiness. Another factor related to happiness is self-esteem, defined as the degree of approval and approval and value that a person feels about himself or the judgment that a person has about his value. Self-esteem is a product of social life and its values, and it is manifested in all daily human activities, in this way, it is one of the most important aspects of personality and determining human behavioral characteristics. Empirical studies indicate that self-esteem is an important psychological factor that affects people's health, happiness, and quality of life. On the other hand, satisfaction with school is one of the most important areas to ensure that students are happy. The review of the research literature shows that the happiness of teenagers increases with the increase of their interest in school, and vice versa, the happiness of teenagers increases with the increase of interest of teenagers in school. Self-efficacy is also one of the characteristics that can effectively predict students' happiness. According to the stated contents, since the variable of self-efficacy is related to each of the predictor variables of the current research and can influence them, in the model of the current research, the role of the variable of self-efficacy is a mediator in the relationship between each of the variables of the current research. It was studied and investigated with the happiness variable.

This was a descriptive correlational study. The research population was female students of the second secondary school in districts 2 and 5 of Tehran in the academic year 1402-1401. The sample size was considered to be 400 people who were selected by the one-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools include Oxford happiness questionnaires, Connor and Davidson resilience, Cooper Smith self-esteem, Morris adolescent self-efficacy, and school satisfaction subscale related to the multi-dimensional scale of students' life satisfaction. 0.93, 0.91, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.88 were obtained, and their face and content validity was confirmed using experts' opinions. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and path analysis in SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings showed that the model of the relationship between resilience, self-esteem, and school satisfaction with happiness mediated by self-efficacy had a good fit. Also, all three variables of resilience, self-esteem, and satisfaction with school had a direct and significant effect on happiness (P<0.05). In addition, resilience, self-esteem, and satisfaction with school had an indirect and significant effect on happiness through the mediation of self-efficacy (P<0.05).

According to the results, to increase and improve students' happiness, it is possible to provide the basis for improving resilience, self-esteem, satisfaction with school, and self-efficacy. In explanation, it can be said that students with higher self-efficacy compared to students without self-efficacy are more willing to participate in challenging assignments and have a positive evaluation of themselves. They spend more effort and time to work and study and show better academic performance. When these efforts are fruitful, these behavior patterns are established and bring satisfaction. Conversely, students with low self-efficacy have a negative evaluation of their academic abilities, and this threatens their school satisfaction. On the one hand, self-efficacy can influence the level of student satisfaction by influencing the choice of goals and outcome expectations, and on the other hand, by influencing academic performance. In addition, self-efficacy increases a person's ability to deal with problems and obstacles, which is associated with success and a sense of satisfaction, through influencing the sense of controllability of the environment and work and study conditions. In other words, high self-efficacy in students leads to higher school satisfaction and ultimately affects the level of happiness of students. In general, it can be said that self-efficacy beliefs in managing life situations cause realistic expectations and positive thoughts about oneself and life events, and a lack of trust and confidence in one's abilities will cause negative emotions. Therefore, people with weak self-efficacy will not always feel happy in life. Among the limitations of the current research, we can point out that the sample is single-sex and the research population is limited to female students of the 2nd and 11th grade of high school in Tehran's 2nd and 5th districts, which should be considered with caution in generalizing the results. Therefore, researching male students or students of other grades or other areas of Tehran and even other cities can help to make a general summary of the relationships of the variables. The results of the present research have practical implications for specialists, officials, and planners of educational systems, especially for specialists, officials, and planners of the education system. According to the results of the current research, they can provide the basis for improving resilience, self-esteem, satisfaction with school, and self-efficacy to increase and improve students' happiness and vitality.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of education based on positive psychology with education based on cognitive-behavioral method on the resilience of students of gifted schools. The research method was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population included all the students of gifted schools, studying in the first secondary level in the academic year 2016-2017 (about 12000 people), from which a sample of 45 people was selected using cluster random sampling method. and randomly placed in two experimental groups and one control group. Connor and Davidson (2003) resilience questionnaire was used to collect data. The experimental groups were trained for 14 sessions of 90 minutes based on positive psychology (Seligman and Rashid, 2006) and cognitive-behavioral method (Beck et all, 1988), but the control group did not receive any intervention. The findings showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups is significant in both approaches, and education based on positive psychology and cognitive-behavioral education had the greatest impact on the resilience of gifted school students, respectively (P=0.001). ). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that people can achieve more resilience by learning techniques based on positive psychology and cognitive-behavioral methods, but education based on positive psychology is more successful than cognitive-behavioral methods. have.

Identifying the factors related to teachers' life satisfaction is necessary for the education planners and authorities to improve this index. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of lifestyle in predicting life satisfaction of married teachers through the mediation of hope.

The method used in the current research was descriptive correlational involving the use of structural equational modeling. The research community included first and second high school teachers in Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023, and 300 qualified people were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect data, the lifestyle questionnaires of Laali et al., Schneider et al.'s hope and Diener et al.'s life satisfaction questionnaires were used. The research model and relationships between the variables were analyzed using SPSS software version 24 and Amos Software. In the present study, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors reported no conflict of interests.

The results showed that lifestyle (P<0.01, β=0.649) has a direct and positive effect on hope. Lifestyle affects life satisfaction both directly (P<0.01, β=0.306) and indirectly through the mediation of hope (P<0.05, β=0.339). Hope has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction (P<0.01, β=0.522).

In order to increase life satisfaction in the teachers, the role of lifestyle and hope should be considered in planning by those involved in the educational system; It is also possible to deal with this problem through educational and therapeutic interventions in schools.

abstract

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of teaching parenting techniques and life skills on the quality of life of mothers with children with ADHD.

For this purpose, 45 children from 6 to 12 years of age who were diagnosed with ADHD using the Connors scale (parent form) were referred to psychological clinics in Tehran and were selected by available sampling and divided into three groups of 15. They were divided. First, the quality of life questionnaire was implemented on three groups. Then the mothers of one group were trained in parenting techniques, the mothers of another group were trained in life skills, and the mothers of the last group were trained in combined training (parenting techniques and life skills). Finally, this questionnaire was re-administered for all three groups and the results were analyzed.

The results of covariance analysis showed that the quality of life of the three groups had a significant difference, that is, the quality of life of the people who were trained in life skills was significantly higher than those who were trained in parenting techniques or combined.

In order to improve the quality of life of mothers with children with ADHD, it is suggested to use life skills training.

With the global spread of the Covid-19 virus, many countries started quarantine to control the spread of the disease, and online communication played a more serious role in people's daily activities.

To identify the living conditions during quarantine for teenagers under the theory of emotional neuroscience, we investigated the factors of reducing the vulnerability of teenagers to internet addiction. For this purpose, general home conditions, communication, family activities, and parental mental health were examined among adolescents with ADHD who were known to be more at risk of Internet addiction.

Among the clients of Tehran Institute of Psychiatry in the fall of 1400, 55 teenagers (11-19 years old) with the diagnosis of hyperactivity/concentration deficit were treated, sampling and validity of diagnosis with the Connors parent test (1978) checked. The basic family information and questionnaires, Internet addiction Young (1998) and family activities (2008) taken from HBSC by the adolescent and Goldenberg mental health questionnaire (1979) It was completed by parents and the results were analyzed using T-test and Pearson correlation.

The correlation of internet addiction was estimated as -0.528 with family activities, 0.412 with the mother's mental health, and 0.332 with the father's mental health. Other components, such as the number of children or siblings with close age (under 5 years apart), income, home status, and age of parents, did not statistically differentiate between the two groups with and without Internet addiction.

The inclusion of collective activities with family members can be a suitable alternative to locked interactions in the Corona quarantine.

Depression is the fourth major cause of disease burden in the world, which alone accounts for the largest share of non-fatal disease burden. The present study was done to investigate the mediating role of shame and self-criticism in the relationship between attachment styles and the severity of depression symptoms.

The current research design was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the current study was all people in the age range of 18 to 47 years in Tehran in 2022. The research sample consisted of 212 people who were selected using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, Beck’s Depression Questionnaire, Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Tangeni et al.’s Shame Questionnaire, and Thompson, and Zaroff’s Critical Levels Questionnaire were used. For the statistical analysis of the data, structural equation modeling using Lisrel 8/8 software was used.

The results of data analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment styles (r=0.62; p<0.01) and anxious-ambivalent (r=0.51; p<0.01) and the severity of depression symptoms, shame and the severity of depression (r=0.75; p<0.01), and self-criticism and the severity of depression (r=0.45; p<0.01). Also, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of shame, with standard coefficients of 0.30 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level. In addition, the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment path and the anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment path showed a significant relationship with the severity of depression symptoms with the mediating role of self-criticism, with standard coefficients of 0.22 and 0.33, respectively, at the p<0.05 level.

According to the results of the present study, anxious-avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment, shame, and self-criticism are the underlying factors of depression, and paying attention to the mentioned variables helps researchers and therapists in the prevention and designing of more appropriate treatments.

Libraries are socio-cultural institutions that influence different groups of society. Vulnerable groups, such as drug addicts, are exposed to various diseases such as mental disorders. Along with drug treatments, psychological interventions such as book therapy (library use) play an effective role in improving their mental health. This research was conducted to determine the effect of library use on mental health improvement in homeless people who have recovered from addiction.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Tolo centers of Tehran in 2019. The research population was 67 people who recovered from addiction and were living in Tolo centers. Data collection was performed with a self-report questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed and Cronbach's alpha was 0.89.

The results of the present study revealed that the libraries of Tolo centers affect the mental health of the clients more than the emotional well-being of the clients. The effect of using Tolo library on "psychological well-being" was less than "moderate", and its effect on "emotional well-being" and "social well-being" was between "low and medium". Most of the participants were satisfied with the educational workshops and services provided by the library, but they were not satisfied with the "information resources" and "library space". The effectiveness of library services in the mental health of the clients was "moderate to low".

It is necessary to expand the role and position of libraries in improving the mental health of vulnerable people, especially drug addicts, through the promotion of information services and the recruitment of qualified employees in libraries.

One of the methods of addiction treatment and reduce its related high risk behaviors is maintenance treatment with agonist drugs. It is necessary to determine the economic evaluation related to this method due to the concern about the cost of services. Accordingly, this study aimed to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of maintenance treatment centers in Tehran.

This cost-effectiveness study was a longitudinal study before and after receiving treatment with agonist drugs in private centers. In this study, the reduction of high risk behaviors was regarded as the effectiveness index. Totally, 300 people referred to the maintenance treatment centers in Tehran between 2017 and 2018 were selected using cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and sensitivity analysis.

A six months survey showed that of all the high-risk behaviors with the possibility of contracting HIV/AIDS; It has decreased from 160 (before going to the maintenance treatment centers) to 42. Also, the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio showed that the intervention is cost effective.

This study showed that maintenance treatment centers have higher effectiveness than their costs in reducing high risk behaviors.

Research shows that emotional dyslexia and the components of difficulty in identifying emotions have a positive relationship with the symptoms of social anxiety disorder and maintain the cognitive factors of social anxiety disorder and cause them to avoid others.

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training on alexia in women with high alexia and on social anxiety in women with social anxiety based on their brain-behavioral systems and to determine the difference in effectiveness in two groups. It was planned and executed from these women.

The method of this research was semi-experimental with non-random sampling and available with a two-group design (experimental group and control group) with pre-test-post-test and follow-up. The statistical population included 16 available women with high emotional dyslexia and 16 women with social anxiety due to their availability in 2018, each of whom was selected into two experimental and control groups.

The results of the mixed analysis of variance showed significant changes of the two groups for the within-group factor, and the group and interaction effects of time and group were also significant. The results of multivariate analysis of variance to compare the group effect on the linear combination of the effectiveness of mindfulness training techniques on alexia in women with high alexia and on social anxiety, women with social anxiety based on their brain-behavioral systems in the short-term and long-term show showed that the effect of the group factor on the linear combination of the effectiveness of mindfulness techniques training... in the post-test and follow-up was statistically significant.

The results showed that variables such as emotional ataxia and social anxiety changed under the influence of mindfulness training based on brain-behavioral systems, and there was a fundamental difference in the two training groups, which had previously been compared between these two disorders simultaneously. had not taken place.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of designed psychological intervention using Islamic attitude on symptoms of migraine and stress in women patients with migraine headache. In this study a quasi-experimental design with pretest- posttest with experimental and control group was used. The data gathering instrument was Ahvaz Migraine headache Questionnaire (AMQ) and (PSS-14) Questionnaire. The population of this research included women patients who were diagnosed by a neurologist with migraine. By snowball sampling 26 women patients with migraine headache were determined and assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. Then the experimental group was received 10 weekly sessions (90 minutes) of intervention. The results of covariance analysis have shown that the differences between experimental and control groups in stress score and symptoms of migraine were significant; and so the intervention had decreased the level of migraine`s symptoms and stress in women patients with migraine headache. Results have shown that designed psychological intervention using Islamic attitude is an effective therapy for decreasing the level of migraine`s symptoms and stress in women patients with migraine headache.

As a measure for providing and protecting human health , healthcare services meet all of their persistent needs, so these services are important issues that will be effective in meeting people’s needs ifcombined with ethics. Hence, it is essential to study ethics in healthcare services.

This is a contractual-qualitative content analysis has used semi-structured in-depth interviewsto collect the sample size among experts. Eighteen subjects were selected using a purposive sampling method. After implementing interviews, the data were analyzed based on the contractual content analysis and Landman and Granheim method.

After analysis, 68 primary codes, 12 sub-categories, and three main categories, including the expert’s point of view, individual barriers, and fundamental barriers were identified.

Concidering the identified individual and non-individual obstacles to converting moral attitudes into moral action in this study, it would be possible to remove these obstacles to promote ethics at personal and organizational levels.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as annoying and unpleasant thoughts or images (obsession) associated with repetitive and unwanted actions (compulsion). This study aims to compare emotional schema therapy augmented exposure and response prevention (ESTERP) with exposure and response prevention (ERP) and pharmacotherapy in improving the symptoms of OCD patients.

This was a randomized clinical trial study. The participants included all patients with OCD who were referred to hospitals and clinics in Tehran City, Iran. A total of 45 patients with OCD were selected through purposeful sampling, of which 15 patients were randomly assigned to the ESTERP group, 15 to the ERP group, and 15 to the pharmacotherapy group. After randomly placing the patients in the three groups, all patients completed the Yale-Brown obsessive–compulsive scale second edition (Y-BOCS-II), the four systems anxiety questionnaire (FSAQ), and the Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) before, in the end, and 2 months after the treatment. Then, the data were analyzed using nonparametric tests and the reliable change index.

There was a significant difference between the treatment of ESTERP with ERP and pharmacotherapy in the symptoms and severity of OCD and anxiety (except for the depression variable) in patients with OCD. In addition, the findings of the clinical significance of ESTERP compared to the other two treatments showed more significant changes in symptoms and severity of OCD and depression (except for the anxiety variable).

Both ESTERP and ERP treatments are effective in patients with OCD and both lead to more improvements in patients’ symptoms than pharmacotherapy.

In the field of counseling and family psychology, various approaches have been developed with the aim of reducing conflicts and communication disorders between couples. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McMaster and Nichols family counseling approaches on couples' adaptability. The present study is a part of applied research in terms of purpose and a quasi-experimental study in terms of the method with pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. The study population consisted of all couples referring to counseling centers in Boroujerd in 2020- 2021, from which 36 couples with marital incompatibility were selected as a sample. The instruments of the present study included the Olson et al Adaptability Questionnaire (FACES-III) (1985). McMaster's family therapy intervention was performed in 10 sessions of 1.5 hours once a week and Nichols's family therapy was performed in 12 sessions of 1.5 hours once a week, But the control group did not receive any intervention. Research data were analyzed by mixed analysis of variance (repeated measures). Findings showed that McMaster's family therapy and Nichols's family therapy are effective in adaptability in couples (P <0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of McMaster's family therapy interventions and Nichols's family therapy in adaptation (p <0.05). It can be concluded that the use of the McMaster and Nickels model to further study the performance and structure of the family and consequently treatment planning and review the results of family therapy interventions for families is applied on a case-by-case basis.

The role of the wives in caring for the veterans and dealing with their issues and prob - lems, as well as playing different roles in the family, including being a wife, mother, and raising children put a lot of pressure on them. This can threaten their safety and mental health and have adverse effects on their families. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investi - gate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on security and mental health of veterans’ wives.

This research is a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study was all the wives of veterans hospital - ized in Niayesh Hospital in Tehran, Iran. 30 people were selected by available sampling and randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The Maslow Psycho - logical Security Questionnaire (1992) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (2008) were used for collecting data. In the Mental Health Questionnaire, a lower score indicates high - er mental health. Data analysis was performed by the statistical method of analysis of covari - ance in SPSS 25 software.

For 30 veterans’ wives, the research data were analyzed in experimental and con - trol groups with a mean age of 48.5±4.61. In the pre-test, the mean scores of psychosocial and social security and mental health in the control and experimental groups were not much different from each other, but in the post-test for the experimental group were respectively 33.05±4.24 and 54.05±4.54, and for the control group 29.95±3.31 and 57.30±4.65 were ob - tained. The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy affected psychosocial and social security and mental health of veterans’ wives with statistical power above 0.999 (p<0.01) and increased psychological and social security and decreased scores of mental health in veterans’ wives.

Acceptance and commitment therapy increases the psychosocial and social se - curity and mental health of veterans’ wives.

Depression disorders are prevalent and cause considerable suffering and disease burden. According to the World Health Organization, more than three–quarters of people in the developing world who have mental disorders (such as depression) do not receive any treatment because of limited geographical access to trained professionals, a therapist, expensive treatment sessions, and cultural problems. One solution is telemental health or using digital technology to provide long–distance mental health care, especially with the expansion of the Internet and smartphones in the last two decades. The ease and convenience of scheduling a therapy appointment online and chatting with a therapist from the privacy of one's own home—or wherever one may want—is a huge draw for consumers, many of whom are seeking therapy for the first time in their lives. It helps normalize mental health care, especially among generations who are so accustomed to interacting with people using technology, and eliminates so many barriers. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online text messenger–based cognitive–behavior therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) with in–person cognitive–behavioral therapy on persistent depression.

This is a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study population included all 18– to 55–year–old people referring to four counseling and psychology clinics in the west of Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. After observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and implementing the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–5 (SCID–5–CV) (First et al., 2016), and Diagnosis by a psychiatrist and psychologist, 30 patients with persistent depression were selected as the study samples. They were chosen by convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups: online text messenger–based cognitive–behavior therapy (by WhatsApp), individual in–person cognitive–behavior therapy, and controls. All study subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck et al., 1996) before and after the treatment. The members of two experimental groups received cognitive–behavior therapy in 8 sessions, but the controls received no treatment. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one–way analysis of variance and Chi–square tests to compare the age and gender of the groups, analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's post hoc test) in SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The findings showed that both interventions, i.e., online text messenger–based cognitive–behavioral therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) and individual in–person cognitive–behavior therapy, significantly (both p<0.001) decreased persistent depression in patients compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two mentioned methods (p=0.690).

According to the findings, persistent depression (mild and moderate) can be improved after using psychological interventions such as individual in–person cognitive–behavioral therapy and online text messenger–based cognitive–behavioral therapy (by WhatsApp messenger). None of the methods was more effective than the other in reducing persistent depression, and both are equally effective.

Objective (s):

 Internet addiction as a new phenomenon in the young generation, especially in students, has led to a lack of attention to physical and mental health, reduced quality of life, sleep and educational problems. Also, self-efficacy as a personality trait that can play a role in Internet addiction. The purpose of this study was to compare self-efficacy, quality of life and sleep quality of medical students with and without internet addiction.           

The present study was a cross-sectional study. The study population was all students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in academic year 2019-2020. Using the stratified random sampling method, 300 students (115 men and 185 women) were selected as the samples.  The Young internet addiction questionnaire, the short form health survey (SF-36), the Sherer self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality questionnaire were used to collect data Multivariate analysis of variance used to analyze the data.

In all 300 medical and dental students aged 18 to 39 years participated in the study. Multivariate analysis of variance, showed that there was a significant difference between quality of life (P< 0/001), self-efficacy (P< 0/001) and sleep quality (P< 0/001) of among students with and without internet addiction.

The findings confirmed that the internet addicted users had lower quality of life, lower sleep quality and lower self-efficacy, than regular users.

During old age, people face problems due to physical, cognitive, and social changes. Physical and mental health play an important role in the quality of life of older people, and this depends on the degree of adaptation and flexibility of older people to cope with the changes. A high level of wellbeing leads to a favorable evaluation of life events because the experience of positive emotions accompanies it. Therefore, it can affect the level of distress tolerance and the degree of response of the elderly to stress and help them be less anxious and damaged in critical situations. This feature has a great effect on the mental health of older people. According to what was stated, this study aims to determine the relationship between distress tolerance and the mediating role of psychological wellbeing in the quality of life of older people in Tehran City, Iran.

The research method was descriptive–correlational in the form of structural equation modeling. For the sample group, 200 people were selected from the elderly population (60 years and older) in Tehran by cluster sampling. In this way, a list of parks and cultural centers of Tehran was prepared, and Tehran was divided into four geographical regions. From each district, four places were randomly selected. The designated areas were referred to, and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the subjects were randomly selected from among older people. The inclusion criterion was the age group of more than sixty years, and the exclusion criterion was answering all the questions in the questionnaires. The study data were gathered via the Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff & Keyes, 1995), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1998), and the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005). This research used descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling method were employed for data analysis using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software. The level of significance in this research was considered 0.05.

Findings showed that the direct effect of distress tolerance on psychological wellbeing (p=0.001, β=0.814), the immediate impact of distress tolerance on quality of life (p=0.028, β=0.312), and the direct effect of psychological wellbeing on quality of life (p=0.001, β=0.544) was positive and significant. Also, the indirect impact of distress tolerance on quality of life with the mediation of psychological wellbeing was positive and significant (p=0.001, β=0.443). The presented model had a relatively good fit (χ2/df=1.619, AGFI=0.891, CFI=0.969, GFI=0.923, RMSEA=0.056).

Based on research findings, distress tolerance indirectly affects the quality of life of older people through psychological wellbeing. In other words, distress tolerance by improving psychological well–being increases the quality of life in older people.

The purpose of this study was to predict hhappiness among members an academic center in Tehran, Iran. Based on Self-efficacy and Quality of Life by mediating of Psychological Well-being.

This was a cross sectional study among a sample of members of an academic center in Tehran in 2019.  To collect data we used Oxford Happiness Inventory, SF-36, Sherer self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire and Ryff’s Psychological well-being questionnaire. To explore the relationship between happiness, quality of life and psychological wellbeing path analysis was performed.
 

In all 382 respondents (213 men and 169 women) completed the questionnaires. The results showed that self-efficacy and quality of life had a positive and significant causal direct effect on happiness with a standard coefficient of 0.09 and 0.44, respectively. The higher self-efficacy and quality of life, predicted higher happiness. Also, the path of self-efficacy toward happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being with standard coefficient of 0.045 and the path of quality of life toward happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being with standard coefficient of 0.289 were significant.

According to the findings of the present study, self-efficacy and quality of life can be predictive of happiness by mediating role of psychological well-being.