علی اصغر قاسمی

The purpose of the article is to understand the perception of presidential campaign activists of the election process and its components. These activists, who participate in election campaigns based on various motives and reasons, have not been specifically studied so far.

Main question:

The main question of the study is what understanding do campaign activists have of the elections, the process, and its components?

Given the nature of the subject, the research method is grounded theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, then transcribed in a three-stage process, and finally analyzed according to a model derived from the data, and macro categories were obtained.

The findings showed that the core concept that can explain a proper understanding of campaign activists' perception of the elections is "Dual perception." That is, the activism of these people is not influenced by a one-sided and uniform perception of the elections. Therefore, their activism cannot be easily understood. The concept of "Dual perception" is introduced here for the first time and is the innovation of the article.

Place is the center of geography and identity; it is the manifestation of culture in place. Parliamentary elections, as a political event, play an effective role in representing the voters' spatial identities. The interests of individuals play a decisive role in directing their work. The performance and action of humans are subject to the understanding and perception they have of the surrounding geographical environment, which gives meaning to their interests. The geographical environment is a concept mixed with social, political, economic, and natural factors whose intertwining has played a fundamental role in giving direction and meaning to human character, effort and spatial identity. Elections are the highest level of representation of local identities in heterogeneous constituencies in which local identities are  reflected. Due to its geographical location throughout history, Iran has had a wide variety of local identities, among which the elections of the Islamic Council played a role in revealing this diversity of identity and, accordingly, the diversity of spatial voting patterns. In North Khorasan, it is one of those culturally diverse areas from a linguistic point of view, and the identities arising from this diversity have played an effective role in pushing and pulling the votes of the candidates for the election of the Islamic Council. Identities and cultural contexts have sometimes led to the neglect of worthy candidates and competent representatives at the center of national decision-making.

Esfarayen Constituency includes the cities of Bam, Safi Abad and Markazi, which is the third constituency in the province in terms of population. In terms of language, the residents of this area speak the Kurdish dialect of Kurmanji, Tati, Farsi, and Turkish, and religiously, they follow the Shiite religion. This constituency was a part of the constituencies of Khorasan province until the sixth term of the Islamic Council elections, and from the seventh term, with the separation of Khorasan province, this constituency was assigned to North Khorasan province. Esfarayen Constituency has a representative in the Islamic Council. The current research aims to investigate and analyze the impact of spatial identities arising from linguistic diversity on the orientation of the spatial pattern of voting in the Esfarayen constituency. The methodology governing the text has a descriptive-analytical nature, and the statistics and information needed for the research were collected by the library and field method   (questionnaire) and then analyzed using spss software.

The result of the research showed that the elements of place identity such as the number of co-citizens and co-speakers of the candidate, ethnicity, co-lingualism, ethnic population and co-speakers of the candidate being co-citizens with the election candidate, respectively, had the greatest impact in creating the voter base for the candidate representing the Islamic Council at the constituency level. On the contrary, the parliament candidate's belonging to a particular party, the opinion of religious elders and clan elders, the candidate's experience and education, and the correctness of the candidate were, respectively, less important in getting the votes of the candidates.

The main concern of this study is evaluating the extent of political ethnicity of Talesh ethnic group and it aims at explaining the relationship between the feeling of relative deprivation and the political ethnicity of this ethnic group. Political ethnicity is one of the types of ethnicism according to which an ethnic group in addition to striving to maintain its differences with other ethnic groups seeks to participate in political power on the basis of the ethnic components. Theoretical framework of the study is Robertger's theory which considers the feeling of relative deprivation as the cause of the political violence. In this article, ethnic violence, particularly political ethnocentrism, is considered as one of the manifestations and examples of the political violence. The method adopted in this study is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population was all the over fifteen-year-old citizens (inclusively) of Talesh residing cities in Guilan province and through Cochran's formula, 480 people were determined as the sample size. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by means of the face validity method and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research, in the descriptive part, show that the respondents have a high level of political ethnocentrism and a moderate sense of relative deprivation in all dimensions. Examination of the hypotheses also shows that all the three variables of relative political, cultural, and socio-economic deprivation are somehow related to the political ethnicity, but the feeling of relative cultural deprivation has the greatest impact on the political ethnicity. Finally, some suggestions for reducing the political ethnicity and the strengthening the national solidarity among the people of Talesh have been proposed.

Natural resources destruction is rooted in modern man’ paradigm. This happened because of technology intensive use as well as ignorance of traditions; however, these two led to environmental crisis. To resolve this problem, the mankind must change his behavior morally according to a Religious paradigm (Islamic). In this study, Two methods were used: the document review method was to study natural resources preservation education literatures. The explanation method was used to explane why we need a Religious paradigm (Islamic) for preservation of natural resources education .The outcomes of this study are explaning ontology, epistemology, methodology, anthropology and axiology of Religious paradigm (Islamic) for preservation of natural resources education. Although the various ways are recommended to prevent crises in natural resources context however, natural resources researchers and planners believe that relying only on technical advices is not essentially applicable. Because these crises represent a human tragedy: ignorance of God Who is creator of the universe. For this reason a Religious paradigm based on "Analytical/scientific knowledge", "Metaphysical Knowledge" and "Religious/ethical Knowledge" is essential. This paradiagm can be used by planners and officials for preservation of natural resources education.

The aim of the article is to understand the political, social and legal causes of Mudslinging and the negative struggle in the presidential elections of Iran from the political elite viewpoint. The increase in the amount of negative campaigns in the recent presidential elections is one of the issues facing Iran, which has been less studied. The main question is why the negative struggle in the presidential election debates and propaganda has increased in recent years? Theoretical foundations of research are based on theories of Iranian culture and political psychology, electoral campaigns, and structural-institutional theories. Survey method as well as a semi-structured interview technique applied to collect field data. Using a "network" sampling method to select the statistical community, as we could interviewed with 16 political elites including political science professors and some representatives of the parties. Findings of the research showed that the priority of group interests against national interests, the weakness of civil society and civil behavior, the weakness of political parties, the weakness of the laws and the bias of election observational and executive institutions are among the most important causes of electoral negative competition.

Air pollution is a process that depends on various atmospheric conditions and weather and climate phenomena are involved in the formation of this problem. Today, in Tehran and in many of the major industrial cities in the world, especially in developing countries, various pollutants are discharged through motor vehicles, industries and commercial and household sources. The purpose of this study was to study the concentration time of carbon monoxide pollutant in different times of the day and to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and concentration of carbon monoxide with weather variables in Tehran's 5th and 18th regions. In this study, a statistical method was used to achieve the goals. At first, the concentration time of pollutants was identified in 4 periods in the study area. In order to calculate correlation and regression analysis between carbon monoxide with wind speed, minimum temperature and maximum temperature, Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used in SPSS and Excel. The results of multiple regression and percentage of coefficient of variation explained in area 18 with the input of three wind speed variables, minimum temperature and maximum temperature in the pollutant modeling of the CO station showed that the studied variables explained the CO pollutant of Shadabad station to 0.16 They made Also, in District 5, the results of this study showed that the amount of CO contamination in the daytime is at 8 oclock in the morning and is the lowest amount of record at 15 oclock during the 9-year period.

Environment and Natural resources destruction is rooted in modern man’ paradigm and his relationship with himself and the universe. This happened because of technology intensive use as well as ignorance of traditions; however, these two led to environmental crisis. To resolve this problem, the mankind must change his behavior morally according to a divine paradigm. In this study, Two methods were used: the document review method was to study natural resources preservation education literatures. The explanation method was used to explain why we need a divine paradigm for preservation of natural resources education .The outcomes of this study are explaining ontology, epistemology, methodology, anthropology and axiology of divine paradigm for preservation of Environment and natural resources education. Although the various ways are recommended to prevent crises in natural resources context however, Environment and natural resources researchers and planners believe that relying only on technical advices is not essentially applicable. Because these crises represent a human tragedy: ignorance of God Who is creator of the universe. For this reason a divine paradigm based on "Analytical/scientific knowledge", "Metaphysical Knowledge" and "Religious/ethical Knowledge" is essential. This paradigm can be used by planners and officials for preservation of Environment and natural resources education.

The Future Studies of Knowledge is a way of shaping the future and protecting people from being surprised by the tremendous storm of change. The Yemeni state is located in Southwest Asia and is strategically important. It has been a history of colonialism and history pages This country has filled the events. Yemen strategically plays an important role in expanding the ideas of the Islamic Revolution in West Asia. Identifying the Future Factors of Yemen for Strategic Planning Iran is needed in this country. The presence of Yemen in the aftermath of the Alliance's attack on Arabia reflects the fact that Iran needs strategic planning in this situation. The purpose of this study is to explain the key factors and drivers of Yemen's future for the 10-year horizon. Future and Future Studies combine with cross-matrix analysis, review of resources and expert panel, by Mick Mac software. The project has been used by 21 experts and experts from the field. Out of 78 effective Propulsions in the future of Yemen, 20 final drivers were selected and then using the cross-matrix analysis method, five key drivers: US military intervention in Yemen, Yemen's breakdown, the failure of the revolutionary government, the establishment of a federal government in Yemen, and the positions of the world powers against Ansarullah, were identified. The use of these propellers can help to overcome the strategic obsessions of Iran in the Yemeni issue and help strengthen the recognition of alternative futures and proper planning.

One of the most important plans for range improvement is the production of suitable seeds. To achieve this goal and to detect highest germination rate the harvesting time should be regulated, so that the seeds must be both matured and not scattered. In this study the optimal dates of seed harvesting of three range plants including Salsola rigida, Zygophyllum eurypterum and Ferula ovina are investigated. Seed harvesting was done in different stages from physiological maturation time to seed falling. S. rigida seeds were collected on September 22th, 29th and October 6 th, 13th and 27th and November 3th and 10th at 2004, and Z. eurypterum and F. ovina on June 30th and July 7th, 14th and 21th at 2005. From each stage 400 dried seeds in four replications were tested in petridish. Germinated seeds were counted during 21 days.
The results of this experiment showed, there is a significant difference between various seed harvesting times of S. rigida. The highest germination rate of this plant is on Nov. 10th (75%), and the lowest rate is on Sep. 22th (7.3%). No significant difference was detected for Z. eurypterum. The highest rate of germination of Z. eurypterum was on June 30th (61%) and the lowest one was on July 21th (46%). F. ovina seeds had the highest rate of germination (54%) on July 21th and the least rate of germination on June 30th and July 14th (37%). There is also a significant difference in harvesting rate of this plant referring to different times. According to the achieved results of this study, harvesting delay increases germination rates of S. rigida and F. ovina, while this parameter has no effect on Z. eurypterum. This variable is considered as a clue in selecting optimal time of seed harvesting.

This paper explains the military service policy-making and the process of nation-making in Iran based on the institutional approach. The author explains how the issues of nation-making and military service entered the policy-making calendar in Iran by application of cyclic process of policy-making. Finding show that there is a collaborative relation between military service policy-making and the process of nation-making in contemporary Iran. The system of analysis in this research is theoretical institutional framework and the methodology is descriptive. The time period of the analysis is early nineteenth century. Based on the policy-making cycle, the policy issue of military service and its entrance to the policy calendar is stated in the problem statement. Finally, after the explanation and analysis of the collaboration of military service policies with nation-making process in Iran, the way of collaboration and coordination between the two main factors during the last two centuries in Iran have been clarified.

Interdisciplinary studies can play a pivotal role in the growth and development of sciences, especially the humanities. In the present article, through semi-structured interviews with some experts and thinkers in Iran and the content analysis of their ideas, attempt is made to answer these questions: in the view of experts, what are the main obstacles to the development of humanities in Iran? And what role can interdisciplinary studies play in the development of humanities? The results of the study show that according to experts, “interdisciplinary development”, having the twelfth place among the sixteen important factors in the development of humanities, does not have a considerable effect on the development of humanities in Iran per se, and its efficacy depends on the existence of more important conditions, such as the provision of an open intellectual climate at universities and the independence of scientific community. The development of interdisciplinary studies can play a part in the development of humanities in Iran, only if it results in scientific synergy among experts in different disciplines of humanities, improves the scientific ability of professors, students and researchers, and makes humanities more applicable in society.

Maintaining and strengthening national unity and integrity is one of the most important priorities of all political systems, because increasing the correlation coefficient can lead to reducing internal and external threats and providing good grounds for development and progress of the country. Iran is one of the countries that by relying on its historical background and civilization can overcome on the divergence challenges, throughout centuries. So despite, the occupation of this country and abstraction of some parts of vast territory by aliens at some historical sections, in recent decades,it continued to be a powerful and independent political unit with pervasive sovereignty. National unity and solidarity have been more exposed to domestic challenges and external threats and among them, the most important domestic challenge is the activation of some social gaps at some profiles of time. This article inevitably focuses on the role of external threats in weakening national unity on domestic factors and tries to investigate the ratio of four major social gap in Iran (generation gap, gender, ethnic and religious gap)with different dimensions of national unity (religious, territorial, political, cultural, social dimensions). The used method in this article is secondary analysis method of research findings and studied period is between 2001-2011. The obtained results show that in this time period, there is no serious disagreement between two ends of spectrums oriented to social gaps about the various aspects of national unity and national convergence in Iran has benefited from a good level.

The present article, drawing upon the findings of a field research, tries to study pathological social cleavages in the Iranian society (racial, gender, ethnic and religious cleavages) and mechanisms for strengthening social solidarity and national convergence and friendship among the Iranian society. The results of the survey show that the above-mentioned social rifts are not acute in the Iranian society. However, in regard to the different components of social solidarity and national convergence, the attitude of the youth, women, Iranian ethnic groups and Sunni countrymen towards subjects such as “social justice”, “public trust” and “efficiency of the institutions and authorities of the system” was not proven to be positive. Therefore, adopting policies aiming at the “reduction of poverty and discrimination”, “increase of political and social participation” and “increase of cultural interactions” in the society, especially in ethnic areas and Sunni populated regions of the country are necessary for strengthening social solidarity, boosting national unity and increasing friendship in the society. The time focus of this research is the decade 1380s.

During the recent decades, the world has experienced extensive cultural, social, economical, and political changes. Many scholars believe that in accordance with the changes in different areas of human life, taking a vast perspective to study culture and politics has become of necessity. Hence, in modern sociology of politics, globalization has turned to one of key concepts and variables in explaining political and social changes. On the other hand, social movements are among the phenomena of great development in the modern time, so that today the social movements throughout the world, including Iran, have been developing along with the growth in the various aspects of globalization. The findings of this research show that globalization has affected social movements in Iran. One major effect has been establishing strong link between these movements. The present article tries to answer this question, “What is common ground of the social movements in Iran together?” Our study shows that the democracy has been the common demand of all social movements in Iran and their linking point.

Since World War II, Iranian ethnics as the other ethnics in the world have followed their rights of determining fate. Their attempts in this way were based upon attitudes and actions that distinguished them from secessionist movements in colonies in the second half 20th century. This is because Iran was never a colony and all of the Iranian ethnics have had a significant role in managing Iran's political systems during all of the historical periods. In addition, because of compatibility of ethnic and national identity, Iranians ethnics have not followed secessionist goals.This essay wants to explain compatibility of ethnic and national identity in Iran and its effect on attitudes and action towards following self-determination right by using depth interview with elites and secondary analysis of post studies in ethnics and national identity.

National unity is one of the components of national power and security which has been always a subject for study by thinkers in the field of political sociology and also has been interested by statesmen in different countries. This issue has attracted more attention in recent decades due to the factors such as fall of colonial system and formation of new nationstates; collapse of the Easter bloc; intensification of ethnic disputes in somecountries; globalization; and finally increase in international migrations. One of the subjects which is closely related to national unity is "national identity". National identity is one of the most fundamental elements and a necessary precondition for achieving national unity and solidarity. Since Iran is among the countries that has always, during its long history, been faced with the preservation and strengthening of national unity and solidarity, this article tries to explain relationship between these two concepts in Iran drawing upon a historical sociology approach. To do this, two periods in ancient and modern history of Iran characterized by rise and fall of national unity in Iran were studied.

This article intends to express the origin of the Iranian Youth Movement during 1981-2001. During these three decades, the Youth Movement has been one of the most significant social movements in the political realm of Iran. For elaborating the source of this movement, “generation gap” and “democracy” have been surveyed as the two factors; while the results show that the origin of the Youth Movement in Iran has been the opposition of democracy and authoritarianism; and not generation gap. This article has used the results of some formal research inquiries in addition to the official statistics as well.

The present paper aims to highlight the origin of the youth movements in Iran during the intervening years of 1971 and 2002. During these three decades, youth movement was one of the important social movements in the political arena of the country. While explaining the origin of the movement, two changes i.e. 'generation gap' and 'democracy' have been studied and it was found that the origin of the youth movements in Iran was due to the contradictions between authoritarianism and democracy. Apart from various official statistics and figures, some results of some opinion surveys have also been utilized to analyze this paper.