فهرست مطالب علی دهقانی

Garlic ranks second among Allium crops after onion in regard to production. The highest percentage of dry matterin vegetables belong to garlic. Recommended cultivation dates varied from early September to early November depending on climatic conditions and clones in different regions of Iran. Although some Iranian garlic clonesare bolting types, their pollens are sterile and do not produce seed. Application of over dose nitrogen increased garlic rust disease and decreased qualitative characters of bulb. In drip irrigation system amount of water supply was lower but water use efficiency was higher than surface irrigation system. The productivity of all production factors included water, seed (clove), fertilizer and poisonouschemical (chemical control) in sprinkler irrigation system, were significantly higher as compared with surface irrigation system. In intercropping of garlic with Spinach, fleawort, marigold and fenugreekland equivalent ratio indexwas higher than unity so that usefulness the intrercropping of garlic with these crops was confirmed. Oxyfluorofen herbicides control weeds in garlic farms.  Garlic rust is the most important disease of garlic in Iran.

Since water is one of the most important factors affecting the production and performance of agricultural products, the efficient management of this scarce resource is considered one of the important fields of agricultural development. The purpose of this research is to analyze and compare the cultivation pattern and the gross profit of farmers in two cases due to the implementation of price and non-price water policies and the implementation of pressure irrigation system in the fields of Erzuye city, one of Kerman province. Irrigation water price policy (increase in water extraction cost) was considered under scenarios of 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent. To achieve these goals, the positive mathematical programming model was used. In order to achieve practical results, production function with constant elasticity of substitution and non-linear cost function were added to this model. The required data were collected using simple random sampling method and completing 100 questionnaires in the crop year of 1401-1400. The obtained results showed that with the adoption of the water price policy, the cultivated area of the crops with the least water consumption increased and other selected products faced a decrease in the cultivated area. Under the last scenario, the gross profit of the model decreased by 26% and at the same time the water consumption decreased by 10.5%. Comparing showed that the implementation of this irrigation system compared to the observed level, increases the net profit of the model by 30.75% and reduces the water consumption of selected crops by 210%

The use of light metals instead of steel in parts of the vehicle body to reduce weight and thus lower fuel consumption has attracted the attention of car manufacturers and researchers. Therefore, this study investigates the dissimilar joining of magnesium and steel sheets by resistance spot welding and the thickness of galvanized steel sheet coating is considered as an effective parameter for the joint strength. The materials used in this work were AZ31B Mg alloy sheet and hot-dip galvanized steel sheet. To investigate the influence of the coating thickness on the joint, two coating thicknesses of 5 and 10 µm were applied to the steel sheet. also to balance the thermal generation on both sides of Mg and Steel sheet, two electrodes with different geometries were used, flat electrode on the steel side and domed electrode on the Magnesium side. Tensile-shear tests were performed on the samples using a tensile testing machine and the microstructure was analyzed using optical and SEM microscopy. The results show a 13% increase in joint strength at a coating thickness of 10 µm. The studies show that increasing the coating thickness from 5µm to 10 µm, reduces the grain size in the nugget  and thus increases the strength.

Poverty is one of the most important economic issues in developing countries such as MENA. Poverty causes many social problems such as drug trafficking, theft, prostitution and corruption. On the other hand, corruption is a major problem in developing countries. Corruption destroys resources as well as impedes the optimal allocation of resources. Statistics show that Iran is at a disadvantage both in terms of poverty and corruption. Therefore, considering the importance of fighting poverty and corruption, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of poverty on corruption. The Human Development Index was used to measure poverty and the World Bank Corruption Control Index was used to measure corruption. The Bayesian Hierarchical method was used to estimate regression. The results showed that the variables of economic growth, and human development index have a negative impact and the variables of trade freedom index, foreign direct investment, and the share of government spending in GDP have a positive effect on corruption.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Environmental pollution, issues and problems in the field of environment and its effects on the global environment are one of the main challenges and serious crisis of today's world, in such a way that countries, in addition to internal policies and measures, organize environmental issues in the international field also follows.

The study purpose is to investigate the level of environmental efficiency of selected economic sectors in Iran. For this purpose, panel data of selected economic sectors and sub-sectors of Iran (agriculture, oil, industry, transportation, and domestic, commercial, and public sectors) during the period from 1996 to 2018 have been used. The level of environmental efficiency has been estimated using the data envelopment analysis method based on mathematical programming, and the Malmquist index has been calculated to examine the progress or decline of the environmental efficiency of each economic sector. The variables used in the study include labor and capital as inputs and value-added as the desired output and carbon dioxide emissions as the undesirable output.

The agricultural and oil sectors are environmentally efficient during the study period, and the transportation sector has the lowest environmental efficiency. The highest average value of environmental efficiency is related to the agricultural sector, which is an acceptable result due to the fact that in this research we have considered the level of carbon dioxide pollution. The results of technological changes indicate that all sectors are moving towards progress, and the highest average value is related to the transportation sector and the lowest average value is related to the agricultural sector.

According to the research findings, the sectors that are less efficient have higher energy consumption, such as the transportation sector and the industry sector. Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of energy consumption and reduce the emission of environmental pollutants, it is possible to use low-carbon light fuels instead of heavy fuels, to use non-conventional fuels with low carbon such as waste materials, waste fuels and biomass, and to use hybrid filter technology to reduce pollutants. On the other hand, incentives and punishment are also very effective. The government should think of incentive measures to encourage efficient sectors, for example, it can give priority to the consumption of resources with lower prices to the agriculture sector and sectors that operate with less energy consumption and less biological pollution. Paying subsidies to efficient sectors is also effective. In order to protect the environment against the emission of carbon dioxide gas, selected economic sectors should go towards the consumption of high-quality fuels and clean energy, and the government should go towards supporting the development of renewable energy consumption.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the wear between two surfaces of coated spur gears under the mixed lubrication regime by employing the load sharing concept. By considering the coating in the problem and considering its geometric properties and material, the modeling parameters such as the equivalent radius of curvature, the equivalent elasticity modulus, the equivalent roughness and the hardness of the cylinders are changed, which leads to the change of the dimensionless parameters of the problem and as a result the values of friction and wear are calculated. Considering that the contact of the surfaces of two gears in one round of their rotation can be modeled as the contact of a large number of cylinders, the problem of linear contact of cylinders is extended to the contact of the surfaces of two gears in one round of their rotation. to be This modeling is covered by using a desired and appropriate coating such as DLC on the surfaces of the gears. One of the important parameters obtained is the critical coating thickness or minimum coating thickness. Based on the results obtained, if the selected coating thickness is less than the critical thickness, the wear rate does not improve. It was also concluded that the material of the selected coating should also have a suitable hardness in order to reduce the wear rate sufficiently.

University is one of the most important environments for transferring values ​​to the young generation. It is important to pay attention to all student challenges affecting education; therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to cultural activities in the university along with education and research; As if the present study was conducted in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences with the aim of explaining the cultural challenges of students.

Methods & Materials:

this qualitative study, 10 individual interviews and one group interview (12 people) with undergraduate and medical students, who were among the cultural activists of the University of Medical Sciences and had at least 2 years of experience at the university, were conducted in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences using the contractual content analysis approach. ; It was done by purposeful sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interviews were analyzed using the Granheim and Lundman method and with the help of MAXQDA 10 software.

72.72% of participants were women, whose average age was (24.17±1.18) and their cultural activity was (3.15±0.67) years. 322 primary codes, which include nine subcategories (parallel work, simultaneity of events, poor planning, insufficient support, unfair recognition, lack of justification for cultural activists, indifference of students, inappropriate information, low participation and sensitivity of professors) and three main categories related to the challenges (structural, students and professors) were obtained.

 It is very important to pay attention to the missing part of policy making and holistic view in empowering students. The results of the studty showed that there are cultural challenges in the fields related to the structure, students and professors that should be taken into consideration by the macro cultural planners of the university.

Patients with beta thalassemia major face various challenges in physical and psychosocial aspects. The need for resilience capacity to overcome these challenges can be effective. Identifying factors affecting resilience can be considered as a framework for designing nursing interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of hope in the relationship between spiritual well-being and resilience among adolescents with beta thalassemia major.

This was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population of the research included adolescents aged 11 to 21 years with beta thalassemia major who referred to thalassemia centers in Fars province in south of Iran in 1401, from which 288 participants were selected via convenience sampling method. Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being questionnaire (1982), Connor-Davidson resilience questionnaire (2003) and Herth Hope questionnaire (1992) were the instruments used in this study. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive tests, Pearson correlation, and a structural equation model in Spss-24 and Amos-24.

The results showed that all the fit indices are within the acceptance range of the model. The results obtained from structural equation modeling indicate a positive and significant effect between spiritual well-being and resilience (t=2.78, β=0.25), spiritual well-being and hope (t=2.31, β=0.32), and Hope with resilience (t=2.53, β=0.57). Finally, the indirect effect of spiritual well-being on resilience through hope is significant (p < 0.01, β = 0.052).

According to the results of this research, it is suggested to pay more attention to the promotion of spiritual health as a mechanism for improving hope and resilience in the care programs of these patients.

Today, self-care education in thalassemia major patients can improve their care behaviors.The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self-care training through mobile and face-to-face methods on the care behaviors of patients with thalassemia major. 

This is a quasi-experimental study with the participation of 58 patients with thalassemia major referred to the Cooley's center of Ostad Motahari Hospital in Jahrom in 2020. Patients were randomly (by statistical software SAS) divided into three groups (two groups of 19 people and one group of 20 people) including education via mobile phone, face-to-face education and control group. The training was performed within two months. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-care questionnaire, which was completed by patients before training, immediately and one month later. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analytical in SPSS version 21. The level of significance in statistical analysis (p<0.05) was considered.

Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of patients' caring behavior between the intervention. and a control groups (p=0.638), however, after the intervention and one month later, a significant increase in the mean scores of care behaviors was observed in the face-to-face and mobile phone groups (p<0.05), however, there was no significant difference in the mean scores after the intervention and one month later between the face-to-face training group and the mobile phone group (p=0.613).

The results of this study indicated the positive and equal effect of two types of face-to-face and mobile phone training on the caring behaviors of patients with thalassemia major. Therefore, it is suggested to use any of the mentioned educational methods or a combination of the two mentioned methods in teaching thalassemia patients.

Nowadays in the world, due to increasing development of fabrication and design, fabrication of composite materials with variable stiffness are provided. These composites are widely used in various industries, especially in the aviation industry due to the simultaneous benefits of metal and composite. As an innovation in this research, the frequency analysis of variable stiffness fiber-metal laminated plates under thermal load are investigated using the semi-analytical finite strip method based on the classical laminated plate theory. In this regard, the effects of boundary conditions, stacking sequences, number of layers and effect of geometric dimensions on the frequency behavior of mentioned plates are studied. The results show that frequency of variable stiffness fiber metal laminated plates by increasing the temperature, thickness and boundary constraints in different boundary conditions are increased. Also, the stacking sequences and plate dimensions are affected the frequency of plates. To check the validity, some of results are compared with several different references and show a good agreement.

 Safe medication and prevention of medication errors are important tasks of the nursing profession; it seems that one of the causes of medication errors by nurses is incorrect habitual practices and actions without reflection.  The aim of the study was to Investigate the effect of reflection by nurses on their medication errors in Shahid Motahari Hospital in Jahrom.

This study was a quasi-experimental before and after single-group study, which was conducted on 30 nurses working in Motahhari Hospital in 2021 who were enrolled in the study by the census. The reflection training was conducted in three sessions in a presentation using the Gibbs cycle; In addition, nurses were trained for one month on the reflection process by using scientific and scenarios related to medication errors on WhatsApp. The 20-item medication error questionnaire with a specificity of 0.91 and reliability of r = 0.86 was completed by nurses before and 3 months after the intervention. The collected data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test using SPSS20 software.

The results of the Wilcoxon test showed that the mean of total medication errors of nurses before the intervention was (22.20±26.44) and three months after the intervention was (12.57±17.33), and statistically, there was a significant decrease in the average medication errors of nurses (P = 0.001).

Performing reflection by nurses reduced their medication errors. Therefore, it is suggested to use this learning method in order to guide nurses to use critical and reflective thinking in playing a critical role in drug therapy in order to prevent medication errors and maintain patient safety.

The main purpose of this study is to identify and investigate the factors affecting the credit risk of knowledge-based companies located in Science and Technology Parks of Semnan province and to present an appropriate model. The statistical population of the study includes all 68 knowledge-based companies of Semnan province that have been active in Science and Technology Parks of Semnan province during 2016, 2017 and 2018. For this purpose, the logit Regression Model with a qualitative dependent variable with zero value for non-deferred companies (risk-free) and one for companies with deferred (risky) with 6 explanatory variables including variables of concentration ratio, company history, type of documents, history of borrowing, history of returned checks and profitability were proposed and introduced. The source of data collection of dependent variable and explanatory variables, other than the concentration ratio, is the integrated inquiry system of Central Bank. Also, to calculate the concentration ratio variable, using the microdata of Iran's industrial sector in the years under study, the concentration ratio of 5 firms in terms of employment by two-digit industry codes (ISIC) was estimated by fitting the lognormal parametric model. Then, the structure of the industry was identified and the position of the studied companies in this structure was determined. Finally, with the help of Eviews software, all variables were entered into the model and fitted. According to the results, the variables of concentration ratio, type of collateral and profitability have a significant negative effect on credit risk; That is, by increasing each of these variables, assuming the other variables remain constant, the probability of facility deferral or credit risk decreases. Also, the variables of returned checks history, borrowing history and company history with a positive and significant effect, have the greatest impact on increasing credit risk. Out of 68 knowledge-based companies in Semnan province, 45 companies are in the structure of monopoly competition, 2 companies are in the structure of multilateral monopoly and 21 companies are in the structure of full competition.

The goal of sustainable development is to maximize the value added of various economic activities while preserving the environment. On the other hand, economic growth requires energy consumption. With the increase in energy demand, the emission of polluting gases such as CO2 also increases. Emission of greenhouse gases is one of the important factors of global warming. Therefore, different governments are looking for ways to achieve sustainable development.Since 1885, CO2 emissions have been steadily increasing worldwide. In Iran, carbon dioxide emission follows an upward trend. On the other hand, due to Iran's oil-rich nature and the high energy loss in most of Iran's economic sectors, conducting studies on environmental efficiency in Iran is very important and necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of environmental efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors of Iran. For this purpose, firstly, the environmental efficiency of selected economic sectors (agriculture, oil, industry, transportation and household, commercial and general sectors) has been calculated by using the DEA method during the period 1997- 2019. After calculation of the environmental efficiency, the effect of this efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors of Iran has been estimated by using the Panel- ARDL method.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

There are different views and studies about the relationship between environment and economic growth. A group of studies with dynamic optimization models seek to maximize consumers' utility, focusing on the effects of pollution and environmental degradation on the growth. Some of these studies focus on the natural resource curse. A group of studies considered pollution as one of the production factors. Some studies also analyze the relationship between pollution and economic growth through the Kuznets environmental curve.

In recent years, DEA is widely used to evaluate the performance of different units in various fields. The DEA method is a management method based on economic concepts that measures the efficiency of units relatively and compares units with each other. Equation (1) is presented to evaluate the environmental performance of selected economic sectors with a desirable output and an undesirable output (considered as input). The following model is an input-oriented model with constant returns to scale (CCR). In the above equation, I: index related to each sector, L: Labor, K: capital, Y: value added and CO2: CO2 emission. The reason for using the CO2 emission as polluting, is that the relatively high share of this environmental pollutant compared to other polluting gases in selected economic sectors. After calculation of the environmental efficiency, the Panel-ARDL approach is used to achieve the desired goals and examine the effect of environmental efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors. First, by using different theories and experimental studies, the factors affecting the value added of selected economic sectors have been considered in the form of the following regression relationship: (2) In the above equation, ln:represents the natural logarithm. i and t show the economic sector and time, respectively. Y: is value added, L: labor force, K: capital, E total energy consumption and EF environmental efficiency calculated by DEA method.By explanation of the functional form of the model of factors affecting the value added of selected economic sectors of Iran, equation (2) examines the short-term and long-term relationship between variables in the ARDL format and in the panel framework. (3) In the above equation: i= 1, 2, ..., N represents the number of sections, t = 1, 2, ..., T represents the time period. : dependent variable and : explanatory variables of the model.

In this research, the environmental efficiency of selected economic sectors of Iran has been calculated by using linear programming. The results of the DEA model estimation show that the highest environmental efficiency is related to the agriculture and oil sectors and the lowest environmental efficiency belongs to the transportation sector. In the next step, the effect of environmental efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors of Iran is evaluated with the Panel-ARDL approach.
The results of the Panel-ARDL approach show that the effect of labor on the value added of selected economic sectors in the short term is positive and significant. There is no significant relationship between labor force variable and value added of selected economic sectors in the long term. Due to the movement of economic sectors towards more use of new and advanced technologies, the total workforce will not have a significant effect on the growth of economic sectors.The effect of capital variable on the value added of selected economic sectors in the studied period is positive and statistically significant in the long term. The growth of economic sectors to increase efficiency, use new technologies, increase capacity to reduce costs, etc., requires capital in the first place.The variable effect of energy consumption on the value added of selected economic sectors is positive and significant in the long term, because energy consumption is required to perform any economic activity.The variable effect of environmental efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors in the short and long term is positive and significant. The findings of this study show that increasing the efficiency of the environment and efficient use of resources will help economic growth.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

In this study, in order to investigate the effect of environmental efficiency on the value added of selected economic sectors of Iran during the years 1997 to 2019, DEA and Panel-ARDL approaches have been used, focusing on CO2 emissions due to its high weight compared to other greenhouse gases. The results of the DEA model estimation show that the agricultural and oil sectors are efficient during the period under review. The transportation sector has achieved the lowest level of environmental efficiency compared to other selected sectors. The results of econometrics show that with the increase of capital and energy consumption, the value added of selected sectors also increases. In addition, the results indicate that by increasing the environmental efficiency of the selected economic sectors, the value added of the said sectors will increase in the long term. Therefore, if the selected sectors move towards sustainable development, in addition to environmental benefits and conservation of resources and environment, their value added will also increase.This study offers suggestions to reduce pollution and preserve the environment, such as changing production methods, using superior technologies by inefficient sectors, using low-carbon light fuels instead of heavy fuels, using non-conventional low-carbon fuels, and using incentives and punishments by the government.

The growth and development of every society is affected by the trained force of that society, and identifying the effective factors in academic dissatisfaction and fixing and improving them is a step towards sustainable development. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the contribution of factors affecting the academic dissatisfaction of nursing, paramedical and health students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences from the teachers' viewpoint. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with partnership of 23 teachers. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 36 questions in six dimensions: individual, educational, ethical, managerial, professional, and welfare. ANOVA and t tests were used for data analysis. The most important factor affecting academic dissatisfaction from the viewpoint of teaches, respectively, includes significant discrimination between nursing, paramedical and health students with students of medicine, physician prioritization, and the lack of introduction of nursing, paramedical and health at the entrance to the university. But the least influential factors are students' inability to take care of patients, lack of respectful treatment of nursing and paramedical students by educational service staff, and lack of students' satisfaction with professors' teaching methods. According to the results of the study, the contribution of the moral and psychological dimension was the most important and the most influential in academic dissatisfaction from the professors' point of view. Therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the university officials in creating motivation and vitality in the paramedical, nursing and health students.

One of the requirements and guarantees of the principle of neutrality is to conduct preliminary investigations by an independent judge and to distinguish the prosecutor from the investigating authority.In this regard,the investigator entered the structure of the department of justice and the prosecutor's powers were prosecuted as a party to the limited criminal proceedings.Although the principle of impartiality and the necessity of observance of it in Article 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code of our country have been emphasized,but its requirements and aspects Particularly in the preliminary stage of the preliminary investigation, officials have been neglected.In the same way, prosecutors still have the power to investigate and arrest the defendants in a large number of crimes and the investigator does not have complete independence in conducting investigations.Moreover,despite the adoption of the judiciary system,in some crimes and in the courts of the section,the system of public courts (all stages of proceedings by the judge of the unit( are applied,which is contrary to the principle of neutrality.In this article, the principle of neutrality and its components in the preliminary investigation and the degree of adherence of the legislator of our country to the requirements of this principle have been analyzed.

The present article seeks to understand the theoretical foundations of the influence of the Shahsoon and skeptical tribes on the developments in Miandoab. Given that the settlement of nomads between the Turkish and Kurdish areas played a major role in reducing tensions and defending against the aggressors, and so far no independent research has been done on this issue, it is very important to address this issue. The present study has been compiled based on documents, library resources and descriptive and analytical methods. According to studies, the establishment of tribes and the creation of a barrier between the Turkish-populated areas of Miandoab and Kurdish villages and towns has provided the ground for creating security, economic prosperity and the interaction of Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups. Findings and results indicate that due to the high capacities of nomads and having an important strategic position in Miandoab, they have major effects on developments, power equations, security, sustainable development and peaceful coexistence of Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups in the region. . According to documents in the Pahlavi era, forced settlement of nomads put them in difficult conditions, livestock activities stagnated, and livestock production plummeted. The policy of changing social structures during this period had a major impact on the fragility of Eilat life and led to migration, reduced livestock production, unemployment and their marginalization around Miandoab and neighboring cities.

Considering the important role of pension funds in creating economic, political, cultural security, etc., paying attention to their financial behavior has a particular importance. Estimating the number and cost of long-term obligations of pensioners of the social security organization and how it is financially sustainable by changing the pension payment scheme of the Taieen taklif law to formal definite participation is one of the objectives of this research. In this research, in accordance with Sterman's methodology, the interactions of the relevant components in the framework of systems dynamics were investigated, and the model was validated using the data of the above organization in 2016-2021. Based on the findings of this research, assuming the continuation of the existing conditions, the number of retirees and their survivors and, accordingly, the future costs of the organization will increase significantly. Also, by changing the pension payment plan in the implementation of the above law to the formal definite participation plan, savings amounted to 1982 thousand billion rials will be created for the organization in the 35 years studied (based on the minimum wage in 1400). According to the results, the new plan is more successful than the current plan in ensuring financial stability and intergenerational justice, but considering the country's economic conditions (annual inflation and low employment rate), it is not recommended for other types of retirement.

Employing traditional teaching methods in universities may result in a lack of knowledge and practice of drug therapy in nursing students. This study aimed to determine the effect of case-based education on knowledge and practice of drug therapy in nursing students at Jahrom university of Medical Sciences.

This study was conducted in 2020 on 37 nursing interns of Jahrom university of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected through the census method. Online case-based training was conducted through the WhatsApp application in four 90-minute sessions over 4 days. Nursing students’ knowledge and practice of drug therapy were assessed before and after the intervention by a researcher-developed knowledge test related to drug therapy containing 26 multiple-choice questions and an  Objective Structured Clinical Examination containing 10 stations, respectively. The validity and reliability of both knowledge and practice tests were assessed before conducting the study. The collected data were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon tests in SPSS 21.

The means of drug therapy knowledge in nursing students before and after the intervention was 17.97 ± 2.69 and 22.11 ± 2.55 respectively, and the increase was statistically significant (p <0. 05). Also, the results showed that the means of drug therapy practice before and after the intervention were 61.88 ± 5.37 and 92.85 ± 2.56 respectively, and the increase was statistically significant (p <0. 05).

Case-based education improved knowledge and practice of drug therapy in nursing interns. Therefore, this method is suggested to improve the knowledge and practice of drug therapy.

Measuring the impact of various factors on pension systems is not easily possible due to the multiplicity of influential variables and their change in long-term horizons. The purpose of this article is to provide a model by which the impact of early retirement laws on the pension fund can be predicted.

This study, using system dynamics and considering feedback loops, leads to understanding nonlinear behavior and recognizing the laws governing the phenomenon of early retirement, and designs and implements a model for analyzing the impact of the above pensions in the Social Security Organization. It seems to have the characteristics of the real world to a large extent.

The ratio of early retirees to ordinary retirees in 2051 will increase significantly compared to 2016.Increasing early retirement will also lead to a reduction in Insured and increase in retirees and survivors; So that an increase of one percent can reduce the organization's annual revenue by an average of 16,000 billion rials over the next 35 years.

The Approval of some laws, regardless of the consequences, can jeopardize the stability of the fund and the economic and social security in the long time. The model presented in this study shows that by maintaining the current situation, the demand for early retirement has an upward trend and will put a heavy financial burden on the organization. This issue requires the amendment of the above laws and the introduction of more restrictions on the use of early retirement.

Assessing students' professional skills, teamwork and communication proficiency in the clinical environment by multiple evaluators such as educators, peers and students themselves is essential. The aim of this study was to compare the self-assessment method and peer assessment as means of evaluation on the clinical competence of medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 110 medical students of University of Medical Sciences in 2020-2021.Convenience sampling method was used. To assess clinical competence, a valid and reliable questionnaire was used in four areas of communicative proficiency, cooperation with the medical team, patient management and practical skills. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance.

The results of self-assessment showed that students in the field of practical skills (12.44 ± 3.16) were more capable but in the field of communication skills (7.96 ± 2.01) scored low on their ability. Peer assessment, the highest score was seen in the field of practical skills (12.69 ± 2.44) and the least was allocated to the field of cooperation with the treatment team (7.70 ± 1.96.). Comparing the mean scores of self-assessments with the mean scores of peers demonstrated a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001).

Self-assessment and peer assessment as a complementary, applicable and accessible method for assessing students' achievement of expected competencies can be considered in the evaluation system of clinical education.

Froth stability is of particular importance and  has a significant impact on the flotation process. Froth stability can be defined based on the formation of froth (maximum froth height or froth retention time) or the froth decay (froth half-life). Froth stability is influenced by various factors such as the superficial air velocity (Jg), the collector dosage (CC), frother dosage (FC) and the sample particle size (d50). In this work the effects of these factors were examined. The results showed that increasing the Jg, the CC and the FC will increae the froth stability. For example, by increasing the FC from 60 to 140 g/liter, the froth retention time (FRT) and the half-life froth (t1/2) increased by 92% and 71%, respectively. Sample particle size behaved differently in froth formation and decay, so that by reducing the d50, the froth retention time increased but the froth half-life decreased.

Production, including industrial and agricultural production, is not possible without the existence of economic infrastructure. Electricity plays an important role in the industrial development of countries due to changes in the industries and the conversion of mechanical to electrical power, the emergence of electric motors and the development of machine tools. Purpose of this article, comparative comparison of the effects of electricity consumption shocks on Environmental pollution and economic growth in IRAN and selected MENA countries.

The article is descriptive, analytical and inferential, to achieve this goal, the method has been used the PVAR approach during the period 2016-1992 as well as the country of Iran during the period 2016-1985 using the VAR method has been studied.

Electricity consumption, direct foreign investment, labor force and capital inventory have a direct and significant relationship with economic growth, but environmental pollution has a negative and significant relationship with Iran's economic growth.

the results indicate that the shock of increasing electricity consumption in selected MENA countries after an insignificant decrease in GDP per capita will increase proportionally in subsequent periods but in Iran, it grows very smoothly. The effect of this shock on carbon dioxide emissions in the countries concerned has been relatively mildly reduced, but in Iran, carbon dioxide emissions have been at a higher level than before.

One of the measures taken to protect witnesses in the Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Code of Judicial Procedure of our country is to keep their identities secret. Both the defendant is important and the defendant's right can not be ignored for the sake of witness testimony or the defendant's defense rights were endangered and threatened without regard to witness safety. Regarding the validity and positive value of the testimony of anonymous witnesses, this question arises To what extent are their value, credibility and testimony valued? The Code of Criminal Procedure is silent on the validity and value of the testimony of anonymous witnesses and whether such testimony can alone be used to document a conviction. It seems that the value and validity of the testimony of anonymous witnesses, if it is not possible for the accused to face and challenge the witnesses, is not equal to the identity of the witnesses in this article.And the security of intuitions has been examined.

Due to the inefficiency of small plots of land, farmers were forced to migrate from villages and settle on the outskirts of cities. This issue had effective consequences in Miandoab region and led to false employment and an increase in the number of day laborers in Miandoab city, and as a result, agricultural products decreased. Implementation of land reforms in the region caused a decline in production and transfer of capital from rural to urban areas and affected the lives of villagers, and for a trial start of law enforcement from Miandoab region as one of the areas of Maragheh city, which aims to achieve It was the political, economic, and social consequences of breaking the landlords' political influence that were important consequences. The economic consequences of enforcing the law in Miandoab led to the expansion of the peasant exploitation system and the change of land ownership, and had little economic benefit for them. In the social dimension, it led to the growth and development of the peasantry and the working class, reducing inequality and eliminating the landlord-peasant system, which shows the weakening of the power of Miandoab owners and increased concentration of government power in rural areas.