علی اکبر احمدی چناری

Feminine writing style is the result of specific feminine point of view and seeks to examine linguistic and thematic features of Feminine writing style. Creating feminine fiction and female characters in their stories, female writers want to introduce female literature and sex. As a feminist writer, Nawal El Saadavi (1331- ) has written many feminist style books. The novel ‘Muzekerat Tabibah’ (Memoirs of a Woman Doctor) is an example of her works. She protests against the patriarchic system that stems from social-religious traditions and tries to promote feminine writing and defend social, intellectual, cultural and legal status of women by applying features of feminine language. The present research seeks to explore this novel from the viewpoint of feminine writing style in two lexical and syntactic levels using a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research show that the most frequent stylistic elements used in this novel at the lexical level include use of color words, intensifiers, and feminine words and at the syntactic level include use of exclamatory sentences, expressions containing hesitation, incomplete sentences.

Today, due to the widespread cultural interactions and movements, the element of place has lost its static nature, as it had ancient stories, and has become a dynamic element in terms of meaning and implication. This dynamicity is more visible in novels about immigration since the cultural confrontation and, consequently, the multiplicity of meanings is provided in these types of novels more than others. "Love in Exile", the famous novel of the Egyptian storyteller, Bahaa Taher, is one of the narrative works in which place plays an important role in the reader's perception of the overall plot of the story. Intercultural communication in this work has caused the place to become a cultural code with deep and complex implications. The present study attempts to discover the implications of place in the above-mentioned work by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and by emphasizing the achievements of cultural studies. The findings indicate that, in this novel, an international conference is depicted as a central place from which the concept of multiculturalism is inferred and all events are valued accordingly. Also, based on cultural relations, each place has a meaning the understanding of which can be fulfilled through categories such as ideological identity and intellectual and cultural patterns of characters.

Illustrating the countenances of renowned literary figures within the context of both native and national literatures is a prevalent literary trend that reflects the reciprocal connections between these literary traditions. In the realm of contemporary Arabic literature, the intersection with global literary expressions has paved the way for the emergence of distinguished poets and literary personalities. These individuals serve as conduits, translating the poetic endeavors of celebrated international poets into the domain of indigenous literature.The Romanticism movement is recognized as one of the foundational arenas for comparative literature on a global scale. Spanning the late 18th century and extending through the 19th century, it permeated all of Europe, capturing the interest of critics and writers alike. This era stimulated an inclination to assess various literatures and literary trends, fostering a spirit of comparison. Additionally, the Romantics displayed a fondness for exploration, venturing into distant lands and delving into historical depths. Consequently, this movement gave rise to a network of influence and reception within its scholarly domain.The trailblazers of the Romanticism movement in the Arab world, particularly in Lebanon, were exposed to French literature and the luminaries of French Romanticism during the period when French-language schools and educational institutions were active in Lebanon during the colonial era. Among these influential figures is Lamartine. Salah Labaki, captivated by Lamartine's persona, directly drew inspiration from him. In a poem titled "Lamartine," Labaki portrayed Lamartine's character and pivotal life events through a Romantic lens, thus expressing his own perspective on the subject. Given the evident influence of Salah Labaki from Lamartine, this research is conducted within the framework of the French school in comparative literature, where the research criterion involves not only resemblance but also the substantiation of the flow of influence and reception.The research necessity identified by the authors of this article pertains to the absence of a comprehensive and systematic examination of Salah Labaki's perspectives on Lamartine's character, as portrayed in the specified poem. The significance of this undertaking is heightened by Labaki's emergence at a pivotal juncture in contemporary Arabic literature, marking the inception of a literary school. The mentioned poem serves as a vivid representation of the influential impact of eminent European Romanticists like Lamartine in shaping the Arab Romanticism movement. The research approach adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical, and from a methodological standpoint, it aligns with the categorization of a comparative literature study, as elucidated in the theoretical foundations section of the research.The foundation for interpreting the studied work in this research centers on the acknowledgment that Salah Labaki has employed the events from Lamartine's life and character as a means to elucidate his own Romantic perspective. This serves the purpose of illustrating the fundamental resemblance between Labaki's worldview and that of Lamartine. Consequently, the current investigation applies the principles of the Romanticism school to analyze and delve into the examined text. Indeed, the aforementioned poem can be viewed as an outcome of Romanticism, a significant literary movement or school. It is crucial to note in this context that the influence exchange between the Romanticism school and Eastern lands operates in a bidirectional manner. For Lamartine, akin to other eminent Romanticists, these lands have perpetually served as wellsprings of inspiration, as the Orient appears to them as imaginative, mystical, and wondrous (Servat, 2003: 44), with diverse depictions of it present in European Romanticist texts.The poem "Lamartine" underscores the significant impact of one of the preeminent Romantic poets globally on contemporary Lebanese poetry, particularly in the works of Salah Labaki. Labaki, drawing inspiration from Lamartine's ideological perspectives, adopts a deeply reflective stance towards natural phenomena and human existence. His poetry deviates from the enumeration of moral virtues and traditional elegiac meanings.In this poem, Labaki's perspective on the enigmatic event of death closely mirrors Lamartine's ideological outlook. Within the Romanticist framework, death is perceived as a gateway to a transcendental and idealistic realm. Consequently, the conventional apprehension of death, a prevalent theme in traditional poetry, gives way in the poet's vision to optimism and a sense of surrender.In this poem, in alignment with the Romanticists' perspective, Salah Labaki attributes a sacred and divine significance to poets. He portrays Lamartine's character as a guide for the people, emphasizing the reformative role of Romantic ideology. Conversely, the realists, who oppose Romanticism, criticize Romanticists for being disconnected from reason and logic, accusing them of indulging in illusion and fantasy.Salah also imparts a spiritual and mythical dimension to the women who played roles in Lamartine's life, depicting them as his spiritual support on the journey of spiritual exploration and mystical ascent toward perfection. Through this approach, he somewhat rationalizes Lamartine's extramarital love affairs with his lover.According to Labaki, Lamartine's isolation and solitude stem from the Romantic belief that ordinary people fail to recognize the worth and dignity of geniuses. The Romanticists assert that only geniuses have the capacity to liberate individuals from blind imitation.Labaki's perspective on nature and natural occurrences in this poem aligns seamlessly with the views of other Romanticists, including Lamartine himself. The poet imbues the phenomena with the hues of his inner emotions and thoughts, establishing a connection with them. Within this worldview, natural phenomena deviate from their traditional representation in classical poetry, serving the purpose of conveying the poet's reflections and contemplations through the voice of the phenomena.

In a world that is constantly growing and evolving, entrepreneurship plays an important role in the development of societies. This category is one of the emphasized axes in folk culture and oral literature. A proverb is an outstanding example of folk culture that refers to various phenomena of society with a short and melodious structure derived from a folk story. In some Arabic proverbs, direct or indirect reference is made to the most important entrepreneurial indicators such as hard work, wisdom, responsibility, individualism, opportunism and income generation, which adds to the importance of research on this issue. In the present research, an attempt is made to examine the entrepreneurship category in 200 selected Arabic proverbs by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and to extract their most important directions by emphasizing the foundations of rhetoric. The results show that the high frequency of hard work (32%) and wisdom (23%) in the discussed proverbs indicates the importance of work and effort combined with wisdom and reason among Arabs. From the rhetorical point of view, the high frequency of descriptive orientation (47%) and motivational orientation (34%) shows the development of the Arab society in explaining the working conditions to the audience and motivating and encouraging them to make continuous efforts and avoid laziness.

In the classical period, realist novels are often written based on descriptions of reality and out-of-mind issues; but with the collapse of traditional narrative styles, after the advent of modernism and the great growth of human mental problems in modern societies, novelists have focused more on portraying mental problems and depicting the inner concerns of fictional characters. relying on a descriptive-analytical method, the present article tries to discover the components of modernism in the novel "Love in Exile " by the Egyptian novelist Bahaa Taher (1935). the most important feature of this novel, which was recognized as a necessity of research, addressing social issues with an emotional and intrinsic approach. the results of the research indicate that the author tries to show the narrator's inner struggles in a modernist way through long monologues; therefore, real world issues are vaguely described in this novel and instead this narrative work consciously has modernist components, so that the logical order of the events of the story is disturbed and the reader is confused in understanding the events of the story and the author's use of poetic structures in the story causes the lyrical and emotional aspects of the story to prevail over realism.

The expression of postmodernism in written texts is not limited to content and subject matter; Rather, part of the postmodernist arrangement of literary works relates to the physical elements of the text, namely the page of paper, the lines, the letters, the words, and the margins of the text. These arrangements are made in line with the postmodernist principle of uncertainty and the creation of doubts and suspicions in the ontology of the audience. This leads to the confusion of genres, the collapse of the geometric order of the text and the creation of chaos in the traditions of writing and poetry, especially the arrangement of words and lines, as well as reducing the centrality of the main text and focusing on the margins of the text. Kamal Abu-Deeb, a contemporary Syrian poet, writer, and critic, is one of the figures in contemporary Arab literature who is particularly familiar with postmodernist thought. In the collection " Adhabat al-Mutanabbi fi Suhbat Kamal Abu-Deeb wa al-'Aks bi al-'Aks", he tries to rewrite the narrations, currents and various events of Mutanabbi 's life that have been mentioned in previous texts with a postmodernist mentality. The present paper tries to analyze these mechanisms and their role in creating meaning in the above collection based on the descriptive-analytical method. According to the author, this work does not fall into the category of fiction or poetry, because it is a combination of all literary genres and form-based arts. The results of the research show that in this work, Abu-Deeb tries to portray the tensions of his inner world and the philosophy of personal and social life in the Arab countries with an emphasis on postmodernist form-based tricks. By emphasizing form-oriented tricks, he intends to direct the audience's mind to the hidden angles of his story formation in order to challenge the great narratives at the visual level. To convey this message to the audience, he uses form-based mechanisms such as blank verse, painting, geometric shapes, vertical writing, parsing, and font change, each of which plays a prominent role in creating doubts in the mind of the audience about his real affairs and proven intellectual and epistemological patterns.

In Jung's analytical psychology model, the mental part of human beings consists of male and female elements and only the agreeing side or element is evident and the other side is hidden. The animus or inner male is the masculine side of woman and responsible for masculine behaviors that influences subconsciously her behavior, performance, speech, and mental life. Jung believes that if a woman can control her inner force and compromise with it she will show its positive masculine characteristics and if she cannot control it she will show negative masculine characteristics. This inner force of women’s mental issues manifests itself in various positive and negative forms. Female poetry is one of the main manifestations of the animus. The study aimed to discover the manifestations, meanings, and implications of animus in Nazik al-Malaika’s poems, as one of the pioneers of form and content revolution in contemporary Arabic poetry. Lack of a systematic analysis of the masculine aspect of Nazik Al-Malaika’s poems, as one of pioneering female contemporary Arabic poetry, which uses psychological approaches was identified to be necessary. The results showed that in her individuality realm, she sometimes is in peace with her male side and sometimes she struggles with it and puts her psychological life in danger. Moreover, the dominance of desperation in her poems shows that she has usually been unsuccessful in dealing with the influencing force. Therefore, the negative aspects of animus are more manifested in comparison with positive aspects.

Spiritual intelligence combines spirituality and intelligence within a new structure and provides humanity with a logical application of spiritual skills to search for meaningful and valuable issues. As the basis of human values, beliefs, and actions, SQ enables humans to focus on ontological issues and change living conditions and seek growth and excellence in the face of the realities of life. Robert Emmons (1958), a professor of psychology at the University of California, whose connections to religious and moral issues are prominent in his thoughts, is one of the thinkers of this new theory. Since the poetry of Farouk Shuwaykh (1976), a contemporary Lebanese poet, are all about mysticism and a reflection of Islamic and human truths, the functions and purposes of applying the components of this type of intelligence in the poems of this poet in Emmons' thoughts were the subject of this study. One of the present research results, conducted via a descriptive-analytical method, is that although Shuwaykh did not mention spiritual intelligence in his poems. However, his poems are very flexible in terms of ideological and cognitive dimensions, emotional and voluntary dimensions. Therefore, it reinforces the hypothesis that the subconscious Shuwaykh used the manifestations of this intelligence in his poems. By analyzing his poetry, which follows the teachings of Islam and the Qur'an and has a searching view to solve anthropological problems, it can be inferred that the Shuwaykh’s subconscious employed the mechanisms of spiritual intelligence in his poetry to transcend himself, solve ontological problems, and use the quality of communication with God and man.

Metafiction is a form of literature that emphasizes its own artificiality in a way that continually reminds the reader of the fictitiousness of the work. Historiographic metafiction is a term used for works of fiction which combine the literary devices of metafiction with historical fiction. The contributors maintain that the Arabic literature reflects the Western postmodern conditions without denying its own traditions. As such, the Arabic literature paves the way for an important cultural dialogue between East and West. The novel Al-Mutanabbi's suffering with perfection of Kamal Aboudib and vice versa, authored by Kamal Aboudib,a Syrian narrator and critic, is one of the works of Metafiction in terms of structure and content. The author has attempted to describe the events of Al-Mutanabbi's life, the great Arab poet, and relates him to the problems of contemporary man, the world and Arab history. In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, we try to find the historical aspects of metafiction in this fiction. The results of the research indicate that the use of historical characters from different periods as well as the deliberate denial of some real events in the life of the poet refers to the future perspective of the history. It is also shown that many of the writing scruples and conventions available in history books have been violated by postmodern writers. Indeed, they have crossed the boundaries of time and place.

The complex political and social conditions of contemporary era and the emergence of the contradictions of society in some Arab countries, along with the artistic motivations, makes the poet call the traditional symbolic treasures to express his inner thoughts, giving authenticity to his work and creating ambiguity of art. Furthermore, the excessive call of certain heritage symbols and the use of similar implications in contemporary poetry have sometimes caused symbolic implications to be so tangible to the reader that the poem gets a tone of address and report. In this regard, the use of metamorphosis of symbols is a method of novelty and personification of lexical elements and implications of the symbols that the mighty and conscious poet used to invertand negative rendering of the well-known implications of symbol and they are changed in such a way that the symbol takes new implications contrary to theoriginal state. In general, the metamorphose in the concept of symbols represent the essence of the poet mind. Nazzᾱr Qabᾱni is of those poets who call for ancient treasures and some natural elements in order to create artistic ambiguity and dynamic images and also to illustrate the contradictions of contemporary Arab society with their past, and recreates ancient symbols through inverting and negative rendering of the implications. In this regard, the metamorphosis of symbols is considered as one of the most important sources of political poetry of Nazzᾱr Qabᾱni. The present research, using descriptive-analytical method, attempts to evaluate the range of metamorphoses of symbols in political poems of the poet and reveal his implicit implications of his ballades. The results show that the metamorphosis of symbolic implication of faces and natural elements associated with the concepts of heroism and courage in the poetry of Qabani has a special place compared to other samples.

Poetic symbolization based on past symbols in order to create a romantic situation is one of the important poetic evolutions. Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati is one of the modernism strongest poets in this field who could express his poetic approaches in the most effective way by applying different symbols of dream. This article – which is done in descriptive – analytic method – studies symbolization and its importance in al-Bayati's poetry in general as well as analyzing Hallaj symbol. He has applies this symbol in many different poetries such as "Hallaj's Torture". The common points in two characters caused forming mask technique in the best way.

The way the element of time is used in some modern stories, has turned them into a far-fetched process for the recipient. Today the dominant chronology in classical stories are substituted by chaos in modern stories. Some of the fiction writers have used memories, dreams, human nightmares, as new kind of techniques which destroys the boundaries of time. This in turn, alters the pace of the stories and the repetition of some of the events. Gérard Genette, a French famous critic, has suggested three important sides of time, order, speed, and iteration, as the famous theory of order, duration, and frequency. It is considered as the most comprehensive theory in the area of analyzing time in narrative. This paper aims to shed light on the way this element has been employed in the short story of “A Handful of Dates” by Tayeb Salih, a famous Sudanese novelist; and “Love on the Pavement” by Mostafa Mastoor, an Iranian novelist based on Genette’ narrative theories. Both writers are similar in terms of applying the games of narrative. The findings show the order of events narrated is chaotic to signify the chaos in human’s spirit in a modern society. Among the techniques of pace-increasing and pace-decreasing factors, both the writers use descriptive pause which causes longer fractions and suspense in the story; and though repetitive narrative, they highlight the events.

Fantasy is a new terminology in literary criticism characterized by escape from the world and its familiar frameworks, which means flouting logic and natural laws. Fantasy sometimes features in Arabic novels go beyond the standard limits and criteria. The novel Imrat Al-Gharoorah by Salim Matar (1956), the prominent Iraqi novelist, falls in the realm of fantasy literature as its narrative elements such as plot, characterization, time and setting have imaginary nature. This study is a descriptive-analytic effort to investigate the levels of imagination in this novel and discover the role of fantasy in the structure of the novel. The results of the investigation indicate that Salim Matar employs narrative elements to offer a colorful fantasy atmosphere. To achieve this goal, the novelist has bestowed the title, characters, time and events in the novel the elements of change and metamorphosis and has used journey as a narrative technique. Thus, all these elements have contributed to an extraordinary atmosphere in which usual rules are violated and an imaginary world is portrayed

Character is one of the most basic narrative fundaments in each story, and it plays a significant role in developing the plot and unfolding of the events. Gibran's Al- 'Awāsif involves a series of short stories, in which the author has assigned significant importance to characters and means of developing them. In this book, Gibran has been very concerned with the element of character and the methods of characterization. The present article focuses on character in Al-'Awāsif, given the effective role of this element in shaping the events and developing the plot of the story.
Theoretical Framework: For the research to have a methodological structure, this section sets to briefly introduce the study key terms and elaborate on their practical use in the text. It can be stated that characters of a story are, in fact, an objective image of behaviors, features, and habits of those who are formed via a logical cycle in the author's mind by the modeling of external realities and the author's surroundings. The most renowned categorization of different characters is presented by Morgan Forster. In his categorization ,Forster distinguishes between “round” and “flat” characters. From his viewpoint, a flat character, in its best, is built upon a united quality or idea and could be expressed in a single sentence. However, there are further dimensions to a “round” character (Forster, 2005). A “static” character remains the same from the beginning until the end of a story (Doubtfire, 2009), yet a “dynamic” character gradually changes throughout a story and is influenced by the course of events (Najm, 1963). Two methods have been suggested for characterization:a) Direct description of personal traits: in this method, the personal qualities, states, activities, and behaviors are presented, and the goal is to induce an image of the character (Mirsadeghi, 2009). Direct characterization involves the simultaneous or separate presentation of two personality aspects of a character. One aspect is the character's appearance and the other is his/her internal qualities such as moods, emotions, feelings, and thoughts (Najm, 1963).
b) Indirect Description: in this method, authors develop their characters gradually through conversations, deeds, behaviors, actions, and thoughts (Zeituni, 2002).
This is a descriptive-analytical research. First, the definition and significance of character in the world is explained, and then, within the body of the research, some theoretical backgrounds are provided in each section, followed by the analysis of the examples.
The minor characters in almost all of the stories are flat and have only one type of behavior. In those stories of Al-'Awāsif with athird person point of view, there is usually not more than one round character while the other characters are flat and onedimensional. Basically, there is no round character in the stories recounted by a third-person narrator. All minor characters in Al-'Awāsif are static since they do not change significantly over the course of the stories. Some of the main characters of this collection are dynamic. They are affected and turned by the events, which set the stage for a range of spiritual, behavioral, and sociological changes in them. The static characters of the stories are more frequent than the dynamic ones. The reason should be sought in the limitations of characterization instruments, which is itself because of the “compression and concision of short stories” (Almomeni, 2009, p. 32). In developing his characters, Gibran is not just concerned with physical characteristics, but he is also engaged in describing the character's inner aspects, and tries to show the feelings of sadness and joy, love and hatred, rancor and jealousy, etc., by using different means.
The characters and characterization in these stories are closely linked to the type of narrative or point of view. In the stories with first-person point of view, the range of characters is limited, and the stories are comprised of two characters. However, in the stories with third-person point of view, there is a greater variety of characters. Since the lack of time in short stories may prevent the proper development of characters, writers could use a combination of story description, dialogue, and action with more emphasis on dialogue. In Al-'Awāsif, the focus has been more on the reality of characters.

Escape to the utopian world ¬ when facing the difficulties of life is an known feeling in human which has long found its way to literature. One of the main themes used in the works of Sohrab Sepehri and Nazek Al-malaeke, the two great pioneers of contemporary poetry in Persian and Arabic literature respectively, is the archaic and past themes. These two poets express their ideal world by appealing to a similar school of thought. The common point of the two origins of thought is the transcendental attitude based on the transition from the real world: romanticism and spiritual symbolism. This comparative study addresses the content of the two poet's poems in which they both share a common theme. World of childhood, nature, and the after world are shared mental asylums of the two poets which are discussed in the main body of the article. The results show that compared to Nazek, Sepehri is more optimistic and has used more mystical themes in presenting his ideal world.

Death is one of the most inspiring concepts in most of well-known contemporary Western and Arab poets’works،including T. S. Eliot and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab’s. It plays a unique role in shaping the modern poetry. This paper contains a comparative archetypal-based analysis of symbolic aspects of death in “The Waste Land”، the most famous literary work by T. S. Eliot whose impression on al-Sayyab was extensive. The basis of the literary analysis in the field of psychoanalytic criticism is Jung''s theory of archetypes. According to him، archetypes model human behavior and are primordial concepts and images accumulated during time as collective unconsciousness، and human is inspired by them to evolve instinctively his own character. Poetic inspiration is one important field through which Jungian archetypes display themselves. This paper studies these symbolic features common in “The Waste Land” and al-Sayyab’s poetry.

The main purpose of this research is pondering and explaining the place of women in the process of Palestine’s resistance by analyzing related symbols in Fadwa Touqan’s poetry. She is known as the representative and the exemplary personality of women’s poetry and to some extent her reputation has been in the shadow of the literary characteristic of her brother, Ibrahim Touqan. Fadwa has a prominent role in visualizing the endeavors of Palestine women for fighting against Zionist occupiers. In this paper, it is tried to ponder and analyze the woman’s resistance symbols in her poetry as below:Symbolic unity of woman and motherland.Symbolic presence of Palestinian fighting girls.The reflection of historical stories and myths.

Utopia is an ideal society imagined and dreamed by most great thinkers. It originated in Plato’s idealism in the book “Republica”. This article deals with Fawzi Ma’louf ’s utopia in the ode: «Ala Besat al - Rih». He is a well- known poet of Arabic Romanticism. In this paper, first the conception of utopia and the reason of it’s predominance in romanticism are examined, followed by a brief introduction to the ode. Regarding the narrative structure of the ode, we will discuss the drama elements such as: conflict, dialogue, time and place, used here to depict the poet’s utopia, Next section is devoted to the function and role of romantic imagination in creating poet’s ideal world. In the final section, we will demonstrate that freedom as the greatest dream of the poet, includes ideal concepts such as: peace, justice, true love and eternity.