علی رضایی

The circular economy, as a new paradigm for sustainable development, demands robust measurement and assurance mechanisms. Auditing, with its pivotal role in verifying and evaluating financial reporting, becomes a critical tool within this paradigm. This research aims to identify key components and indicators of audit reporting within the circular economy framework and to examine the influence of legitimacy theory. This study, based on content analysis and grounded theory of a purposive sample of 26 experts, shows that information quality and transparency, organizational culture, auditor natural and competence, environmental performance, and organizational structural characteristics significantly impact audit reporting within the circular economy paradigm. Moreover, the research proposes strategies to enhance this reporting, including monitoring and responsibility, the development of sustainability-based audit frameworks, and the adoption of innovative technologies within the context of the circular economy. The findings of this research highlight the potential of audit reporting within the circular economy paradigm to improve organizational performance, create sustainable value, and amplify social impact. As such, this topic is poised to become a central research focus within the domains of accounting, auditing and sustainability.

Iran is a major center of pear (Pyrus) germplasm diversity, offering strong potential for selecting drought-tolerant genotypes. This study aimed to assess the effects of drought stress on biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake in seedlings of different Pyrus species and commercial pear rootstocks.

The collected seeds were sown in trays under greenhouse conditions. After germination, seedlings were transplanted into the growth bags filled with a suitable medium. After nine months' establishment, the uniform plants were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group with regular irrigation every 3 days, and a drought-stress group with irrigation withheld for 21 days. At the end of the drought period, shoots and roots were separated, fresh weights measured, and samples oven-dried at 50°C for two weeks to determine dry weights. Macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients (Mg, Ca, S) were analyzed in roots and shoots. The experiment followed a factorial design within a completely randomized design, involving two irrigation regimes and 14 Pyrus genotypes.

Data from the interaction effects of drought stress on root fresh and dry weights revealed that the Q1 and the Dargazi had the highest root fresh weight, while the Pyrodwarf showed the lowest fresh and dry root weights. Mean comparisons indicated that in P. nivalis, P. hyrcana, P. syriaca, P. betulifolia, and the seedling genotypes LGI477 and LGI456 (derived from P. communis), the shoot dry weight under drought stress was higher than control. These genotypes may possess superior physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptation mechanisms to drought. Moreover, P. pashia, P. betulifolia, P. amygdaliformis, Q1, the promising LGI477 genotype, and the quince rootstock BA29 exhibited higher root dry weight under drought stress than control, indicating stronger root growth under drought condition. In P. nivalis, P. syriaca, Q1, Dargazi, LGI477, and BA29 rootstock, root nitrogen did not decrease under drought, while in other genotypes, a reduction was observed. However, leaf nitrogen increased under drought in most genotypes, except for P. pashia, P. hyrcana, P. amygdaliformis, and BA29 rootstock, where it declined. Drought stress also generally increased root phosphorus content in most species and rootstocks, except for P. hyrcana, P. calleryana, and LGI477, which did not show such increases. In contrast, leaf phosphorus responses under drought were variable: increases in P. amygdaliformis and P. nivalis, decreases in Dargazi, and no significant change in P. hyrcana, P. syriaca, and LGI456. Root potassium content responded differently across genotypes, decreasing in P. nivalis, P. betulifolia, hybrid Q1, Dargazi, and Pyrodwarf rootstock, but increasing in others. Leaf potassium levels showed wide variation, with P. syriaca having the highest and Dargazi and LGI456 having the lowest values under drought stress. Dargazi showed the highest root magnesium content, while P. nivalis had the lowest; EMA and BA29 rootstocks showed no significant differences. The quince rootstock EMA had the highest root sulfur content under drought. Overall, drought stress had less pronounced effects on magnesium and sulfur than on other nutrients.

The findings of this study reveal clear differences among species and rootstocks in their responses to drought stress, particularly regarding their capacity to absorb and retain essential mineral nutrients under water-deficit conditions. Analysis of mean trait values revealed significant variation in how different genotypes and rootstocks cope with drought. Previous studies have reported that drought conditions typically reduce the number of lateral roots and overall root volume while promoting deeper vertical root growth. Furthermore, terminal buds tend to enter a dormancy phase, halting the plant’s longitudinal growth. As a consequence of drought stress, various growth indices decline, with the severity of reduction differing among the evaluated genotypes and rootstocks. Besides, according to the results of this study, rootstocks that demonstrated the highest dry matter accumulation in their roots during drought, along with relatively sustained growth performance, may serve as promising candidates for future breeding programs aimed at drought tolerance. Although drought stress generally led to reduced absorption of most mineral elements in both leaves and roots, the efficiency of nutrient uptake did not appear to be severely disrupted.

In the verses of the Holy Qur'an, Gabriel, angels and their role in the execution of Allah's orders are mentioned many times. Allah considers faith in angels to be a necessary condition for piety, and He considers enmity with Gabriel as enmity with Himself. Faith and friendship are not possible without knowledge; therefore it is necessary to know Gabriel to the best of everyone's ability. This research is based on the semantic network theory, which is tied to the name of Izutsu in Quranic studies, and seeks to find the nature of Gabriel from the perspective of the verses of the Holy Quran. Based on rational restriction and according to the words of Gabriel's companion and substitute in the Qur'an, there are four possible hypotheses: Gabriel is an angel; Gabriel is a spirit; Gabriel is both spirit and angel; Gabriel is neither a spirit nor an angel. After deep contemplation on the verses, studying the interpretive sources and analyzing and investigating, it was concluded that Gabriel is from the angels and like them, he has a certain position and it is not possible for him to rise or fall from that position. In this certain position, it is known that he has a high level of sanctity and trustworthiness. Therefore, it is permissible to call him and any owner of such a spirit, respectively, Holy Spirit and trustworthy Spirit.

Andrei Tarkovsky is one of the most influential artists in cinema history who was born and raised during the period of materialist philosophical dominance in the Soviet Union. However, by adopting his personal approach to art, he created works that were anti-materialist in both structure and content. In this research, considering the materialist philosophical background of the Soviet Union during Tarkovsky's lifetime, we have enumerated the anti-materialist aspects of Tarkovsky's cinema in both structural and thematic sections using a descriptive-analytical approach to his works. The result is that Tarkovsky's cinema can be considered structurally possessing components for transcending matter to meaning, and thematically can be divided into two periods: life in the former Soviet Union with a negative view of materialist philosophy, and life in Western Europe with a positive view of spirituality, faith, and even religion. This study examines five major films from Tarkovsky's seven feature films: Andrei Rublev, Solaris, and Stalker from his Soviet period, and Nostalghia and The Sacrifice from his Western European exile period. The analysis demonstrates how Tarkovsky's philosophical stance against materialism manifested in his distinctive cinematic techniques—including extended takes, minimal editing, use of color, and integration of nature—and in his narratives featuring protagonists who pursue transcendent ideals through sacrifice and suffering despite material circumstances.

The rapid growth of wind energy use in modern power grids, although it plays an important role in reducing environmental pollution and diversifying energy sources, has also brought new technical and economic challenges. One of the most important of these challenges is maintaining power system stability in the presence of large wind farms, especially those that use doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and are connected to the grid through long, series-compensated transmission lines. Series compensation, although increasing power transmission capacity, can lead to subsynchronous oscillations (SSO/SSR) and reduce the dynamic stability of the system. In this paper, the use of static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) as one of the advanced FACTS devices to improve the dynamic stability and increase the economic efficiency of DFIG-based wind farms is comprehensively investigated. The system under study consists of a 9.6 MW wind farm consisting of six 1.6 MW wind turbines connected to the infinite grid through a 120 kV series compensated transmission line. Complete aerodynamic modeling of the turbine, mechanical dynamics of the shaft, electrical model of DFIG, power electronic converters and SSSC have been performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results show that the use of SSSC significantly reduces the amplitude of active and reactive power fluctuations, improves small signal and transient stability, and increases system reliability. In addition, the economic analysis shows that despite the initial investment cost, the use of SSSC in the long term leads to reduced losses, increased transmission capacity, prevention of losses due to instability and, as a result, significant economic savings.

This article examines the possibility of conflict between the arbitration provisions contained in Iran's international treaties (especially bilateral investment treaties) and Iran's International Commercial Arbitration Law and other domestic laws. The main issue is whether Iran's domestic regulations conflict with Iran's international obligations in the field of arbitration? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and has been developed using library resources and international arbitration practice. The findings show that the main conflicts are manifested in three axes: the ability to arbitrate claims related to public and state property (arising from Article 139 of the Constitution and Article 457 of the Code of Civil Procedure), the application of the public order criterion (Article 34, Paragraph 2 of the International Commercial Arbitration Law) in the annulment or recognition of foreign arbitral awards, and finally the conflict of priority of compliance with the conditions contained in treaties. The proposed solutions include a narrow interpretation of public order, the use of international law doctrines such as the estoppel rule, and the need to clarify and include specific reservations when concluding and ratifying treaties. These measures are necessary to create a balance between national sovereignty and facilitating international trade in Iran.

Nowadays, airfoil design has become increasingly important, particularly in unmanned aerial vehicles and light aircraft. Optimizing aerodynamic performance can significantly reduce fuel consumption and enhance flight stability. This study investigates the geometric effects of incorporating a slot in the NACA-23015 airfoil by analyzing aerodynamic parameters. The compressible airflow around the airfoil is simulated using ANSYS Fluent software. The air impacts the airfoil at Mach 0.25, and the K-Omega turbulence model is employed to simulate turbulent flow. The study examines the impact of the slot's geometric shape at angles of attack of 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 15 degrees on the airfoil's aerodynamic performance. The investigated gap geometries include a semicircular arc, oblique gap angles of 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees, and curved gap angles of 20, 25, and 30 degrees. The results indicate that as the angle of attack increases, the lift force rises in all gap configurations, while the drag force initially decreases from zero to 5 degrees of angle of attack, and then increases from 5 to 10 and 15 degrees. The airfoils with different gap geometries exhibit the highest aerodynamic performance at a 5-degree angle of attack and the lowest at zero degrees. Specifically, airfoils with a semicircular arc gap perform best at zero and 5 degrees of angle of attack, while airfoils with a 30-degree oblique gap excel at 10 and 15 degrees of angle of attack

University students are in the stage of late adolescence and early adulthood. Due to their specific developmental needs and situational pressures, the prevalence of behaviors such as self-destructive acts is higher in this group than in others (Moradi Chadegani et al., 2022). As an educated class, these individuals represent a productive force for societal progress and are often viewed as role models for other adolescents and young adults. Consequently, when they engage in such behaviors, it can lead to the normalization and spread of these actions to other segments of society, thereby masking the severity of the problem. Self-destructive behaviors, defined as conscious actions undertaken with the deliberate intention of inflicting harm upon oneself, fundamentally conflict with the biological imperatives of survival and gene transmission (O'Connor & Nock, 2014). These behaviors range from superficial injuries to suicide or non-fatal self-harm. They may be direct and acute, such as skin cutting, or indirect and chronic, such as postponing responsibilities or defensive approaches (Turgay, 2004). The consequences of self-destructive behavior include chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and reduced quality of life. In light of the multifaceted impact of cultural, social, and psychological factors on the phenomenon under study, coupled with the paucity of field research in Afghanistan, the present study was undertaken with the following

first, to investigate patterns of self-destructive behavior among Afghan students; second, to develop an educational package based on the identified patterns; and third, to evaluate the initial effectiveness of the package.

The present study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. The statistical population encompassed all students enrolled in the management, law, political science, and clinical psychology programs at Herat University, with an estimated total of approximately 1500 students. The sample size was determined as 305 based on Morgan's table and selected through the convenience sampling method. The data collection instrument employed in the quantitative section was the Aghamohamadian and colleagues' self-destructive behavior measurement questionnaire (Aghamohamadian sharbaf et al., 2013), which comprised 31 items presented as a list of self-destructive behaviors. The quantitative component of the research endeavored to identify behavioral patterns. The qualitative component entailed the development of an educational package and the assessment of its content validity. The educational package was developed following the identification of five recurrent patterns: insufficient exercise, stress and lack of psycho-physical control, Internet and phone addiction, lack of enjoyable activities, and violence and aggression. The content validity of the package was measured by employing the Delphi method and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) index, utilizing the opinions of a group of experts.

The results of the analysis of self-destructive patterns using the Friedman test demonstrated that the frequency of these patterns among university students was as follows: first, the pattern of "insufficient exercise" was the most prevalent (mean 1.56). Subsequent to these, the patterns of "stress and lack of physical and mental control" and "Internet addiction" (both with a mean of approximately 1.38) were in the subsequent ranks. "Lack of fun and fun activities" and "phone addiction" were also relatively common patterns. Conversely, behaviors such as "running away from home" (mean 0.06) and "attempting suicide" (mean 0.08) exhibited the lowest means, suggesting a reduced frequency of these high-risk behaviors compared to other patterns observed among the student population under study. The findings indicated a broad spectrum of self-destructive behaviors, ranging from inactivity and chronic stress to aggressive behaviors. The Delphi method was also employed to confirm the content validity of the developed training package. 

The findings of this study indicated that the most prevalent patterns of self-destructive behavior among Afghan students include insufficient exercise, stress and lack of mental and physical control, internet and phone addiction, lack of enjoyable activities, and violence and aggression, respectively. These results align with the findings of previous studies (Aghamohamadian sharbaf et al., 2013), particularly those highlighting the high prevalence of insufficient exercise, stress, and lack of enjoyment among students (Webb & Boye, 2024). Additionally, the importance of stress as an unhealthy coping mechanism that can lead to self-destructive behavior was confirmed (Šimić et al., 2021). The high diversity and variety of common self-destructive behaviors confirm the need to develop a comprehensive training package that targets the five most common patterns identified. The educational package developed in this study, which is based on the opinions of experts and various therapeutic approaches (such as behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, schema therapy, and ACT), can be an effective tool for modifying and reducing these behavioral patterns and promoting the mental health of students. However, the generalization of the results of this study should be done with caution, because the sample size was limited to Herat city and the research method was quasi-experimental. It is recommended that subsequent research prioritize the long-term efficacy of this educational program and undertake a more comprehensive evaluation of the factors contributing to self-destructive behaviors among students.

In this study, a comprehensive investigation has been done on 10 different types of granite building stones from various mines in Iran. The study aims to investigate the relationship between the texture coefficient (TC) and abrasivity properties of the studied stones. Abrasivity of stones was quantified through six indices, including equivalent quartz content (EQC), rock abrasivity index (RAI), Schimazek abrasivity factor (F), Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI), building stone abrasivity index (BSAI), and the Taber wear index (Iw). Bi-variate regression analysis was applied to develop the predictive equations for relationship between TC and abrasivity indices. The investigations demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between TC and all abrasivity indices. Furthermore, TC has moderate to high relationship with abrasivity indices. After developing the equations, their accuracy was evaluated by performance criteria including determination coefficient (R2), the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), the variance account for (VAF), and the performance index (PI). The strongest relationship was found between TC and RAI (with R2, VAF, NRMSE, and PI value of 0.850, 0.074, 85.386, and 1.630, respectively), while the weakest relationship was observed between TC and F (with R2, NRMSE, VAF, and PI value of 0.491, 0.532, 47.605, and 0.435, respectively). This research demonstrates importance of the textural characteristics of stones, especially TC as a reliable index, on the abrasivity properties of granite building stones. Thus, the equations developed herein can be practically used for estimating the stone abrasivity in building stone quarrying and processing projects.

The contemporary world is in the midst of numerous changes and transformations that have brought both challenges and opportunities to human society. Among the most significant and influential emerging phenomena is artificial intelligence (AI). The present study aims to revisit the various cognitive and functional dimensions of the intersection between artificial intelligence and philosophy. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Based on the findings, there is a deeply intertwined relationship between topics related to AI and philosophical issues, which can be examined through several key dimensions: the possibility or impossibility of AI as a thinker, the reflection of fundamental philosophical and logical principles in AI, the process of awareness in AI, the notion of will in AI, and ultimately, human responsibility regarding the potential destruction of AI’s capacity for consciousness. Throughout the study, efforts have been made to review the theories of thinkers such as Alan Turing, John Searle, Copeland, and others, while also providing new and analytical insights.

The aim of study was to compare the contribution of two famous boundary agents, Mohammad Bahman Beigi and Turan Mirhadi to peace education in Iran. This is a qualitatively comparative research and two methods of documentary and thematic content analysis were used to collect and analyze data respectively. The first finding showed that both activists believed in general principles in the process of teaching/learning peace to the young generation. The second finding revealed that both actors were engaged in a tireless struggle against cultural and family traditions, organizational cultures, economic constraints, and the reactions of government officials opposed to reforms on the one hand and the ignorant public on the other, in order to create an agreement between the formal government discourse and discourse based on the needs of the nation. The third finding reveals that both actors, through practical actions, financial expenditures, and dissemination of their transformational discourse through the use of strategies such as negotiation with sources of power, social connections, and decision-making and reform, have been able to show how the rigid structures governing the educational system can be changed in favor of peace education. The fourth finding shows that the horizon of vision and scope of action of these two actors are not necessarily the same.

In maritime law, mortgages and maritime liens are considered to create a real right for the creditor on maritime property (mainly ships). This is while there is no legal provision in domestic law regarding the nature of the debt in a maritime mortgage and the basis of the maritime lien. In American law, the basis of maritime court jurisdiction is based on the theory of characterization of the ship, and in England, although this theory was initially fully accepted, it is now used solely as the basis of maritime lien. This study seeks to answer the reason for the introduction of the aforementioned objective rights in the Iranian maritime law. Although the implicit acceptance of the legal personality of the ship is seen in scattered articles of the maritime law approved in 1964, the theory of the legal personality of the ship has not been accepted in Iranian law. In this article, the basis and nature of maritime liens and mortgages are examined using a descriptive-analytical method, while examining the position of American and English law. By emphasizing the specific characteristics of ships and commercial shipping activities, an approach is presented to explain the provisions and principles of maritime liens and mortgages, thereby achieving up-to-date regulations regarding claims subject to maritime liens and mortgages, filing action in rem, and seizing a sister ship.

 Self-destructive behaviors are one of the major mental health challenges that can have profound effects on individual and social life. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a psychological education package (a 10-session training program) on self-destructive behavior patterns among university students at Herat University, Afghanistan.

Self-destructive 80 students from Herat University's Faculty of Law, Political Science, Economics, Management, and Psychology were studied. A 10-session training program addressed these issues by focusing on not getting enough exercise, not having fun, being addicted to the internet and mobile phones, not managing stress, and being angry. The package included psychoeducation and hands-on therapy. Researchers used the Self-Destructive Behavior Questionnaire to count those who scored 0–93. Pre-intervention, a 10-session experimental group intervention, and post-intervention evaluations were conducted. The statistical studies used MANCOVA, ANOVA, and Levene's tests to assess variance homogeneity. Pillai's trace was used to evaluate the intervention, and SPSS V.23 found effect sizes to be practically significant at a significance level below 0.05.

The experimental group exhibited a statistically significant reduction in overall self-destructive behavior scores as a result of the intervention, decreasing from a mean of 80.3 at the pretest to 47.2 at the posttest, while the control group's scores remained unchanged (p > 0.05). The training package significantly influenced the outcomes, as evidenced by multivariate analysis, which confirmed the intervention effect (Pillai's Trace = 0.937, F = 44.959, p < 0.001, η² = 0.93).

Integrating multiple therapeutic approaches into the training package reduced self-destructive behaviors and improved student behavior and cognition.

In this study the effect of cold injury on buds of 21 grape cultivars was investigated in 2019 and 2020 by exposing of one-year-old cuttings to sub-zero temperatures. Based on the results, there was a significant difference among cultivars for (flower) bud viability. The cold resistance of 11 selected grape cultivars was examined under the temperatures of +4, 0, -2 and -4 °C in a factorial randomized complete block design. The highest level of free proline was measured in Amin while Torkamanestan 4 had the lowest amount. The highest level of catalas belonged to black Muscat and Aligone. Black muscat and Aligone cultivars had the highest level of guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbic acid, respectively. In contrast, the cultivars of Khalili Dirras and Torkamanestan 4 had the lowest level of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, respectively. Finally, Torkamanestan 4 had a lower score and was identified to be a cold sensitive cultivar.

The aim of the present study is to determine a pattern for identifying uncertainty and risk and increasing flexibility in capital budgeting decisions with an investment discretionary approach. The research method is applicable-developmental in terms of its purpose, and qualitative in terms of the nature of the data. The statistical population of this study included 18 power plant experts from Mejmar who had at least 10 years of teaching, research, and management experience in power plants. Purposive sampling was used in this study. The data collection method was referring to documents and semi-structured interviews. Atlas ti software was used to code the interviews for data analysis. Based on the results obtained, 6 constructive themes and 14 basic themes were identified. The 6 constructive themes include political and international factors, legal and regulatory factors, financial and budgetary factors, technological and information factors, organizational structure and culture, and economic factors. The dimensions of the organizational structure and culture factors include: the structure and organization domain, the human resources domain, and the management domain. The dimensions of the technological and information factors include: the information technology environment domain and the information sharing domain. The dimensions of the economic factors include: the economic structure and the economic environment. The dimensions of the political and international factors include: the political structure and environment and transnational and international factors. The dimensions of the legal and regulatory factors include: general legal factors and specific legal factors. The dimensions of the financial and budgetary factors include: the human factors and individual capabilities domain, the intra-organizational requirements and factors domain, and the extra-organizational factors and requirements domain.

The monarchist movement is a collection of groups, organizations, parties, formations, councils, and individuals that seek to overthrow the Islamic republic of Iran’s system in a pluralistic manner and with soft, semi-hard, and hard approaches. This group has been able to become active in various fields such as security, intelligence, espionage, political, social, economic, international, and media. Over the past decade, this movement has been able to own a significant share of the movements against the Islamic republic of Iran’s system and has also played a prominent role in internal unrest. In these circumstances, the analysis of the monarchist movement’s pattern is of great importance in developing organizational measures and mobilizing the masses, and not paying enough attention to this issue can increase the absorption and expand the scope of the monarchist movement’s actions. The main goal of the present study was to examine and explain the strategies of the monarchist movement on social networks, through which it was able to identify, attract, transform, and use its audience against the system. The method of this research is based on the principles of “integrated research” which gives relatively equal importance to both types of quantitative and qualitative data. In this method, quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously, and in the analysis stage, these two categories of data are compared together to determine the degree of alignment of the findings and clarify the coordination of the results obtained from these two categories. The research findings show that the monarchist movement, using strategies such as combined actions, support and backing from Western intelligence services, infiltration, recruitment and organization of internal cells, and large- scale and effective media actions, was able to play an influential role during the riots of 2022.

 The present study aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin on wound healing in diabetic mice.

 A total of 21 adult male mice were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, diabetic intervention, and diabetic control. Diabetes was induced in 14 mice through subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg. A standardized wound of 3 cm was created on the mid-back of all wounded mice. Four weeks post-diabetes induction, the intervention group received quercetin treatment (50 mg/kg) for 21 days, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Wound area and healing percentage were measured on days 4, 8, 12, 16, and 21.

 One-way ANOVA results indicated a significant difference in healing percentages between the control and diabetic groups (F(2,18)=6.68, P=0.001). Duncan's post-hoc test revealed that the healing percentage in the healthy group was significantly higher than that in the diabetic groups, and the diabetic group receiving quercetin showed a significantly greater healing percentage compared to the diabetic control group.

 These findings suggest that quercetin may enhance skin wound healing in diabetic mice, likely through the inhibition of inflammatory responses, promotion of angiogenesis, and increased cell proliferation.

Medicinal plants such as Tilia platyphyllos (T. platyphyllos), Viscum album (V. album), and Lavandula stoechas (L. stoechas) have been utilized in traditional medicine in Iran and other countries due to their various pharmacological effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to comparatively investigate the anxiolytic effects of the extracts of T. platyphyllos, V. album, and L. stoechas and diazepam in rats. In this experimental intervention study, 125 Wistar rats were used in different groups, and thirty minutes prior to each test, three doses of T. platyphyllos extract (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg), three doses of V. album extract (150, 300, and 450 mg/kg), three doses of L. stoechas extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a placebo were administered intraperitoneally along with diazepam at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg. The anxiolytic effects were assessed using the Elevated Plus Maze test. The results indicated a significant increase in the duration of sleep induced by ketamine, as well as a significant increase in the treatment groups with the aforementioned doses of extracts (p < 0.01). Considering the anxiolytic effects of these plants, the results showed that the extract of V. album at a dose of 450 mg/kg had better effects compared to T. platyphyllos at a dose of 300 mg/kg and L. stoechas at a dose of 200 mg/kg.

The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is one of the important greenhouse insect pests with a wide host range. In this study, the effect of treating bell pepper with jasmonic acid (JA) (0.5 mM), Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (Th) (10 ml per plant from 1×107 spore/ml suspension), and the jasmonic acid with T. harzianum (JA + Th) on the growth and physiological characteristics of the pepper plants, adult selection and oviposition preference (free-choice and no-choice tests), and the life table parameters of WFT were investigated. The experiments were carried out in constant environmental conditions at 25±1 °C, 65±5% RH, and L16: D8 photoperiod. Based on the results, all life table parameters of WFT showed a significant difference. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) for control and JA, Th, and JA + Th treatments were 0.1827, 0.1513, 0.1636, and 0.1332 (day-1), respectively. The net reproductive rate (R0) for the mentioned treatments was estimated as 22.53, 32.72, 38.99, and 25.62 (eggs/individual). The JA + Th treatment increased the growth and physiological characteristics of the pepper plants and had low nutritional quality for the pest. The results of this study can be used in the application of JA + Th treatment for integrated management programs of WFT.

In vitro propagation of quince tree is more difficult than other pome fruit trees, and as a result, it is necessary to optimize tissue culture methods for cultivars and genotypes of this tree with various goals, such as producing virus-free mother stocks. The aim of this study was to optimize proliferation, in vitro growth and rooting conditions, for three selected quince genotypes of Isfahan region including KVD4, KM1 and cv. Behta. Effects of MS and QL culture media were evaluated on in vitro proliferation traits. The results showed that QL in comparison with compared with MS, significantly improved shoot proliferation and was selected for further experiments. In the second experiment, the effects of different concentrations of cytokinins including 2iP and BAP at the 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mgl-1 and TDZ at the 0.22 and 0.022 mgl-1 levels were examined on growth and proliferation. The results indicated that the best proliferation rate, shoot length, shootlet number, leaflet number shootlet-1 and growth quality index were obtained in culture media containing 1.0 mgl-1 2iP, 2.0 mgl-1 BAP and 0.22 mgl-l TDZ. The third experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of IBA, NAA and IBA+NAA on rooting of these genotypes. The highest rooting was observed using 1.0 mgl-l IBA. QL media containing 2.0 mgl-l BAP, 0.5 mgl-l 2iP and 0.22 mgl-l TDZ for shoot growth and proliferation, and the same media enriched by 1.0 mgl-l IBA for rooting of quince genotypes can be recommended.

Health insurance is essential for equitable healthcare access. However, administrative complexities and electronic system challenges often discourage physicians from contracting with health insurance providers. This study examines factors contributing to physicians' reluctance to engage with basic health insurance in Khuzestan Province and explores whether education level influences their willingness to collaborate.

A descriptive, survey-based study was conducted among general practitioners, specialists, subspecialists, and dentists in Khuzestan Province. A 16-item questionnaire assessed personal and professional characteristics, electronic system challenges, financial concerns, and technical support deficiencies. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and the Mann-Whitney U test was applied to examine differences in physicians' willingness to contract with insurers.

Major barriers included complex administrative procedures, delayed claim reimbursements, inadequate technical support, and low payment tariffs. These issues significantly affected physicians' willingness to engage with health insurance providers.

To increase physician participation, policy reforms should focus on revising reimbursement rates, improving financial structures, enhancing transparency, addressing technical system deficiencies, and expanding training and awareness programs. Addressing these barriers may promote stronger physician collaboration with health insurance providers.

One of the most important powers that judicial authorities hold in the fight against crime is the right to detain suspects and accused individuals. It is possible that the final outcome of criminal proceedings may result in acquittal or dismissal of charges against an individual. The damages incurred by the suspect or accused person are issues that require discussion and analysis. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine the doctrinal and legislative scope of the compensation system for unjustified and unlawful detention in Iranian and French law. This article is descriptive-analytical, employing a library research method to explore the subject in question. Findings suggest that, in Islamic jurisprudence, compensation for the harm inflicted on the victim is accepted. At the same time, the legislative scope for compensating unjustified detention in Iranian law can be found in the regulations of the Civil Procedure Code, the Civil Liability Law, and other laws such as the Islamic Penal Code and specificregulations, as well as judicial precedents. In French law, compensation is studied within the framework of civil laws and the doctrine of judicial liability for temporary detention. The conclusion is that the legislative scope of compensation for temporary detention in Iranian and French law can be found across various laws, judicial precedents, and legal doctrines. In both legal systems, such damages are compensable by the state, although the laws of both countries have acted differently under certain circumstances.

In the era of the dominance of modern technology over human life, Martin Heidegger believes that technology is not just a tool, but a form of revelation that frames the world within a framework of domination and productivity. The aim of this research is to examine the possibility of an emancipatory cinema that, relying on Heidegger’s philosophy of technology and art, explains film as a means for “the occurrence of truth” and liberation from the domination of technology. This research was conducted in a qualitative manner with a theoretical-analytical approach and used a philosophical-conceptual analysis of Heidegger's ideas and his contemporary interpreters. The findings imply that cinema, despite its technological aspect, has the capacity to become a liberating art. The condition for the realization of such cinema is the transition from objective representation or formalist play towards a "pure" and poetic image that evokes the conflict between the secretive forces of "the Earth" and the revealing forces of "the universe." This ideal will not be realized except through the efforts of a "Dasein" concerned with the unfolding of existence. Emancipatory cinema is not only a critique of the instrumental framework of contemporary cinema, but also a call to recover the authenticity of lived experience and unfold the truth of existence.

Verse 19 of Surah al-Nūr, known as the verse of the spread of immorality, holds significance from several perspectives. On one hand, it is counted among the verses of legal rulings (Āyāt al-Aḥkām), and on the other hand, it addresses one of the moral vices, namely the spread of immorality, thus becoming a topic of the science of ethics. One of the major challenges in this verse is the promise of punishment in this world and the Hereafter for those who love the spread of immorality. Additionally, the attribution of punishment to an internal act, such as love, is not generally accepted by jurists. However, the apparent meaning of the verse may imply that the punishment is associated with internal actions. Three general views can be extracted from the commentators: one group believes that yuḥibbun refers to an external act, another group interprets it as an internal act, and a third group considers it to refer to both. Each has provided reasons to support their view. The purpose of this study is to examine and critique these reasons and clarify the preferred opinion on the matter. According to the authors, paying attention to the context of the verses is very beneficial in resolving this issue. They argue that the discussion regarding qadhf (false accusation) and the story of ifk (slander) has concluded based on the context. The verse in question and the two subsequent verses aim to present a general rule: that following Satan step by step is a sin. From their perspective, a fleeting or involuntary attraction cannot be considered a sin. However, if this attraction is pursued and revisited repeatedly, it becomes a continuous following of Satan, which is considered sinful by God. Nevertheless, due to God's mercy and compassion, no punishment is attached to these internal sins. If, however, this step-by-step following of Satan continues and eventually leads to action, a painful punishment will certainly follow.

In this study, a combined cycle consisting of Brayton, Rankine and compression refrigeration cycles is thermodynamically evaluated for power generation and cooling. The combined cycle is simulated in EES software and its thermal efficiency is calculated using the first law of thermodynamics. Using three heat exchangers with a thermal efficiency of 90%, the heat output from the compression refrigeration cycle is used for preheating and the waste heat of the Brayton cycle is used to produce steam in the Rankine cycle. Air, water, and R134a are the working fluids in the Brayton, Rankine, and refrigeration cycles. Mass flow rates of 5, 10 and 20 kg/s are considered for water, R134a refrigerant and air, respectively. The effect of the working fluid rate on the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle is investigated. By energy analysis, the thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle was 49.29%, the Rankine cycle was 27.68%, the coefficient of performance of the refrigeration cycle was 4.38%, and the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle was 48.84%. The results show that with increasing air flow rate, the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle increases, but with increasing R134a refrigerant flow rate and water vapor, the combined cycle efficiency decreases