فهرست مطالب علی راد

Commentators hold different views about the time of the revelation of surah Al-Fath. Aprevailing view among commentators about its time of revelation is in the sixth year of theHijrah during the incident of Hudaybiyyah. On the contrary, some have considered its revelationin the eighth year of the Hijrah and during the conquest of Mecca. In a study reconstructingthe report of Orwa Ibn Zubayr on the incident of Hudaybiyyah, Andreas Gurkehargues that basically the verses of the mentioned surah have nothing to do with Hudaybiyyahpeace treaty. In a similar vein, the report of Arwa has not mentioned the revelation of surahAl-Fath but from the time of Ibn Ishaq and Waqidi in the third century, a connection has beenestablished between the peace treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the revelation of this surah. Usingdescriptive-analytical method, this paper studies and evaluates the approaches regarding thetime of the revelation of surah Al-Fath, and by referring to the reliable hadiths related to therevelation, and also by analyzing the content of the verses of surah Al-Fath, the context ofthe surah and the compatibility with the historical situation of Hudaybiyyah the view of "therevelation of the surah in return from Hudaybiyyah" has been accepted as an autonomousquote.

Among the criticisms of Mohammad ibn Ismā’īl Bukhārī, the author of the book "al-Jāmi' al-Ṣaḥīḥ", is the refutation and invalidation of his fatwa regarding the prohibition and sanctity of marriage between two infants who have been nursed by the milk of the same animal during the period of fosterage. This fatwa led to Bukhari's expulsion from Bukhara and became symbolic of his deviance in Islamic jurisprudence. This fatwa's attribution to Bukhārī is ancient and venerable in Sunni jurisprudential-historical sources. Alongside the criticisms of Sunni scholars on this fatwa, in recent centuries, some Shia researchers have also criticized this fatwa, highlighting its weaknesses and flaws. The defence of Bukhārī's issuance of this fatwa denies its authenticity, attributing it to opponents of Bukhārī and considering such deviant and flawed fatwas as an undermining of Bukhārī's jurisprudence. Among the recent defenders of Bukhārī is Dr. Nabīl Balhī, who, in his recent research, not only denies the attribution of this fatwa to Bukhārī but also provides a rebuttal to criticisms by Shia researchers against the fatwa attributed to Bukhārī. Balhī has reintegrated the issue of fosterage from Shia jurisprudential heritage similar to the fatwa attributed to Bukhārī, thereby considering the criticisms levelled against Bukhārī's fatwa as an intrusion into Shia jurisprudence. In part of his research, he refers to the fatwa of Qāḍī Ibn Barrāj, a Shia jurist from the 5th century, who declared the consumption of animal meat which consumed milk from a human after birth, as reprehensible. Balhī, through a comparative approach of these two fatwas, warns Shia critics of Bukhārī's Ṣaḥīḥ collection to refrain from criticizing Bukhari, as similar contentious fatwas exist in the heritage of Shia jurisprudence. The main issue of this article is to validate Nabīl Balhī's research methodology and his presuppositions in critiquing Shia jurisprudence, with a focus on Ibn Barrāj's fatwa, analysed through a critical analysis approach.

Verse 48 of al-Qaṣaṣ Surah is dedicated to the magic of reading the Torah and the Qur'an by the Mecca polytheists. In the next verse, God challenges the guidance of these two heavenly books in opposition to the polytheists' revealed authenticity denial of the Torah and the Qur'an and he validates the credibility and authenticity of these two books revelation. In the historical process, the idea of demystification of the pre-Qur'anic revelation books was formed during the first four centuries from the debates between Muslims and the People of the Book. This concept, as a principle, influenced many Qur'an commentators the thought in the middle ages until the contemporary period. In this way, it was promoted from an idea to an interpretive paradigm, and in the interpretation of these two verses of Al-Qasas Surah, it emphasized the distortion, demystification of the first Torah. The main problem is the critical analysis of this interpretation paradigm and it aims to show how the common interpretation of these verses did not allow the rival theory interpretation to emerge. Based on the competing theory, the first Torah is challenging from the Qur'anic point of view, and believing in its miracles is an original Qur'anic teaching that was accepted in the light of the commentators’ famous paradigm. The article achievement is to emphasize the revision of the famous paradigm narrative and pay serious attention to the competing theory interpretation of Al-Qasas surah, verses 48-49. The findings prove that with the new approaches’ emergence in the history of interpretation studies, commentators' famous theory in the interpretation of the mentioned verses is facing the challenge of being ideological and effective from the theologians' paradigm. Therefore, its authenticity is distorted and there is no way other than turning to the rival theory as the standard theory and alternative theory.

Contemporary orientalist research on Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī has experienced various periods with diverse approaches. However, analyzing the trend and outcome of this discourse in the recognition of Shia hadith is indicative of the fact that this trend is still in its early stages in understanding and evaluating Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī, and there is still a long way to go before reaching outstanding and excellent research in analyzing and criticizing this Shia hadith book. Therefore, a comprehensive, outstanding, and superior monograph on Al-Kāfī studies by orientalists has not yet been presented, and the number of orientalists who have engaged in research on Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī is not abundant. This is itself the result of various factors, including the belated attention of the West to a proper and deep understanding of Shia Islam, which has affected the abundance and quality of their research content in Shia studies, particularly research on Shia hadith communities such as Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī. Contemporary orientalist research on Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī can be distinguished into three distinct historical periods: the period of poverty and the shortage of knowledge, the period of reflecting in selected topics, and the period of transformation in approach and issue. Orientalist research on Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī is divided into two discernible approaches: critical and skeptical approach, and neutral and purely scholarly approach. Figures such as Wilferd Madelung, Andrew J. Newman, Robert Gleave, Tamima Bayhom-Daou, etc., are among the most important orientalists who have published research on Al-Kāfī by Kulaynī in the form of encyclopedia entries, independent articles, and essays from books. Analyzing the main themes of these research works is the main issue of the present research.

Along with the critical studies of the Bible in the 18th century AD and the discussions on the historical personality of Jesus, his social life was studied as well and led to two different theories about him: Jesus as a moral ascetic or as a revolutionary reformer. Considering some statements of the New Testament and the political-social context of the time of Jesus, it seems that the ascetic reading is not comprehensive and is not based on all the reports of his life. Analyzing some passages of the New Testament, this research criticizes the idea of a purely moral image of Jesus that ignores social events. Then, it studies the grounds for the emergence of this view based on the historical analysis of the era of formation of Christianity. The textual analysis of the statements of the New Testament about the social performance of Jesus shows that he emphasized on the reform of society and governance as well as paying attention to moral issues. It also shows that presenting a purely moral and tolerant picture is due to factors such as the predominance of the moral and tolerant reading of Paul, the weakening of Christians and the support of the Roman Empire for the ethics-oriented rites and the challenge of waiting for the Messiah after the crucifixion of Jesus.

The term "Qalb" refers to the deliberate inversion of a portion of the Isnād or content of a hadith in various forms, which has been a significant focus of scholars in the field of hadith criticism. Hadiths mixed with inversion are not reliable for citation, as intentional inversion of a hadith can lead to the weakening of the narrator and is known as one of the reasons for abandoning such narrations. One of the challenges of inverted hadiths is the issue of exceptions, as using inverted hadiths serves as a method for testing the reliability of narrators and jurists. This article critically examines and evaluates this important aspect in the history of Muslim hadiths.

There are some reports in the hadith tradition of the Imams that the Ahl al-Bayt (as) have been introduced as the true example of the Arabs and the superior race, and that their Shiites have also been introduced as Arabs or as "Mawlawi."In contrast, their enemies have been described as Bedouin and non-Bedouin.The authors of the present study aim to achieve a correct understanding of these hadiths by compiling a "hadith family" and applying the method of historical discourse analysis, and to explain the main purpose of these hadiths in the socio-cultural context of the date of their publication.Using these two methods in the analysis of the mentioned hadiths, it is obtained that words such as "Arabs, Arabs, Mawlawis and non-Arabs" in these hadiths, their literal meaning is not the main purpose, but their idiomatic meanings are considered.It is the infallibles who observe the superior position of faith and knowledge of the Ahl al-Bayt and their Shiites,and the moral deviation and degeneration of the faith of their opponents;On the other hand, such narrations have been issued and reflected in the face of a rival discourse that sought to promote the discourse of the superiority of the Arab race over non-Arabs,

The series of notes published under the title " Ṭūmār " in each issue of Ayeneh Pazhuhesh encompasses content in the field if Islamic studies and book critiques. In the first issue of Ṭūmār, the following titles are presented:  "Necessary Components of Cultural Transformation: A Look at Recent Cultural Challenges in Iran" "An Interdisciplinary Look at Sexual Chastity" "Religion and Cultural Authority and its Role in Global Geometry" "Excerpts from a Book Review Session: 'Religion and Cultural Models' by Dr. Alireza Qaeminejad"

The main issue of this article is a critical analysis of the approach and content of the book " Criticisms and Doubts of the Imami Shia Against Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Rejecting Them" regarding the attribution of the title "Amīr al-Mu'mīnīn" to Muḥammad ibn Ismā'īl Bukhārī in the hadith. The author of the book considers this title well-known, authentic, and beyond dispute. Through historical criticism as an analytical method and title analysis as a descriptive logic, this article scrutinizes the structure, content, and historical attribution of the scientific, narrative, and validity titles claimed by the author. The findings of the article demonstrate that the foundations of this claim are ambiguous, and its approach and method of proof are weak and incompatible with the principles and rules of title analysis. The achievement of the article is to clarify the influence of this claim on contemporary Salafi thought in mythologizing Bukhārī to create fear and obstruction in the path of the growing criticism of Bukhārī by the hadith scholars of Sunni, Imamiyyah, and Orientalists in the contemporary era.

The rule of "authenticity of the contents of the independent sentences of the Qur'an" has been considered in contemporary exegeses. ‘Allameh Tabatabai and Ibn ‘Ashur, in their effective interpretations namely “Al-Mizan” and “Al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir” have applied this rule among their extensive interpretive discussions. However, they have not explained the criteria and conditions of its application in the framework of a coherent theory so that others can apply this rule in a methodical way in interpretive studies and assess the scope and accuracy of the use of this rule by these two commentators. The result of collecting and analyzing the views of Allameh Tabatabai and Ibn Ashur is that both of them have relied on common criteria in applying the mentioned rule such as referring the sentences to the divine traditions, implication of sentences on belief and moral criteria, existence of reasoning in sentences and matching the sentences with proverbs.Tabatabai has paid special attention to the narrations of the Innocents and the law "Al- Ibrah bi ‘Umum al- Lafz la bi Khusus al-Sabab". It can be said Allameh Tabatabai has surpassed in the systematic application of this rule due to benefiting from the narrations and interpretive teachings of the ʼAhl-ul-Bayt.

The book “Criticisms and Doubts of the Imami Shia Against Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Rejecting them” authored by Dr. ‘Ādil ‘Azzāzī has recently been published in four volumes and nearly two thousand five hundred pages in Cairo, Egypt. This book is the author's doctoral dissertation in the Faculty of Hadith Sciences of Al-Azhar University, Egypt, which was defended with honors. The central theme of this book is the response to the criticisms of Shia against Bukhārī's al-Jāmi al- Ṣaḥīḥ book, which has been published in the contemporary century by Shia writers, especially of Iranian origin, in criticizing and evaluating al-Jāmi al- Ṣaḥīḥ book and its author. Some of these criticisms refer to Bukhārī's personality and another type refers to the content of hadiths in al-Jāmi al- Ṣaḥīḥ. The main issue of this article is the critical analysis of Bukhārī's recognition chapter from the first volume of this book, which has criticized the content of this chapter and the author's approach in compiling it with a pathological approach. The findings of this article prove that the myth-making approach of Bukhārī is evident in Dr. ‘Azzāzī's book, and his claims in Bukhārī's translation face serious historical challenges and criticisms. The critical analysis of the author of the article is based on a specific theoretical framework in criticizing the Muslim heritage, which is explained in the first part of the article. The first part is dedicated to the criticism of al-Jāmi al- Ṣaḥīḥ in the struggle of criticism and defense of the intellectual currents of the contemporary century. In the second part, the approach of mythology in Bukhārī's description is analyzed. In the third part of the myth of “Bukhārī; Amir al-Mu’mīnīn Fi Hadith" has been analyzed and criticized.

The series of notes published under the title " Țūmār " in each issue of Ayeneh Pazhuhesh encompasses content in the field of Islamic studies and book critique. In the first issue of Țūmār, the following titles are presented:
1. From Knowledge to Pseudo-knowledge in Companions-Oriented Islam
2. The Role of Sect in Critiquing Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī
3. Contradictions in the Concept of Criticizing Sunnah
4. In Honor of His Virtue: Professor Shafiei Kadkani and the Book "Galandariyyah dar Tarikh"
5. Qom Seminary and the Specialized Library of Hadith Sciences: Greater than the Library of Shiite in the Third Millennium; Foundations and Functions

According to Ibn Abī-Ḥātam Rāzī, Abū Ḥamza al-Thumālī is one of the Ḥafṣ b. Ghīyāth’ masters who his tradition is desolated. The research main issue is the analysis and validation of two hypotheses about the contexts explanation and contents evidence of the mentioned report. The present research challenges the hypothesis validity, as a popular point of view in the main sources, and introduces the Abū Ḥamza's political thought hypothesis as an acceptable hypothesis that has been effective negatively in dealing with his tradition heritage. The findings show that Ibn Abī-Ḥātam's report is not the main theory about Ḥafṣ b. Ghīyāth about validity of Abū Ḥamza's traditions, and citing it in the popular narrators’ biographies as the oldest reason for insulting and undermining Abū Ḥamza is incorrect and there are many evidences of its criticism and violation.

Sunni and Shia exegetes are not aligned in their views regarding the meaning of verse 53 of the al-Fussilat Chapter, commonly known as the verse of Āfāq and Anfus (lit. horizons and souls, referring to the external world and the internal one of one’s soul). Therefore, the meanings of external signs, internal signs, the object of the words ḥaq (truth, reality) and shahīd (witness and, in other usages, martyr) in this verse are not clear. Considering the importance of divine intent regarding this verse, the present article claims that the way of these scattered views is to precisely explain the object of the word “ḥaq” and the consistency of the beginning of the verse with what follows. Thus, in this article, utilizing a critical-analytical method, and after presenting a jurisprudential classification of the different types of this relationship in the works of the exegetes, a new approach known as the criteria approach has been suggested. The results of the study show that the attribution of the Quran and its bringer to the “Lord of the Worlds” is a truth that can be traced through the polytheists of Hijaz through two independent albeit unequally ranked ways; one is through the presentation of external and internal signs and the other sufficient divine testimony on this subject. In this approach, the presentation of external and internal signs will be separate from the terminological and prevalent meaning arising from the Sufi-mystic movement.

The issue of youth unemployment is one of the important issues in the country's macro planning. Although the youth unemployment rate can be calculated from the usual statistics of the labor force, the challenges related to youth employment and their problems are always the basic problem of every youth. The purpose of this research was to develop a causal model of successful employment based on personality traits, Gardner's eight intelligences through the mediation of decision-making skills. The research method of developing the model is done with structural equation method. The statistical population included all employees of the armed forces, education and training, engineering system organization, hospitals and the health network of Khoy city in 1400, and a sample of 1000 people was used by random sampling method. By distributing a questionnaire (NEO from Costa and McCree 1990, eight intelligences from Gardner in 1980 and also decision making skills from Shafiabadi in 2014), data collection using the statistical method of structured equations and SPSS 22 software. It was analyzed that the findings showed that the most direct impact of the structure of extroversion on decision-making skills is 0.436 and the most impact on successful employment is 0.779 of the structure of decision-making skills on successful employment at the level of meaning. Dari (P<0.001) is suitable. Also, the direct and indirect effects of the studied components have a significant effect on each other. As a result, the developed research model was able to create successful employment based on Gardner's eight personality

Abstract Numerous hadiths of ancient hadith sources on one subject are a reflection of the conversations that have taken place between the Ahl al-Bayt and the audience about the important and ideological issues of the Shiite community.Therefore, in order to understand such hadiths, one must be aware of the events of the time of the Imams.Discourse research, as a complement to other strategies for understanding hadith, emphasizes the discovery and study of the origin of hadiths instead of their case analysis and reveals the invisible dimensions of hadith.Leading research, while providing some examples, depicts some of the dominant discourses of Shiite hadith to show the role of discourse research in retelling, removing ambiguity and revealing the meaning and purpose of hadith.On this benefit, explaining these discourses can provide a treasure trove of data and preconceptions to other hadith scholars and support them in the process of understanding numerous hadiths to follow a short and productive path in hadith jurisprudence.

Contrary to the traditional reading of the evolution theory that has a bottom-up view and introduces the human actions – including religious belief – as dominated by genes and memes, the new reading has a top-down viewpoint and gives in mechanisms in which the working manner of genes is controlled by the highest levels of life. One of these mechanisms is neuroplasticity. This study aimed at exploring and explaining the factors of the gradual intensification of volitional faith within the neurobiological conceptual framework and its comparison with the factors contributing to worshiping rituals – especially prayers – that come from the Quranic teachings. This comparative study is done through the descriptive-analytical method. The findings show that the existence of the three factors common in the worshipping rituals (as recommended by the Quran) and neurobiological learning, i.e., repetition, attention, and emotion, lead to neuroplasticity and gradual intensification of faith. This justifies the mental causality and supports a level of voluntarism in faith.

The appearance of some verses of the Holy Quran is such that it indicates the impatience,disobedience and rebellion of Prophet Younus(A.S) in carrying out his mission and the Holy Prophet(PBUH)has been forbidden to be like him.This issue has caused that Imam to be accused of sin and infallibility in the eyes of some Muslims.On the other hand, the commentators and hadith scholars of Shitte and Sunni tried to provide a correct interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an and the narrations and to reveal the weakness of this notion.Based on the results of this research, Imamieh commentators have presented two approaches in response to the Questions of infallibility.A) Abandoning the superior action, b) perception of the event before the mission of Younus(AS). A wide range of Sunni commentators have also expressed the two approaches, but some have chosen the approach of Younus(AS). In this paper, three approaches are evaluated and at the end, the selected theory is presented. The results of evaluation and critique of the mentioned approaches indicate that the only acceptable approach to the verses of the Qur'an is the theory of "abandoning the superior action" which has been proposed by most of the Shitte and Sunni commentators.

"Narrative Semantics" is a semantic approach that in addition to arguing lexical traditions (narratives in which the meaning of a word is explained), apply all the traditions of the household of the Prophet of God (S.A.W.) as a source of authentic Arabic language usage.  Evaluating the Imamiyya Qur’an scholars’ attitude towards this approach is the main issue of the article. Examining the activities of Imamiyya scholars to study the semantics of the Qur'an shows that jurists, commentators and linguists, have often adopted the same approach with the lexical traditions. If it conflicts with the words of the lexicographers, they have tried to resolve the conflict, or prefer the narrative point of view. Regarding the reference to the Qur'an's narrative words usage, although there are signs of Imamiyya scholars’ attention to this approach, but due to the difficulty of this method, they have not been able to take much advantage of it. Three great Shiite lexicographers, Sayyid Nur al-Din al-Jazayiri, Seyed Ali Akbar Ghoreishi and Ali al-Kourani Ameli, have paid much attention to this approach.

One of the issues that has attracted the attention of some Qur’an researchers and commentators throughout history is the discussion about the basic concepts, themes, verses, and key chapters of the Holy Qur’an that have an original, referential, and sometimes comprehensive role in the interpretation of some other verses. This concern among them prompted each one of them to choose terms for these concepts and verses and sūras. This research, by analytical method, refers to the books and works of Qur’an researchers from the fifth century AH to the contemporary period and extracts and analyzes various terms in this field and deals with the nature and components of the titles given by them and achieves some points of similarities and differences. Studies have shown that we are faced with six words to indicate the selected concepts and verses of the Qur’an, which include: 1. unequivocal (muḥkam), 2. essences (jawāhir), 3. the best (afḍal) and the most virtuous (fāḍil), 4. key, 5. main themes, 6. exalted verses. One of the common components of all six terms is tawḥīd (monotheism), which is the most important basis of moral education of the Qur’an.

Richard Bell is one of the orientalists who believe in a shift in the textual structure of the Holy Quran, which tries to show the lack of coherence in the order and rhetoric of a number of verses of the Quran by providing evidences from the verses. Among his evidences is human intervention in changing the location of verses and transforming the original rhetorical structure of verses; In Bell’s view, in this group of verses of the Quran, with the phenomenon of lack of coherence in the rhetorical structure, confusion in the subject of verses, lack of order in the final part of the verses, which is evidence of the occurrence of distortion in the text of verses This study tries to verify Bell’s in-text and out-of-text evidences with a critical approach. The conclusions of the research indicate that Bell’s view is not sound and his idea has serious shortcomings in the premise and many weaknesses in the literary analysis of the text of Quranic verses. Examining each of the in-text and out-of-text evidences of Bell in the commentaries of the two major sects of Islam such as Tafsir Al-Mizan, Tafsir Safi, Al-Tahrir wa Al-Tanwir, Mafatih Al-Ghayb, Jame’ Al-Bayan, etc. shows his misunderstanding of the issues of the dignity of revelation, context and appropriateness of verses which are not acceptable

Allama Majlisī, as one of the great Shi’a scholars has [particular] opinions about the pathology of hadiths. Specification of his method and criteria remarkably contribute to the better recognition and distinguishing of the taqiyya-oriented traditions. The importance of recognizing he taqiyya-oriented traditions is due to the fact that the traditions quoted from the Infallible Imams are among the [inference] sources of the rulings (of Islamic law) and not recognizing them would result in contradiction and difference between the traditions. From Allamah Majlisī’s perspective the political current and the difference between the understanding level of the Shi’a Muslims, as well as the current of extremism (ghuluww) are among the grounds causing [the issuance of] taqiyya-oriented traditions. Allama Majlisī’s method of dealing with the taqiyya-oriented traditions can be realized and accessed by collecting and analyzing his commentaries and explanations sub traditions in which he mentioned that they were taqiyya-oriented. By investigating and analyzing the Allama’s statements one can specify the most important criteria for recognizing the taqiyya-oriented traditions and the signs of this type of traditions from his point of view. Among the most important “criteria” of the Allamah, mention can be made of 1) ideological criterion, 2) putting up with the opponents, the People of the Book, and the Islamic denominations and thought, as well as 3) opposing the fixed opinion, 4) the fear of sarcasm, 5) reproach and speaking ill (or backbiting). Keeping silent at the time of replying, not insisting on forbidding as well as the inquiry of the opponents from the Infallible Imams, are among the most important “signs” of the taqiyya-oriented traditions from Allama Majlisī’s point of view.