علی حسامی

In order to produce varieties of barley that tolerate drought and cold, Artan variety was entered into internal tests of the cold and temperate cold stations of the Dryland Agriculture Research Institute through the international center of ICARDA in the form of the of segregating populations (F3 generation) in 1997-98. Genetic purity was achieved by the modified bulk method. Then, during several years, it was evaluated in Maragheh, Shirvan, Ghamlo, Sararoud, Zanjan, Urmia and Ardabil stations in yield trials and yield stability experiment. The Artan variety with an average seed yield of 2.142 Kgha-1 had 11% higher seed yield than the Abidar check variety. Artan had relatively early maturity, height and high thousand-seed weight. Artan variety has general adaptability and good yield stability, facultative growth habit, resistance to seed shattering, tolerance to cold and drought, relative early maturity, high plant height (83 cm) and high thousand-seed weight (42 gr). It has also good level of resistant to yellow rust and brown rust diseases of barley. Artan variety was selected and released as a new cultivar due to its high yield and favorable agronomic characteristics for planting in the cold and moderately cold regions in rainfed areas of the country.

Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.Barley is highly variable in adaptation to marginal environments. The main objective of barley breeding programs has been on improving yield by developing new cultivars with high grain yield and quality characteristics for different climates. Ansar is a new high yielding and drought tolerant cultivar of barley with facultative growth habit. It was released in the year 2013 for rainfed cold areas of Iran. Ansar originated from a cross Yea168.4/Yea605.5//Yea206-4A-3 (a high yielding line received from ICARDA). Based on regional yield trials, the average graind yield of Ansar was 3025 kgha-1, which was 55 kg higher than Sahand (2970 kgha-1). In comparison with Sahand (check), Ansar had 1-2 days early maturity, 4-6 cm taller stem, 1-2 g higher TKW. In onfarm trials, Ansar had 34, 12, 11% more grain yield than Sahand in Miyaneh, Oshnaviyeh and Piranshar regions, respectively. Ansar is tolerant to cold, drought, grain shedding, lodging, two-rowed variety with 73 cm plant height. Ansar is resistance to leaf strip, scald and powdery mildew and rust. It can be concluded that Ansar is not only a high-yielder, possesses better quality traits and tolerant/resistant to all diseases, but is also best suited in cold rainfed areas of Iran.

Rainfall is a predominant climatic element that affects the density and location of agricultural systems as well as the choice of farming operations. The distribution, intensity, duration, and type of rainfall are very important at different stages such as cultivation, emergence, tillering, stem formation, and flowering. Kurdistan province has regular rainfall with an average rainfall of more than 500 mm per year. Therefore, Kurdistan province is one of the most prone rain-fed areas in Iran. As well his province with an area under cultivation of 120,000 hectares is one of the most important areas of chickpea growing in the country. However, the distribution of rainfall is not the same in all regions of this province, and therefore it is necessary to study the potential risk of chickpea production in Kurdistan province.

Long-term climatic data were collected from 15 stations for a period of 20 years from 1991 to 2011. The results of spatial and temporal analysis determined the climatic-agronomic indices of the suitable region and the amount of dryland chickpea production. Kurdistan province was divided into three climatic regions; High-risk or unsuitable climatic-agro-area (0.23% of the total area), medium-risk area or with relative proportion for production (59.71% of the total area), low-risk or suitable climatic-agro-area (37.96%) From the whole area).

The results of spatial and temporal analysis determined the climatic-agronomic indices of the suitable region and the amount of dryland chickpea production. Kurdistan province was divided into three climatic regions; High-risk or unsuitable climatic-agro-area (0.23% of the total area), medium-risk area or with relative proportion for production (59.71% of the total area), low-risk or suitable climate-agro-area (37.96%) From the whole area). The results of the study on the relationship between rainfall of vegetative stage and the potential of cultivation of dryland chickpeas in the region show except for a small part of Qorveh, Bijar, and Sarvabad cities which are in a weak degree. The whole region is in a very good degree in terms of supplying the required moisture, which is also due to the necessary rainfall at this time and the humidity of the storage capacity stored from the winter rains. The occurrence of suitable precipitations for the vegetative period in the whole region had the highest value compared to other developmental stages. The results of the study between the relationship between reproductive stage rainfall and cultivation potential of rainfed chickpeas in the region showed that Zarrineh station in the north of the region is weak due to unfavorable weather conditions at the beginning of the growing season and the developmental stages of the growing season in this region are delayed. At Zarrineh station, the critical reproductive stage occurs at a time of year when the probability of precipitation in Kurdistan has actually decreased and a part of the southeast of Qorveh city is one of the weak and critical areas. The rest of the province in terms of moisture supply for this stage of dryland chickpea development is in a suitable degree, which is due to the necessary rainfall in this period of development.

The results of the study show the relationship between rainfall of vegetative stage and cultivation potential of dryland chickpeas in the region, except for a small part of Qorveh, Bijar and Sarvabad counties, which are in a weak degree. The whole region is in a very good degree in terms of supplying the required moisture, which is also due to the necessary rainfall at this time and the humidity of the storage capacity stored from the winter rains. Occurrence of suitable precipitations for the vegetative period in the whole region had the highest value compared to other developmental stages.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the dimensions of organizational agility components as a strategy to overcome organizational inertia with the mediating variable of social laziness of employees at Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences. In this applied study, method of collecting the data is descriptive-survey. To collect the data, a reliable and valid questionnaire were conducted through 191 people selected from among 385 university staff based on random sampling and Morgan table. The questionnaire tool was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability by professors and experts familiar with the subject. Data analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. Structural equation modeling findings showed that all paths from organizational agility and social laziness to organizational inertia and also from organizational agility through the mediating variable of social laziness on organizational inertia are significant and the relationships between them are confirmed. It is concluded that investment in organizational agility capabilities along with reducing social laziness leads to reducing organizational inertia.

Development of the last Dise type chickpea cultivar goes back more than 40 years. This project was performed aimed to purify and evaluate genetic variation of local Desi type chickpea landraces of Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan. During 2012-14 seed of local varieties of these locations were collected and purified physically. In 2015, 70 top lines along with two control varieties, Kaka and Pirouz were cultivated and evaluated in an 8 × 9 simple rectangular lattice design at three stations including Saral of Kurdistan, Maragheh and Urmia. During the experiment period, traits including plant standing, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed per pod, pod per plant, plant height, 100 seeds weight and seed yield were recorded. Combined analysis of variance was revealed significant differences among genotypes for days to maturity, seed per pod, pod per plant, 100 seeds weight and seed yield. Also, the interaction of genotype× location was significant for traits of days to maturity, pod per plant, plant height and seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained by line No. 2, which was not significantly different from the check variety, Pirouz. The highest heritability was related to the 100 seeds weight, seed yield and number of days to flowering, respectively. Among these traits, grain yield had the greatest genetic advance. According to the results of cluster analysis, genotypes were grouped into four classes. These results were confirmed with 98% accuracy using discriminant function analysis. The results of principle component analysis and graphical display of biplot showed that the grain yield was positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant and the weight of one hundred seeds. On the other hand, genotypes No. 1, 2, 21 and 67 could be identified as the best genotypes for improvement programs.

Great progress and development in geographic information systems technology has provided users the ability to use this discipline to evaluate changes resulting from natural and human factors, and to determine these changes. In this research, the changes trend in rainfall in the region of Marivan Plain and groundwater level changes were studied using GIS. The geographical coordinates of 23 rain gauges in the GIS were used to produce maps of their distribution using Thiessen polygon method. The study area was delineated from the interpolated map. Monthly precipitation data for a period of 15 years (1997-2011) were obtained from stations in the study area, and the mean precipitation for the area was calculated using the Thiessen polygon method. First, a point map was created using 23 rain gauge station coordinates of the plain, which was then interpolated using the nearest point method. The slope of the regression line reveals increase in rainfall amount during the year of study. Fluctuation of ground water table was studied for the years 1997-2011. Using coordinates of 27 wells dug in the study area, a point map was created. Average yearly groundwater table data related to observational wells in 1997 and 2011 were used to interpolate the point map using the moving average method. The results revealed 2509316 m3 declines in volume of the water.

Torrential rains in the southern Caspian Sea, has been of interest for researchers and different solutions have been offered. The analysis shows that thesuggested mechanisms are all derived from a single model. These theories are different only in appearance. This single model is the basic mechanism of the Caspian Sea rainfall in autumn and winter. Torrential precipitation more occurs in autumn and less in winter. In this paper, winter floods in Noushahr city in 2012 have been studied. By posing different theories governing the precipitation of the Caspian Sea, next to one another, the pattern was introduced for the torrential rains. Results indicated that the floods were caused by the passage of low pressure systems from the North Caspian Sea. Low pressure cold front has passed over Noushahr on 11 November 2012. The cold front on 12 November 2012, located near the center of Iran, at 35 latitude. With the influx of cold air behind the cold front caused floods in Noushahr city. Cold advection over the sea caused too much moisture absorption by the air. The results also showed that the ridge of high pressure that immigrated from the north Mediterranean had important role in the passage of the cold front is Noushahr city. The ridge is moving cold front to lower latitude finally passes through the north of Iran. The cause of ridge formation was cold air advection on the Caspian Sea.

Tak-Ab is a new winter bread wheat cultivar developed from evaluation of ICARDA-Turkey-CIMMYT international bread wheat germplasm to supplementary irrigation areas. Study of new cultivars under supplementary irrigation in Maragheh and Ardebil Research Stations (2005-2012) showed that, Tak-Ab had high grain potential under supplementary irrigation conditions. Based on results means of grain yield for Tak-Ab, Azar2 and Alvand with one time irrigation at sowing date were 3636, 2785 and 2556 kg ha-1 respectively. Average of grain yield of Tak-Ab and Azar2 with two times irrigation (Sowing Bolting) was 4737 and 4346 kg ha-1 respectively. Results revealed that this line is more tolerant to cold, moderate resistant to rusts and resistant to logging, thus it is suitable for supplementary irrigation in cold dry lands of Iran, and it has higher 1000 kernel weight and good bread quality as well. It is a winter habit and early maturity, 80 cm plant height, 36gr. 1000 kernel weight, grain color red and with 12% protein content. Based on these results, thenew line (Manning/Sdv1//Dogu88 OYC-OYC-OYC-12YC-OYC) was released in 2013 under the name of Tak-Ab.

This study was conducted to determine grain yield stability of rainfed promising barley genotypes across six rainfed research stations (Maragheh، Sararood، Uromieh، Qamloo، Zanjan and Ardabil) under cold and semi-cold conditions during three cropping seasons (2006-2009) in Iran. The studied genotypes were 10 promising barley lines along with two checks (one local and one newly released variety، (Abidar). In each environment، the experiment was arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Results of combined ANOVA showed that location، year، genotype and interactions of location´genotype and year´location´genotype had significant effect on grain yield. The genotypes had the highest and the lowest grain yield in Sararood (2549 Kg/ha) and Zanjan (1578 Kg/ha) stations، respectively. Line No. 9 with 2061 Kg/ha had the highest grain yield among the tested genotypes. Results of stability parameters (i. e.، Eberhart and Russell’s regression method، Lin and Binn’s method، environmental coefficient of variation، environment variance، Wricke’s ecovalance،Shukla’s stability variance and ranking methods) showed that line No. 2، 5 and 9 had higher and stable yield in different environments. Hence، these genotypes could be recommended for cultivation under cold and semi-cold rainfed conditions of Iran.

To evaluate the genetic diversity in Sardari bread wheat landrace, purification and selection of lines with good agronomic traits, were carried out for ten cropping seasons (1995-2006) in Maragheh and six other dryland Agricultural Research Stations. One hundred and six individual spikes were selected among Sardari landrace in the first phase of study (1995- 2000). Results of morph-physiological characteristics and molecular studies (SSR) confirmed a high diversity within Sardari landrace. In the second phase of study (2003- 2006) adaptability and grain yield stability of selected pure lines were studied in five locations. Based on the results, the pure line Sar-HR 39 exhabited a good performance and yield stability. Similar to check cultivars (normal Sardari and Azar 2), SAR-HR 39 is early maturity, is high 1000 kernel weight, suitable plant height and tolerance to winter cold (winter type). It is also tolerant to drought. The mean protein contents of this line has 10.5% but it is susceptible to yellow rust. The mean grain yield of the new line was 2185 kgha-1, that was higher than those of Azar 2 (2050 kgha-1) and normal Sardari (2070 kgha-1). The new line was officially released in 2010 through the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), under the name of Homa.

Adherence and growth of Candida albicans denture soft lining materials can result in clinical problems, and deteriorations of the materials. Prevalence of denture stomatitis in association with Candida albicans has been reported to range between 11%-67%.The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence and growth of Candida albicanson two type of denture soft liners (GC and Acropars) and comparison to control group(Acropars acryl). Twenty-two specimens of each soft lining material and 10 acrylic specimens (polished and not polished) were made and incubated in a suspension of Candida albicans. After rinsing, the specimens were stained with acridine orange and examined under fluorescent microscope. For statistical analysis One-way ANOVA and Post Hoc, Tukey HSD tests were used. The highest and the least adhesion and growth were found in the not polished and the polished groups respectively. Also, adherence and growth on Acropars soft liner was significantly more than GC soft liner (p<0.05). Significant difference was found between polished and not polished acryl (p<0.05). According to results, precise attention in selection of correct material with the lowest side effects and its production steps seems mandatory.

Line Yesevi-93 (cultivar Abidar) was first introduced to Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) through the International Winter Preliminary Barley Yield Trials (IWPBYT) in 1994. It was selected as one the most high yielding lines based on observational and statistical trails (Regional Barley Yield Trials) carried out in different locations during 1997-2000. The average yield of Abidar cultivar in advanced trails was 2138 kgha-1 which was 5% and 34% higher than those of Sahand and local check cultivars, respectively. Yield stability analysis of data from grain yield of Abidar and other advanced lines of barley, using different methods, proved its high stability in different locations. It is a cold tolerant, early maturity, facultative type, drought tolerant and resistant to shattering cultivar. Its average height was 57cm with 1000 kernel weight of 40-50 g. In on-farm yield trails, Abidar cultivar performed most better than the check cultivars. It is resistant to scald and powdery mildew diseases but susceptible to barley stripe. As this disease is seed-borne, it can easily be controlled through seed treatment by appropriate fungicides. Based on the advanced regional barley yield trials carried out in different cold and moderately cold regions of Iran, Abidar can be recommended for cultivation in moderate cold areas of Azarbaijan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, Zanjan, Ardebil, Ilam, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Chaharmahal-e-Bakhtiari, Markazi, Kohgilloyeh and Boyerahmad and Khorasan provinces in dryland conditions.

In order to select adapted and high yield barley varieties, regional yield trials were carried out using a RCBD design with 24 barley genotypes in Maragheh, Ardebil, Zanjan and with 22 genotypes in all locations Maragheh, Ardebil, Kermanshah, Kordistan, Shirvan and Zanjan. These experiments were conducted with four replications in three years (2001-2004). Simple and combined analyses of variance in all locations were done separately. Fmax Hartely used to assess the homogeneity of the error variance at various, showed that the errors variance were homogeneous. Combined analyses were done once with 22 genotypes in all rejoins then with 24 genotypes in Maragheh, Ardebil, Zanjan stations. The results showed that there were significant differences (P1 %

To study the stability and adaptability of grain yield of advanced bread wheat genotypes in cold and moderate-cold dryland areas, 16 adanced genotypes were evaluated in Maragheh, sararood, kordestan, Ilam, Zanjan, Shirvan, Orumieh and Ardebil Experimental Stations in 1998 to 2001 cropping seasons. The experimental design in all the locations was randomized complete block design with four replications. In each location simple and combined analysis of variance were implemented. Based on homogeneity of error variances, combined analysis of variance was done over locations and years. Results showed that interaction effect of genotype × year × location was significatn at 1% probability level. A significant difference was also found among the genotypes, and genotypes No. 4(Azar 2) and No. 10(sbn/ 1-64-199) with 1635 and 1597 kgha^-1produced the highest the highest grain yield respectively, sardari(the check cultivar) produced 1485 kgha^-1 of grain yield. Result of stability analysis on grain yield using parametric method of C.V.% and Lin and Binns, and non-parametric method of rank, showed that genotypes No. 4(Azar 2) No. 16(Sardari) and No. 10(Sbn/1-64-199) were the most stable genotypes. Overall based on the mean of grain yield, stability parameters and diseases results, genotype No. 10(Sbn/ 1-64-199) was found to be the highest yielding, most stable and resistant to yellow rust genotype, therefore it was selected as a desirable genotype.

The precise mechanism of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is not fully understood. Recent studies on Rat myocardium revealed that activation of the K ATP channels inhibits this process. The goal of this study is finding the same effect of K ATP channels on IR injury, in rat kidney. In this study the effects of K ATP agonist (Diazoxide) and K ATP antagonist (Glibenclamide) plus a K ATP independent vasodilator (Hydralazin) on ischemia reperfusion injury examined. Female rats of 200-250 g were anesthesized and used for study. Different doses of Diazoxide (1, 5, 15mg/kg) and Glibenclamid (1, 5, 10mg/kg) and hydralazin (1, 3, 15mg/kg) were used (SC) 120 minutes prior to the initiation of IR. Kidneys were removed and checked histologically for the grading of injury. Diazoxide (5mg/kg) prevented these lesions. Different doses of Glibenclamide and hydralazine failed to prevent IR injury. Diazoxide is also a vasodilator agent but failure of hydralazine to prevent the injury revealed that vasodilation was not the exact mechanism of action of Diazoxide.