علی اصغر ترابی

Transparency in the budget is one of the basic components of good governance, which helps to increase the accountability and participation of citizens in the government's financial decisions. Budget transparency not only promotes public trust and reduces corruption, but can also help improve the financial sustainability of the government. Therefore, with this assumption, the present study investigated the relationship between budget transparency and financial stability using international data. This research was conducted in the economic environment of selected Asian and European countries, where the dependent variable is the Open Budget Index (OBI) published by the International Budget Partnership Organization (IBP) and the explanatory variables were various indicators of financial stability. To achieve the goals of the research, the information of the selected countries of Asia (15 observations) and Europe (15 observations) during the years 2011 to 2022 were analyzed through multiple regression. The findings showed that the open budget index, which expresses the transparency of the budget at the level of countries, significantly increases the level of financial stability in both the economic environments of Asia and Europe. Also, the results of the Fisher test showed that there is a significant difference between the relationship between the open budget index and financial stability in both economic environments, and the effect of the open budget index and financial stability is stronger in Europe than in Asia. Based on these findings and considering the importance of transparency in the budget, it is suggested that more measures be taken in the field of financial policy reforms and the creation of appropriate mechanisms for popular supervision of financial activities. These measures can significantly improve financial stability and help countries manage financial and economic management in a more sustainable way.

The revenge religious epic Poem Enteghamieh / Zarirnameh by Taghan Shah Ibn Nizam Qommi Shahroudi is one of the prominent examples of religious epic in Persian literature. It was written in the 9th century AH about Zareer Khozai, Muhammad Hanafiyah, Mosayyeb, Taghan, Omar Bin Ali, Fazl Jafar and other heroes taking revenge on Yazid, Omar Saad, Yaqub Asklani, King of Aleppo and other Yazid supporters. The story of the poem begins with the arrival of the caravan of captives of Karbala to Ashqlan and ends with the rescue of Imam Sajjad (a.s.) and the caravan of Karbala from Yazid's grip and finally with Yazid's death. Examining the syntax of the poem is useful for learning more about the epic language of this poem and other religious poems. By examining the poem syntactically , more linguistic and content layers are obtained from this work. In this research, firstly, we have talked about epic, religious epic, the causes of its emergence, and offering some examples. We have also provided a brief introduction about Ibn Nizam and his poems especially Zarirnameh.Then some grammatical points of this work have been examined by citing evidence from the text. We realized that the archaic style is quite evident in it, and it can be considered one of the prominent religious epics deserving more attention in terms of the texture of the story, the power of the words, the appropriate language, and the grammatical structure.

Being an elderly is associated with major changes in the quality and pattern of sleep. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep hygiene education compared to cognitive- behavioral methodology on the quality of sleep in the elderly patients referred to daily care centers.

This is a quasi-experimental research conducted on two-groups of 80 elderly people referring to day care centers in Sari city. In one group, sleep health education was conducted and in the other group, cognitive-behavioral methodology was held. Eighty eligible elders were assigned to two groups of sleep hygiene education (40N) and cognitive-behavioral intervention (40N). Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh sleep quality standard questionnaire before and after intervention. At the beginning of the study, questionnaires (demographic characteristics questionnaire and Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaire) were completed in both groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS v. 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics.

The mean age of the samples was  in the cognitive behavioral group and it was  in the sleep hygiene education group. The mean and standard deviation of sleep quality of elderly people, before and after the cognitive behavioral method in the first group were 8.05 ± 3.651, 6.67 ± 2.66 respectively, the mean and standard deviation of sleep quality in the elderly before and after the sleep hygiene education in the second group were8.42 ± 3.39, 7.23 ± 2.454respectively. Comparison of the mean of sleep quality before and after intervention in both groups showed that the sleep quality of the elderly was significantly improved (P< 0.001). Given that the F statistics of covariance analysis test is significant (F (1.79) = 0.999, P = 0.321), Therefore, these two methods had the same effect on the overall quality of sleep in the elderly

, Considering that Cognitive- behavioral and sleep hygiene education method are an effective alternative to medication therapy replacement in the elderly, and each of the two methods have no side effects, it is recommended that, given the based on economic conditions and social facilities for the elderly, and facilities available to them. Each of these two alternatives is a substitute for hypnotics.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the possibility of replacement of arc welding under shielding gas with non-consumable Tungsten electrode (TIG) of Al АМГ6М alloy by friction stir welding (FSW). In this regard, after applying primary parameters for both welding processes to obtain optimum parameters, the prepared samples were characterized with Tension, bending, radiography, hardness and distortion tests and also microstructure evaluation. The results of this study showed that the grain size of welding zone of TIG and FSW processes are 14 and 6 µm respectively, which are smaller than the base metal with 30 µm in size. The ultimate tensile strength of the FSW joints in the parallel to rolling direction and in the vertical direction with welding line is much more higher than TIG joints; 364 Mpa versus 278 Mpa. The reduction of microhardness in the welding zone for both process FSW and TIG have been in a range. The amount of distortion measured in the FSW was one-fourth of these values in TIG. The result of bending test of the FSW sample from the plane like to the results of the base metal is crack free. Therefore, in order to improve the mechanical and metallurgical properties, as well as to reduce weld joints distortion in aluminum structures, FSW was considered an appropriate alternative to the replacement of the arc welding under shielding gas with non-consumable tungsten electrode.