علی حلاجیان

Fishmeal price were increasing every year and predicted that fish diet will have a wider range of ingredients replaced by fishmeal, such as vegetable sources, microbial protein sources, waste from fishing and animal protein waste (Glencross et al., 2007). Vegetable proteins can replace fish meal to some extent and have a negative effect on the growth of aquatic animals at high levels. But many studies have shown that a mixture of vegetable proteins can improve the amino acid profile compared to single protein source replaced by fish meal (Amaya et al., 2007).  By this method, high replacement with a blend of protein Vegetables have been reported in aquatic animal (Hansen et al., 2007), but increasing fiber, increasing carbohydrates and inappropriate amino acids in diets based on animal and vegetable proteins can led to a negative effect on fish digestive system that showed by growth reduction, immune system depress , low quality meat and even fish fatality in a long-term feeding period (Raskovic et al., 2011). therefore, in this experiment, the effect of a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins replaced by fish meal (levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80%) on the growth indices and digestive system tissue Huso huso were studied.

In order to reduce the share of fishmeal in the diet of beluga, a basal diet based on 54% of fishmeal was made. A mixture of animal and vegetable proteins (corn gluten: 35%, wheat gluten: 19.34%, processed soybean flour: 3%, chicken by-products: 20%, meat and bone meal: 8%, blood meal: 3.4%) at 20, 40, 60 and 80% levels replaced with fishmeal (FM) (CGM20, CGM40, CGM60, and CGM80, respectively) and finally 5 isonitrogenous (44% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18 MJ/kg) diets were produced. The fish (Average weight: 167±6.5 gr) were fed to saturation for 12 weeks.  Biometry were carried out on month interval and by carrying out information obtained from fish length, weight and food consumption, growth indices and feed efficiency ratio were calculated. At the end of the feeding period, 30% of the fish population was collected from each tank for histological studies. Three parts of the intestine (hindgut, midgut, and foregut) were removed. It was fixed and stained. Histological studies were carried out by an optical microscope equipped with a monitor.

There was no significant difference in the final weight and length of fish of different treatments (P>0.05). condition factor and percentage of weight gain of fish fed with FM, CGM20, CGM40, CGM60 and CGM80 had no no significant difference and percentage of weight gain was close to each other (243 to 298%) (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in specific growth rate and daily growth rate and food conversion ratio in fish fed with all diets (P>0.05). Fish fed FM had the highest protein efficiency ratio (1.75±0.23), but protein efficiency ratio in fish fed with CGM20, CGM40, CGM60 and CGM80 was in the range of 1.53 to 1.73%. But no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Histological studies were carried out by an optical microscope equipped with a monitor. The intestinal tissue of fish fed with CGM80 diet had necrosis and biliary stagnation. However, histological studies in fish fed with FM, CGM20, CGM40, and CGM60 diets showed that the lamina propria space is adequate, the necrosis of enterocytes is negligible, and the number of goblet cells in the anterior, middle, and distal intestine is balanced. The final results confirmed that the CGM80 did not a negative effect on the growth fish, but it caused damage to the digestive system.  In the present study, there is no significant difference in growth indices and food conversion ratio of fish fed with diets based on fish meal and diets based on corn gluten flour (a mixture of corn gluten: 35%, wheat gluten: 19.34%, soybean meal processed: 3%, poultry by product: 20%, meat and bone meal: 8%, blood powder: 4.3%). In this order, it seems be that alternative diets formulation based on a mixture of Animal and vegetable protein sources  were led to enriching of profile and biochemical composition of diet, In addition beluga Compared to white and Siberian sturheon is a species that can be fed with high carbohydrates percentages without growth reduction (Mohseni et al., 2011). In the present experiment, by increasing mixtures based on corn gluten-based in fish diet,  goblet cells were increased and reached to highest value in CGM80. goblet cells are related to immune system and mucus secretion in order to fluidity of digestive tract and create a protective barrier against mechanical and chemical damage (Marchetti et al., 2006). it seems that the increase of goblet cells in beluga fed with a mixture of vegetable proteins (CGM60 and CGM80) is a reaction against to mucous layer necrosis and reduction of intestinal villi in order to further damage of folds by secreting more mucins (Li et al., 2007), but in general, digestive tract epithelium damage in fish fed CGM20, CGM40 diets and CGM60 was negligible compared to fish fed with FM diets and did not lead to enteritis (intestinal inflammation). Therefore, it is suggested to replace fishmeal with a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins at 20 and 40% in Huso huso diet during the fattening stage.

The present study was designed and implemented to evaluate the effects of relative replacement of different levels of dehulled soybean meal (DHSM) instead of fish meal on growth performance of adult Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). In this study, a total of eighty 4-year-old Persian sturgeons (Acipenser persicus), with an average weight of 3850 g were fed with 8 isonitrogenetic and isolipidic diets for 52 weeks. Experimental diets include different percentages of dehulled soybean meal include 0, 10, 15, 20% without amino acid, 15 and 20% replacement with lysine and methionine, and 15 and 20% replacement with lysine and methionine and L-carnitine supplement (DHSM0, DHSM10, DHSM15, DHSM20, DHSM20+AA, DHSM15+AA, DHSM20+AA+L.car. DHSM15+ AA+L.car.). After 52 weeks, no significant difference was observed between weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), LX and PV in different treatments. The protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency (FE) in DHSM0 was significantly higher than that of DHSM20+AA and DHSM15+AA. Hepatosotic index of fish in DHSM0, DHSM10, DHSM15, DHSM20 + AA+L.car. DHSM30 + AA+L.car. was significantly higher than that in DHSM30 + AA. Gonadosomatic index exhibited alterations under the influence of the diet.  Effect of diets containing dehulled soybean meal with L-carnitine supplement on the reproductive system of female fish was significant and positive. The somatic growth in female Persian sturgeon was higher than that of males. However, their gonadic growth and stages of sexual maturity were significantly lower than that in males. The highest sexual maturity index of male fish was observed in DHSM15 + AA+L.car diet, so that at the end of the rearing period, 75% of fish were in stage IV of sexual maturity and 25% in stage III-IV. Addition of L-carnitine and essential amino acid supplement such as lysine and methionine to the diet containing soybean meal displayed a positive effect on the growth and reproductive indicators in the functional diet of Persian sturgeon and probably can improve significantly the production of Persian sturgeon fry.

Oxadiazon is a selective herbicide used to control weeds in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oxadiazine herbicides on fish phytophagous fish indexes. After adaptation of 270 species of phytophagous fish with an average length of 1 to 13 cm and an average weight of 50 to 100 grams to reservoirs each having a capacity of 12 liters They were placed. The concentrations of each reservoir were 5 and 10 mg / L, respectively, of oxadiazone. Dandruff blood samples were taken from 3 treatments (each treatment with 3 replicates) completely randomly every 12 hours to 72 hours. The results showed that hematocrit and hemoglobin and red blood cells were significantly different in other treatments (P <0.05).There was no significant difference between mean blood hemoglobin concentration and mean blood hemoglobin between control and treatments (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in white blood cell count, eosinophil count, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil in control treatment with other treatments (p<0.05). One of the reasons for the changes in some of  the blood indices is due to a disruption of the hematopoietic process of the fish.

In sturgeon aquaculture, sex determination is a major challenge since culture of female sturgeon, as a valuable source of caviar production, is economically important and the differentiation of male and female sturgeons is indeed necessary to reduce costs. Indirect evidence shows that the sex determination system in sturgeon is ZW and the sex of the female determines the sex. The situation which underlies locus discovery involved in sturgeon sex determination in genomic studies. The current study, for the first time in Iran, aimed to determine the beluga sex using the above-mentioned locus specific primers. For this purpose, caudal fins samples were collected from 23 beluga broodstock (14 females and 9 males). Genomic DNA was extracted by the ammonium acetate method. After quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the extracted DNA, specific primers were used to amplify a small fragment of the female beluga locus. Based on the obtained results, the single fragment slightly larger than 100 bp in size was amplified in 14 females while no specific amplification was observed in the male. Therefore, the molecular test can be used as a reliable, efficient, relatively low-cost, and non-invasive method for early sex determination in beluga in Iran.

A study carried out for reduction of fish meal in Beluga Huso huso diet. A basic diet based on 54% fish meal were formulated. A mixture based on corn gluten wheat and anchovy fish meal formulated similar to amino acid profile of basic diet at the levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% as experimental treatments, fish meal (FM) (Basal diet) and corn gluten meal base included 20% replacement (CGM20), 40% replacement (CGM40), 60% replacement (CGM60) and 80% replacement (CGM80) with Similar protein (44%), energy (18 MJ / kg) and amino acid profiles. Beluga fish (Huso huso) with average weight of 167.6± 6.5g introduced in each experimental unit and were fed on experimental diets during a 10 –week culture period. Effect of these alternatives on growth indicators and liver tissue were investigated. Alternative food had no effect on fish growth indices and there was no significant difference in fish performance growth (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in hepatosomatic index (P>0.05). Liver tissue was normal in fish fed FM, CGM20, CGM40, CGM60 and a low damage observed in liver tissue such as cell necrosis, nuclear hypertrophy and hemorrhage. But, fish liver tissue fed by CGM80 had higher abnormal liver damages such as lipid degeneration, cell necrosis, biliary stagnation and hemorrhage.

The catch of the sturgeon has declined severely in the last two decades in the Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. One of the methods for restocking and rehabilitation of the sturgeon stock, is releasing fingerlings and juveniles fish into the rivers leading to the Caspian Sea. In the present study, in order to a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the sturgeon fingerlings released into the Sefidrood River, which included: stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) and Ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), growth indices, weight frequency percentage, growth rate, condition factor, average daily growth and survival percentage of released juveniles were studied during 2017-2018. The total of 1865506 fingerlings of sturgeon released in 2017 from Shahid Dr.Beheshti Sturgeon Restoration and Genetic Conservation Center which comprised Persian sturgeon with 69.3% and the average weight of 2.3±1.01 g, stellate sturgeon with 23.4%  and the average weight of 2.34±1.06 g, and Ship sturgeon with 7.3% and the average weight of 5.61±2.56 g, and  the  total of 1609448 sturgeon fingerlings released in 2018 which included Persian sturgeon with 68% and the average weight of 1.65±0.75 g, stellate sturgeon with  25.5%  and the average weight of 2.68±1.4 g, and Ship sturgeon with 6.5% and the average weight was 11.6±4.34g. Based on the Pearson correlation analysis, there were a negative correlation between the number of culture days for two species of Persian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon released during the years 2017-2018 in Sefidroud River and growth coefficient, condition factor, specific growth rate and daily growth rate at the end of rearing period (p<0.05). Also, the mean daily growth rate and specific growth rate of Persian sturgeon and stellate sturgeon fingerlings in 2017 were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to 2018 and even in stellate sturgeon were higher than in Persian sturgeon.

A mixture of vegetable and animal proteins (corn gluten, wheat gluten, processed soy flour, poultry by product, meat and bone meal and blood meal) that are chemically similar (protein, fat, carbohydrate and dry matter) and similar to amino acid profiles compred fish meal were replaced fish meal in diets with identical levels of protein (44%), energy (18 MJ /kg) at levels of  20, 40, 60 and 80% (MPP20, MPP40, MPP60 and MPP80). Juvenile Huso huso with average weight of 167± 6.5 g were fed diets to saturation and their growth indices, carcass composition, hepatosomic and visceral indexes were studied. The final weight, final length, condition factor, weight gain, body weight precent, specific growth rate, daily growth, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not affectrd with diets (p>0.05). Carcass protein of fish fed MPP60 and MPP80 were significantly decreased compared to fish fed diet based on fish meal, while fish carcass fat increased significantly in these fish (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in hepatosomatic and visceral index in fish fed diets based on fish meal (p>0.05). The results of this experiment showed that it is possible to replace 80% of a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins with fish meal without adversely affecting growth indices, hepatosomal and visceral index  of  Huso huso in growth rate period.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of Isfahan Municipality Cultural and Social Sports Organization based on the CIpp model with the approach of citizenship sports.The research method was descriptive in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In the qualitative stage of the research, first the preliminary questions of the interview were created by studying the sources related to the research, collecting information and reviewing the research.The interviewees at this stage were experts in the field of civic sports who were purposefully selected.Then, Delphi method was used in four stages to correct and improve the interview questions. In the quantitative stage of the research, the questions of the questionnaire were extracted after evaluating the themes, in the form of 94 questions, and were implemented among 113 citizen sports experts. The results showed that all four dimensions of context, input, output and process in the evaluation of the performance of this organization are higher than the average level, but need to be improved and increased. Also, evaluation and feedback on the developed programs is necessary both during and after the implementation of the program, because performance evaluation was relatively effective in achieving the goals of this program.

This study carried out to increase production efficiency Persian sturgeon fingerling. For this experiment, in four treatments, 600 Acipenser persicus fingerling (10.76 ± 0.74 g and 14.49 ± 0.7 cm) were introduced into 12 fiberglass tanks with 300 liters water. The fingerlings were reared for 60 days. The diets with 150, 300 and 450 mg of 4 bacterial strains Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella cibaria and Enterococcus faecalis (powder per 1-kg of pelleted diets to make certain concentrations 1.5 × 109 (T2), 3 × 109 (T3) and 4.5 × 109 CFU/g (T4). The diet of the control group (T1) was also free of probiotic bacteria. The results showed that there was no significant difference in growth indices in different treatments (p>0.05), but the maximum and minimum mean final weight were observed in juveniles of T2 and T1, respectively. The results of liver enzymatic indices and LDH, IgM and lysozyme activity and the number of colonial intestine bacterial flora showed that the minimum and maximum values of these indices were observed with significant differences in T2 and T1, respectively (p < 0.05). The maximum and minimum number of intestinal lactic acid (probiotic) bacteria also occurred in T2 and T4 with a significant difference respectively (p < 0.05). In spite of the fact that a diet containing probiotics could not have a significant effect on growth indices in Persian sturgeon fingerling in the weight range of 10-60g, but the diet of containing probiotics with 1.5×109 concentration (T2), significantly improved the safety, enzymatic and bacterial flora of the intestine.

RNA/DNA ratio analysis (R/D) is used as a quick and efficient tool to determine fish growth status. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the R/D ratio in larvae produced from crossing of three females with three wild male sturgeons Acipenser persicus breeders caught from the southern shores of the Caspian Sea in Guilan province were done in a 3×3 factorial experimental design. Nine treatments including F1M1, F1M2, F1M3, F2M1, F2M2, F2M3, F3M1, F3M1, F3M2 and F3M3 crosses were created (each treatment with three replications). The larvae obtained from these treatments were kept at the same temperature and nutritional conditions for 120 days. The larvae were sampled at four stages during the experiment to estimate the R/D ratio. Data analysis was performed to determine the normality of the data first and then using one-way and two-way variances of type 3 (TYP III) to determine the interaction between sampling time with R/D ratio and significant tests. Tukey and Excel software, SPSS20, were performed. The results showed that the R/D ratio increased with the growth of fish so that stage K (120 days after hatching) had the highest R/D ratio. The highest R/D ratio of treatment 5 (F2M2) was 0.939 ± 0.06 and the lowest was 0.55 0 0.02 ng/ml in treatment 2 (F1M2). In conclusion, it can be concluded that the concentration of RNA and DNA increased rapidly with increasing Iranian sturgeon age, followed by an increase in the R/D ratio in fish that responds to fish nutrition status, it can be attributed to dietary changes during larval rearing. Accordingly, it can be concluded that estimating the R/D ratio can provide useful information on the growth and nutrition status of larvae.

The aim of this study was to develop a model to improve the quality of citizenship sport management performance in Isfahan city based on the CIPP model. This study was of a descriptive nature, an applied in terms of objectives which was conducted with qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population included specialists and experts in the field of sport management and executive managers in the field of citizenship sport in Isfahan city. The sampling method in the qualitative part was purposive using semi-structured interviews and in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire using convenience sampling method. In order to correct and improve the interview questions, the Delphi method was used in four stages. After the interviews were conducted and the required points and factors were completed, comprehensive themes of the CIPP model were created and organizing themes (criteria) and basic themes (markers) were developed for each of these four themes. The results indicated that the output with regression weight of 0.66, process with regression weight of 0.59, input with regression weight of 0.54 and context with regression weight of 0.49 had the most effect on the performance of citizenship sport management. In this regard, improving the performance evaluation system in citizenship sport management, changing the planning based on the sport needs of participants in sport for all, the opportunity to modify and review citizenship sport programs and regularly reviewing sport needs scientifically by experts can improve the performance of citizenship sport management.

The aim of this study was to access the basic information of digestive tract and growth indices of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae at endo feeding stage (8 days) under optical interaction between photoperiod and light intensity. This research was carried out with 7 treatments including 4 light intensities (0, 50, 150 and 300 lux) and three photoperiods of 24 hours lighting and without darkness (24L:00D), 12 hours lighting and 12 hours darkness (12L:12D), 24 hours Dark and non-lighting (00L:24D) and control group which each treatment having three replications. The larval digestive tract was sampled on a daily basis. Histological specimens of the larval digestive tract were prepared with 7μm slides after fixed in Buen's solution and tissue processing based on standard histological methods. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), and they were studied with a light microscope. Also, growth indices including final weight, specific growth factor and larvae weight gain were calculated at the end of the experiment. The results of this study showed that the process of development the digestive tract of larvae, which were affected the higher light intensity (150-300 lux) and longer photoperiod (12-24 hours), were faster and more balanced than other treatments. Growth indices were also significantly better in the same treatments. So, Persian sturgeon larvae require proper and simultaneous management of photoperiod and light intensity for optimal growth in the endo nutrition stage.

Diclobothrium armatum is  a host specific parasite , causing various severe damages to the gills , respiratory distress, loss of appetite, weight loss and chronic mortality in sturgeon. The purpose of this study was to identify the various damages caused by parasite invasion in gills of sturgeon. In this research 40 pieces of elephant species weighing 50 to 150 grams were harvested from sturgeon farms from early June until the end of September 2018. Fish were transferred to the aquatic animal health laboratory under the same biological conditions. Clinical laboratory examinations were performed on the skin, fins and gill tissue. They were also scientifically assisted to find out the causes of chronic deaths and the examination of the internal organs of young fish. After observing the parasites, they were isolated in the gills and placed in a 4% formalin solution, and the dehydration, clarification and coloring of them were carried out with Alum Carmine. At the same time, in order to gill pathology caused by parasites, after parasite separation, samples of gill tissue were also sampled and transferred to stabilize the Bowen solution. Then, after dehydration, clarification, paraffinization, cutting, and lamination, they were stained with Haematoxylin Eosin (H & E) method. The results of the clinical observations of the gill showed mucous secretions, gill tissue adhesions, and hyperemia.The results of microscopic studies in parasite-infected gill tissue samples: Adhesion in secondary gill lamela, degeneration, edema, necrosis, hyperemia, hemorrhage, hyperplasia, and destruction of gill tissue.

In this study, effect of  replacement of fish meal by  Poultry by product meal  on  growth index,  biochemical and immune parameters of  Huso huso with average weight 108.83±5. 9gr ± SD that reared in fiberglass tank (2000 lit) for  8weeks were investigated. Six test diets (contain 42% protein and 18.5 Mj kg-1 energy) were prepared. Fish meal substituted by poultry by product  at 20% (PBM20), 40% (PBM40), 60% (PBM60), 80% (PBM80) and 100% (PBM100), respectively. In the end of nutrition period no significant difference were detected between Final weight (FW), Weight gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate of fish fed (PBM0), (PBM20), (PBM40), (PBM60) and (PBM80) respectively )P>0.05(. Also, no significant difference by body protein were recorded between PBM00, PBM40, PBM60, PBM40 and PBM100, respectively) P>0.05(. but increasing of replacement led to decreasing of body lipid (P<0.05) .Catabolic enzymes (Aspartat amino transferase and Alanin Amino Transferase) were not affect by inclusion of poultry by product but plasma lysosyme was significantly higher than in PBM20compared to PBM 80 and PBM 100 (P<0.05). The result showed that high replacing of fish meal by poultry by product were not negative effect on growth index, biochemical and immune parameters of Huso huso in growth stage.

Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) is one of the most valuable species of fish native to the Caspian Sea and Iran's waters. This study was designed to estimate heritability of Persian sturgeon eggs. In this study, 3 wild Persian sturgeons caught from the south coast of the Caspian Sea in Guilan and transferred to fish breeding programs in Shahid Beheshti rearing and propagation complex were used during 2016. Characteristics including the weight and diameter of eggs at blastula, gastrula and neurola embryological stages. To estimate heritability, 270 eggs were sampled at each stage of fetal development. Variance components was estimated using software R linear mixed model (LMM) closed Lme 4. Results showed that heritability of eggs weight and diameter  at blastula stage 0.218±0.422 and 0.375±0.145 ,at gastrula stage  0.033±0.062 and 0  and at stage neurola was  0.377±0.45 and 0.272±0.564 , respectively. Genetic value in female 3 and male 3 brood stocks was 0.787 and 0.287, respectively. Correlation between these two variables 0.106, 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Overall, heritability of average egg weight and diameter showed that selection for these traits could be had a positive source of genetic origin.

The actue toxicity test was performed instatic renewal system based on the standared method Proposed by OECD during 96 h, in which physicochemical parameters of test water including pH, dissolved oxygen and Temprature were daily monitored. to determine the lethal range of diazinon of fish a range finding test was carried out in aquariums coutaing 10 L of test solution. The acute toxicity test was then preformed in 5 treatment in triplicats. The obtained data were analyzed using probit analysis with %5 confidence limit. acording to the results, 24 h LC50, 48 h LC50, 72 h LC50 and 96 h LC50 of diazinon on common seabream was 10/974, 10/391, 9/134 and 7/316 respectively. The Maxium Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of diazinon on common seabream was 0/073 mg/l and the Lowest observed effect concentration wich is equal to 96 h LC50 was 2.63 mg/l. The results indicated that compared to other fishes is more resistant against diazinon . in addition diazinon lethal toxicity takes place in a waide range of toxicant concentration.

In this research,were evaluated 50 gonad pieces at age 3 and 4 year old , farmed huso huso in concrete pools of Shahid Rajaee Reproduction and Rearing Sari were 25 pieces (14 females and 11 males) by biopsy in the winter 2003. Anesthetizing fish was used with clove powder. Microscopic slides were prepared by microtome 5-7µ and then the histological slides were stained with Hematoxylene & Eosin. Microscopic studies showed that 54% of the fish (27 pieces), 46% (23 pieces) male and were detectable of sexual maturity in terms. Also, in this study, 25 pieces of the Shahid Rajaee, 56% of the were males, 44% females, and including 3 stages I- II (28.57%), stage II (50%) and stage II- III ( 21.42%) and in males 5 sex stages included stage I- II (9.88%), stage II (18.8%), stage II- III (18.8%) and stage III-IV (27.3%) and stage IV (27.3%) observation Became Of the 25 pieces of the Gorgan Shahid Marjani, 52% were female and 48% were male. Sexual maturity of the four sexual stages in the females including stage I (15.8%), stage I- II (30.76%) stage II (38.44%) and stage II-III (15.38%) and in males three sexual stages Including stage II (58.3%), stage II-III (25%) and stage IV (16.66%) were detectable. Our studies showed that according to age, environmental conditions and maintenance, these fishes were in the proper position and desirable sexual maturity in term.

The breeding of Huso huso is a relatively new industry in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of choline on growth factors, carcass composition, and haematological-biochemical parameters in juvenile beluga (Huso huso). In this experimental study, 150 Huso huso in control, Cho2, Cho4, Cho6, and Cho8 treatments consisting of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8g/kg-1 choline of food with 3 replicates per treatment were fed for 12 weeks to evaluate growth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological and serological parameters. The data were analysed by analysis of one way variance and Duncan test, using SPSS 24 software. Findings: The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, protein efficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (2-4g/kg-1) were significantly better than fish fed with other diets. The highest growth and food efficiency was observed in fish fed with Cho4. With increasing choline in fish diet, body fat and protein concentrations significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 2-4g/kg-1 choline to diet caused a significant difference in the mean number of red and white cells, the activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), albumin, and total blood protein compared with control treatment. In order to achieve the best growth and optimal carcass composition of juvenile beluga, the most suitable amount of choline is 2-4g/kg-1 in the fish diet.

In this study 180 beluga(Huso huso) weighted 120 ± 10gr with stocking density of 12 fish/tank ,after adaptation with synthetic diet , fed different levels of AFB1(0,25,50,75 & 100ppb/kg of diets) under controlled conditions(T=18±2ºC,DO=7.3ppm). The fish were fed 3% of body weight four times a day for 120 days.Record of physical and chemichal water caracters include : DO , temprature , pH , did weekly . Residue of AFB1 in muscls in different exprements determined by HPLC method . The amount of AFB1 in mscle was between 0.36 -2.90 ppb .Based on international standards these amount is not harmfull for human consumption.

sox9 is a protein coding gene that plays a crucial role in the regulation of several cellular activities among vertebrates. According to the importance of the beluga as the main species in aquaculture and the importance of sox9 gene in vertebrate evolution, in this study, the identification of gene sequence and expression pattern in different stages of larval and gonadal development of male beluga was developed. The results showed that the sox9 sequence in the beluga has high homology with the sox9 sequence in other vertebrates, which represents a fundamental role of this gene in different animals. Indeed, the study of sox9 gene expression during larval development (1, 3, 6, 15 and 50 days post hatching- dph) revealed that sox9 mRNA is expressed at different stages of larval and the most expression is about 15 dph. However, in differentiated gonads (developmental stages 1-4), sox9 mRNA expressed only at stage 4. In conclusion, it seems that the sox9 expression is related with cartilage synthesis and organogenesis at early life stages and with testicular development at advanced stages of sexual maturation.

This study aimed to investigate some of serum electrolytes and white blood cells of wild stellate sturgeon (A. stellatus) which have been caught off the coast of Mazandaran by trawl methods during 5 maritime patrol from 2009 to 2010. Initially, 2 ml blood samples of 30 wild juvenile stellate sturgeon were extracted for spread of differential blood count, and serum electrolyte to test factors such as calcium, magnesium, cholesterol, albumin and total protein were separated. To conduct statistical evaluation and comparison, fishes were divided into two weight groups of 10 – 30 gr and 31 – 50 gr. Result of differential count showed that the most and the least abundance of leukocytes were belonged to lymphocyte and monocyte in both two groups, respectively. Serum electrolytes results showed that mean levels of cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, albumin and total protein in A. stellatus at group 1 were 28.1 ± 10.6 mg/dl; 24.7 ± 1.6 mg/dl; 26.7 ± 1.8 mEq/l; 1.4 ± 0.3 g/dl and 2.2 ± 0.3 g/dl, respectively. At group 2, these parameters levels were 71.14 ± 2.4 mg/dL, 20.6 ± 0.8 mg/dL, 17.4 ± 3.4 mEq/L, 1.6 ± 0.2 g/dl and 2.3 ± 0.2 g/dl, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the white cells counts of the two groups. There was a significant difference between cholesterol, calcium, and magnesium levels in each two groups, but results showed no significant difference in total protein and albumin between the two groups. Overall, based on the results of this study it can be concluded that in natural environments, due to the weight of fish, there is little difference between the measured blood indexes.

Fish gill is directly exposed to aqueous environmental pollutions and is one of the most important organs for studying the effects of contaminations. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the histopathology of gill tissue in wild Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus at natural conditions. A total number of 50 wild Persian sturgeonwere captured and sampled by trawling in the south areas of the Caspian Sea in Iranian waters from Astara port to Bandar Turkmen during 2009-2013. After biometry of fish, gill tissue sampling was done, fixed with Bouin's solution and transferred to histology lab. Tissue samples were dehydrated, clarified, mounted and colored based on the hematoxylin–eosin method. Microscopic studies showed some disasters such as regressive changes, progressive changes, circulation anomalies, clubbing, necrosis, lamellar fusion, hyperemia and hyperplasia in some gill tissues. Based on the obtained results, entering any pollution into the Caspian Sea water will change environmental states of sturgeons' habitat and lead to morphological disasters in gill and mortality in fishes.

Different studies on sturgeon sexing and gonad staging especially at early life history showed that some methods, such as biopsy, catheter and endoscopy, can cause severe physical damage to the fish in addition to high expenses. Also, the different genetic methods do not have suitable efficiency for sturgeon sexing. Methods like biometric and external morphology of fish urogenital opening are not sufficiently accurate for sexing. However, use of sex steroid hormone profiles and other blood biochemical indices and sonography techniques can lead to sex differentiation to some extent at high stages of maturity, but not at lower stages. Also, use of these methods is time consuming, expensive and need experts. Studies showed that different ways of sturgeon sexing and gonad staging can be used depending on aims, age and weight conditions. Results of this analytic study showed that laparoscopy and ultrasound methods, which are from less invasive and non-invasive methods respectively, are the best techniques for sturgeon in different sexing and gonad staging in various agesgroups, respectively.