علی شیخ الاسلامی

The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Writing Motivation Questionnaire in students. The research method was descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of the first secondary schools of Germi city (Ardabil province) in the academic year 2023-2024, from which 314 students were selected as a sample using cluster random sampling. To collect data, the Writing Motivation Questionnaire of Graham et al. (2023) and Students’ Basic Psychological Needs at School Scale of Tian et al. (2014) were used. The internal consistency coefficient method (Cronbach's alpha) was used to examine reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity were used to examine validity. Analyses were performed using SPSS25 software and LISREL8/8 software. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed seven factors of curiosity, Involvement, social Recognition, grades, competition, emotion regulation, and boredom relief for the writing motivation questionnaire. The results of Pearson correlation coefficients to examine the concurrent validity of the writing motivation questionnaire showed that there was a significant positive relationship between the students' scores on the writing motivation questionnaire and the Students’ Basic Psychological Needs at School Scale. The internal consistency of the writing motivation questionnaire was calculated in terms of Cronbach's alpha coefficients and was confirmed with correlation coefficients of 0.73 to 0.81. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the writing motivation questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability to measure this construct in samples of Iranian students.

Older adults residing in care facilities often experience increased loneliness and death anxiety due to factors such as reduced activity, loss of social networks, and diminished social support. This study investigated the effectiveness of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on social isolation and death anxiety in this population. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design was employed.  Participants were 30 elderly residents of care facilities in Ardabil and Kerman, Iran, recruited via convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group received twelve 45-minute sessions of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation, while the control group received no intervention.  Social isolation was measured using the Chalapi and Amirkafi (1970) scale, and death anxiety was assessed with Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (1970).  Computer-based cognitive rehabilitation significantly reduced social isolation (p < .001) in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, the intervention did not demonstrate a significant effect on death anxiety (p > .001). Computer-based cognitive rehabilitation appears to be a promising intervention for reducing social isolation among elderly residents of care facilities, likely due to its accessibility and diverse range of tasks.  While the intervention was not effective in reducing death anxiety in this study, further research is warranted to explore this area more fully.  Future studies should investigate the mechanisms by which cognitive rehabilitation impacts social isolation and explore alternative interventions for addressing death anxiety in this population.

One of the reasons for patients' resistance and the poor effectiveness of treatment approaches is the comorbidity of depression and anxiety disorder. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" on difficulties in emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty and thought fusion in people suffering from comorbid depression and anxiety.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the people who had referred to psychological centers in Isfahan city with comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety in 2019. The samples were selected by convenience method from the counseling center of the 5th and 7th regions of Isfahan city. After passing a clinical interview according to DSM-5 and completing the "Beck Depression Inventory, Version 2" and "Beck Anxiety Inventory", finally, 32 people were eligible for the study. The samples were randomly assigned to intervention (16 people) and control (16 people) groups. Data collection was Done with demographic questionnaire, "Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale", "Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale" and "Thought Fusion Instrument". Content validity and face validity were measured by qualitative method and reliability was also measured by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" was implemented for 10 sessions of 90 minutes for the intervention group and the control group was on the waiting list. The data was analyzed with SPSS .21.

“Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” in the intervention group caused a significant improvement in the intolerance of uncertainty, difficulties in regulating emotions and mixing thoughts in the post-exam stage. However, the effectiveness of “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” was stable only on the uncertainty intolerance variable until the follow-up stage (P<0.05).

The effect of "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" has shown more lasting changes on the uncertainty intolerance variable than other variables. Considering the negative prognosis and the high complexity of  comorbid depression and anxiety, it is suggested that this intervention be combined and strengthened with complementary therapy for the long-term effectiveness of this intervention on other correlates of this disorder.

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in reducing emotional insufficiency and symptoms of attention deficit disorder in students with emotional problems. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students (fifth and sixth grades) with emotional problems who had been referred to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Ardabil City in 2022 to receive psychological services. The research sample consisted of 30 people, who were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (experimental and control). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60 minutes of emotion regulation training. To collect data, an alexithymia questionnaire for children (AQC) (Rieffe et al., 2006) and a strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 2001) were used. Data analysis was done with multivariate covariance analysis and SPSS20 statistical software. The findings of the research showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of emotional failure and symptoms of attention deficit disorder (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, it seems that emotion regulation training can be used as an effective intervention to reduce emotional failure and symptoms of attention deficit disorder in students with emotional problems.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the tDCS method and short-term cognitive rehabilitation protocol on verbal fluency and visuospatial ability in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease.

The research method was an extended experiment with two experimental groups and one control group, which was conducted using the pre-test and post-test method. The statistical population included elderly people over 65 years of age with mild Alzheimer's who lived in Ardabil who had been referred to a neurologist in 2022,among these people, 60 people were randomly selected into two groups. An experimental and a control group were assigned. Then tDCS method was applied for 10 sessions of 20 minutes in one experimental group and short-term cognitive rehabilitation program for 9 sessions of 90 minutes was applied in the second experimental group and no intervention was performed in the third group. The post-test was conducted at an interval of one week. After one month, the studied groups were followed up again. Aden Brook's revised version of the cognitive test was used to collect data.

The results showed that tDCS significantly improves the visual component and the cognitive rehabilitation method improves perception. In general, it seems that the performed interventions improved visual spatial ability in the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease, while they had no significant effect on the variable of verbal fluency.

It can be concluded that both methods can be used to improve the spatial visual ability of the elderly with mild Alzheimer's disease.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on family resilience and marital happiness of Conflicted couple. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research included including all Conflicted couples of Tabriz in 1402, who had referred to Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Centers of Tabriz. According to the research design, a sample of 32 people was selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in the experimental group (16 people) and the control group (16 people). Data were collected using the family resilience Scale (Sikbi, 2005), and marital happiness Questionnaire (Azrin et all., 1973). The experimental group received 10 sessions of 60 minutes of narrative therapy, and the control group, which was on the waiting list, did not receive any training. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test. The results showed that after controlling the effects of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test average of the two groups in family resilience (F=104/873, Eta= 0/778) and marital happiness(F=38/529, Eta= 0/562)  (P<0.05), which can indicate the effectiveness of the mentioned intervention on the mentioned variables and Also, the stability of the effectiveness is in the follow-up phase. The results of this research showed that narrative therapy can be used as effective approach in increase family resilience and marital happiness.

Learning disabilities may affect a range of academic skills. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of self-expression skills and teaching self-monitoring strategies on academic engagment in students with learning disabilities. The method of the current research was an experiment with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the students enrolled in the learning disabilities center of Ardabil city in the academic year of 2022-2023, from among them 45 people were selected by available sampling and after random replacement, they were studied in three experimental groups and a control group (15 people in each group) were selected. The data collection tool was the academic engagment questionnaire. The implementation process of self-expression skills and self-monitoring strategies were carried out for 10 one-hour sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The results were analyzed using univariate covariance test. The results of the covariance analysis showed that after controlling the effects of the pre-test, there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the three experimental and control groups in the total score of the academic engagment variable. Therefore, from a practical point of view, it is suggested to use these educational strategies as a technique in the first level of prevention for students who have academic challenges or are unable to manage them.

Marital conflicts are open oppositions that cause differences of opinion and communication problems between spouses. Marital conflicts create essential challenges for couples and their families and have negative consequences for couples. Among the factors that are affected by conflicts in the marital relationship are family resilience and marital happiness. The increase in marital conflicts and their adverse effects on family resilience, marital happiness, and the mental health of couples and children has made researchers realize that they should find ways to strengthen marital relations. One of the interventions that can be used to reduce marital problems in couples is fairness–oriented contextual therapy. Counselors and psychotherapists have always considered the choice of an effective therapeutic approach in improving family functions. This research aimed to determine the efficacy of fairness–based contextual therapy on family resilience and marital happiness of couples with marital conflict.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and three–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all conflicting couples referred to the Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Center in Tabriz City, Iran, in 2023–2024. Among these couples, a sample of 32 legitimate volunteers was selected by purposive sampling. Then, they were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (16 people in each group). The inclusion criteria for the research were referring to a psychology clinic intending to resolve marital conflict, having at least a diploma, living together with a spouse at the time of conducting the research until its completion, and being willing to participate in the study and continuing treatment sessions, and lacking abuse drugs and acute and chronic psychological disorders. For the experimental group, 10 fairness–based contextual therapy sessions were held in groups, 60–minute sessions per week for ten weeks. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. We used the Family Resilience Scale (Sikbi, 2005) and the Marital Happiness Questionnaire (Azrin et al., 1973) for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the data. Descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation. Regarding inferential statistics, variance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to compare the means between the stages of the research. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 26. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The effects of time, group, and the interaction of time*group on the scores of family resilience and marital happiness variables were significant (p<0.001). The significant difference in the average scores between the pretest and posttest stages, as well as pretest and follow–up for the variables of marital happiness and family resilience in the experimental group, indicated a significant increase in scores in the posttest and follow–up compared to the pretest (p=0.001). While regarding the variables of marital happiness (p=0.130) and family resilience (p=1.000) in the experimental group, no significant difference was observed between the posttest and the follow–up, which indicated the stability of the treatment effects over time.

According to the results, fairness–based contextual therapy effectively increases marital happiness and family resilience. Therefore, counselors and couple therapists may use this treatment to improve family resilience and marital happiness.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of narrative therapy on family cohesion and marital intimacy of Conflicted couples. The study employed a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all couples referred to the Happy Life and Mobin Counseling Centers of Tabriz through to marital conflicts in 1402. Among them, 16 couples were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two groups (8 in the control group and 8 in the experimental group). The experimental group received educational interventions in narrative therapy, which was administered in 10 sessions and once a week. Data were collected using the Samani Family Cohesion Scale (FCQ, 1381) and the Bagaroozi Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (MIQ, 2001). Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data. The study's findings showed a significant difference between the post-test mean of marital intimacy and family cohesion in the experimental and control groups (P<0.05). In addition, the results showed that narrative therapy was able to maintain its effect significantly over time (P<0.05). The findings indicate that narrative therapy can be used as an effective approach to increase marital intimacy and family cohesion.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common problems in the elderly, which causes a decline in their cognitive function. This study aims to compare the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and short-term cognitive rehabilitation on language skills and attention in older people with mild AD.

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test/follow-up design. Participants were 60 people over 65 years of age with mild Alzheimer’s referred to a neurologist in 2022, who were selected by a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (20 in each group). Then, the tDCS was applied in one experimental group at 10 sessions of 20 minutes once a week and the short-term cognitive rehabilitation program was provided to the second experimental group at 9 sessions of 90 minutes, once a week. No intervention was provided to the control group. Before, one week after (post-test) and one month after (follow-up) the end of the intervention, the assessments were conducted in all groups using Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination- revised (ACE-R). For data analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance test was used in SPSS software, version 23.

Both methods improved the writing and naming domains of language skills, but they had no significant effect on the attention variable. 

Both tDCS and short-term cognitive rehabilitation can be used to improve the language skills of older adults with mild AD.

Death is an inevitable and uncontrollable aspect of human life. One of the most challenging tasks we face is adapting to the loss of loved ones. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of an educational protocol based on the injuries caused by the bereavement of a child on the quality of life and marital intimacy of couples.

In this research, a single-case tentative design of the asynchronous multiple baseline type was utilized. Three stages of baseline and ten sessions of ninety-minute training protocols focused on bereavement injuries were implemented, alongside three stages of follow-up. The participants assessed their experiences using scales measuring marital intimacy and quality of life. The statistical population comprised couples who had tragically lost their son during the recent year from 2023-2024. The sample size included six individuals, representing three couples, who were selected from those available among this population.

The data were analyzed using visual representations of the stable change index and the recovery percentage formula. The research findings indicated that, on average, there was a significant improvement in both marital intimacy and quality of life for the three couples during the post-training and follow-up phases

The research findings indicate that training focused on the effects of losing a child has positively impacted the marital intimacy and overall quality of life for bereaved couples. Therefore, it is recommended that therapists and counselors recognize the challenges that the loss of a child presents in marital relationships and provide support in this area.

The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of compassion-focused therapy in addressing the psychological and marital issues of women who have a veteran spouse. The research was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methodsapproach and encompassed both qualitative and quantitative phases. In 2020, the statistical population of the survey encompassed all women with veteran spouses residing in the 13th and 14th districts of Tehran. In the qualitative stage, purposive sampling was employed to select and interview 19 women with veteran spouses who were referred to the District 13 Municipal Health Center. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The identification of seven themes (anxiety, depression, fatigue and disability, irritability and aggression, loneliness, life dissatisfaction, and marital conflict) was the result of this analysis in the psychological-marital dimensions. Based on these components, a questionnaire was developed to assess the psychological and marital issues of women who have a veteran spouse. The data analysis in the experimental section was performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test and repeated measures analysis of variance in SPSS software version 22. The findings indicated that women who have spouses who are veterans encounter challenges in the areas of psychological, marital, physical, social, and economic well-being.Desirable psychometric properties were observed in the psychological-marital issues of women who completed a veteran spouse questionnaire. Also, compassion-focused therapy was effective in all psychological-marital aspects of the issues faced by women with a veteran spouse, resulting in a decrease in problematic behaviors. In the future, clinicians and researchers can investigate and mitigate the psychological-marital issues of women with a veteran spouse during counseling and psychotherapy sessions by implementing the combined study method, developing tools, and choosing the most suitable treatment.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the psychometric properties of the Social Exposure to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Scale in students. The present research method was descriptive and of the type of psychometric studies. The statistical population of the present study was formed by all the students of the second secondary school in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2023-2024. From this population, a sample size of 200 people was selected by cluster random sampling method and to questionnaires on Social Exposure to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury, Zelkowitz and Cole (2017), Neff et al.'s (2003) self-compassion questionnaire and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury expectancies Questionnaire Hosking and Boyes (2017) responded. Internal consistency coefficient, concurrent validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS26 and Amos24 software. The results of the internal consistency coefficient showed that this scale has good reliability (α=0.83). The results of the correlation coefficient showed that the positive correlation between two variables in the Social Exposure to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury expectancies (r=0.27, P<0.001) indicates appropriate convergent validity and the negative correlation coefficient between the two variables in the Social Exposure to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Self-Compassion (r=-0.25, P<0.001) indicates adequate divergent validity. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis model also confirmed the final model of this scale. The results of this research showed that the Persian version of the Social Exposure to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Scale intent has good reliability and validity in the Iranian population and is a suitable self-assessment scale for clinical and research situations.

The purpose of this study is to prepare a forest density map using the images of SPOT 7 and Sentinel 2 multispectral sensors in South Zagros, Dalki Dadin Basin, Fars Province, in order to evaluate and compare them with each other. First, a forest and non-forest area map was prepared, and then a forest density map was prepared in four levels: 25-5, 25-50, 50-75, and 75% and above. In order to make the classification correct, the ground reality map based on the interpretation of Ortho's digital photos of the 80s with a scale of 1:40000 was used. Examining the forest, non-forested classification map showed that the Sentinel 2 image with PCA-1-8 band composition and using the maximum likelihood classification algorithm with an overall accuracy of 96.3% and kappa coefficient of 0.91 compared to the spot image 7 By combining PCA-1-3 bands and using neural classifier algorithm with an overall accuracy of 87.57% and kappa coefficient of 0.7, it has a better result. Among the maps obtained from forest classification into four density classes, the map obtained from Sentinel 2 image with neural classifier with PCA-3-8 band composition and with kappa coefficient of 0.72 and accuracy of 88.36 percent ratio shown in Spot 7, the map obtained from the neural classifier with 2-4-3 band composition and 0.64 kappa coefficient and 78.74 percent accuracy had the highest accuracy. Also, after merging the image of SPOT7 and SPOT7-Pan, the map obtained by PC method using the neural classifier with PCA-2-4 band combination with Kappa coefficient 0.75 and 89.26% accuracy has the highest accuracy and map. The result of classifying the forest into four density classes, the result of the PC method using neural classifier with PCA-2-4 band combination and Kappa coefficient of 0.37 and accuracy of 50.60% had the highest accuracy. The overall results showed that, according to the extracted information, the Sentinel 2 image is more accurate for producing forest cover maps in four density classes.

Choosing a major is one of the most important and complex educational decisions of many volunteers and students applying to enter the university, which can have important effects on their future careers. In recent years this has faced significant challenges and harm. The purpose of this research was to investigate and identify the harms of the process of choosing a major in university. This study was conducted in a qualitative way using the Grounded Theory method. 24 male and female students of Tabriz city universities that entered the 2021-2022 academic year using voluntary sampling and semi-structured interviews were assessed to saturation based on the inclusion criteria. Data were recorded, coded, and categorized into secondary codes, categories, and classes. Analysis of participants' experiences led to the identification of 164 secondary codes, 20 sub-categories, and 3 main categories including Individual-psychological issues, social-educational problems, and structural-management defects. From an educational point of view, understanding the disadvantages of the process of choosing a field of study to enter the university can be effective in providing the necessary framework for developing a suitable model for higher education candidates, as well as balanced distribution of candidates in different fields of study and prevention of potential harms.

Academic failure, as one of the key challenges universities face, has numerous causes. To mitigate it, the impact of these factors must be acknowledged.

This study aims to propose a predictive model for students’ academic achievement, focusing on variables such as addiction to virtual etworks, procrastination in work, feelings of loneliness, and academic stress.

This research is applied and correlational. The statistical population comprised all students from a chosen military university in Tehran in 2023. By employing convenience sampling and G*power software, 386 individuals participated in the study. Data collection involved utilizing questionnaires on internet addiction, loneliness, work procrastination, and student stress, while academic performance was determined using students’ averages. The study variables’ relationships were explored through a suggested conceptual model. Amos24 software was utilized for examining the causal links among research variables using structural equation modeling (SEM).

After modifying the initial measurement model, Composite Reliability index (CR) were obtained greater than the cut-off point of 0.7, and the overall reliability of the model was confirmed. The average variance extracted (AVE) being greater than the cut point of 0.5 and CR being greater than AVE confirmed the convergent validity of the constructs. Divergent validity was also confirmed by the AVE value being higher than the values of the maximum shared squared variance (MSV) and average shared squared variance (ASV). The normed chi-square (CMIN/D˂3), comparative fit index (CFI>0.9), root mean square residual (SRMR˂0.08) and root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA˂0.08) confirmed the fit of the modified model.

Virtual network addiction and procrastination, as independent variables, along with loneliness as a mediating variable, significantly influence academic performance. The findings suggest that the model fits well, with the variables successfully predicting students’ academic performance at an above-average level Keywords: Academic performance, Addiction

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most significant health issues of our time, affecting a large number of people. To mitigate its effects, various methods such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive rehabilitation are employed. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of tDCS and short-term cognitive rehabilitation protocols on aggressive symptoms and nocturnal behavior in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease.

This semi-experimental study included two experimental groups and one control group, using pre-test and post-test methods. The statistical population consisted of all elderly individuals over 65 years old with mild Alzheimer's who had consulted a neurologist in 2022. From this population, 60 individuals were selected through available sampling and then randomly assigned to either of the two experimental groups or the control group. The independent variables included direct current brain stimulation intervention (tDCS) for one experimental group, a short-term cognitive rehabilitation program for the second experimental group, and no intervention for the third group. Post-tests were conducted one week after the intervention on both experimental and control groups, followed by a follow-up after one month. A neuropsychological questionnaire (NPI) was used to collect data. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed using SPSS-23 software, with a significance level set at
p < 0.05.

The results indicated that both methods reduced aggressive symptoms in elderly individuals with mild Alzheimer's disease. However, neither method had a significant effect on reducing nocturnal behavior symptoms in these patients.

The findings suggest that both tDCS and short-term cognitive rehabilitation reduce aggressive symptoms in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease but do not significantly impact nocturnal behavior symptoms. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of these methods in addressing aggression and nocturnal behavior.

Given the increasing older adult population in the near future in Iran, understanding the status of this age group in various domains, including physical health and mental well-being, has become increasingly important, necessitating attention to this demographic. Therefore, understanding the factors contributing to increased levels of successful aging and reduced death anxiety seems to be crucial. Considering that attachment styles play a significant role in shaping mental and physical health throughout life, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and successful aging and death anxiety with the mediating role of resilience. This was a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population comprised all older adults residing in Kermanshah, Iran during the years 2024-2025, among whom 332 individuals were selected using convenience sampling. The participants completed Zanjari’s successful aging, Templer’s death anxiety, Collins & Read’s attachment styles, and Connor & Davidson’s resilience questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results indicated that the hypothesized model had a good fit with the studied sample. As such, secure attachment was related to successful aging and death anxiety through resilience. Furthermore, avoidant attachment was related to successful aging and death anxiety through resilience, and resilience mediated the relationship between ambivalent attachment style with successful aging and death anxiety. These findings emphasize the importance of fostering secure attachment and resilience in interventions aimed at enhancing successful aging and ultimately improving the well-being of older adults.

Love Trauma is a common phenomenon in students that causes academic and psychological problems. The aim of the current research was to identify the effective factors in the love Trauma of female students. research method was qualitative through semi-structured interview. The statistical population of this research was all the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 1402 who were involved in the experience of love failure. Among them, 10 people were selected as a sample through purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, five main themes of the love Trauma were identified, which included the following: Causes related to the family of origin and childhood, psychological causes, relational causes, causes related to the boyfriend, and concurrent causes with the relationship. Each of these overarching themes included many organized and basic themes. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that first of all, the past and the individual's developmental context in the family are very important in the love trauma, and the causes related to the present are of secondary importance. Therefore, it is suggested to prevent love trauma first of all to identify the person's primary relationships and their impact on the current life and the type of choices of the person and to inform the person in this field so that he can make a more correct choice.

This study aimed to compare the effect of Schema Mode Therapy (SMT) and Emotional-Focused Therapy (HMT model) on emotional adjustment of new married couples with conflict. 

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a multi-group pre-test/post-test design with a control and follow-up group. The statistical population of this study included couples with marital conflict who had been married for less than 6 years and had been referred to counseling centers in city of Astara in 2019. Thirty couples were selected through convenience sampling method and assigned randomly into control and experimental groups. The Rubio et al (2007) Emotional Adjustment Measure (EAM) was used as research instruments in this study. Follow-up was performed after 3 months from the end of the interventions, and multivariate analysis of covariance statistical tests with repeated measures and SPSS-24 software were used to analyze the hypotheses.

Schema mode therapy and emotional-focused therapy (HMT), separately, reduced components of lack of discipline (P<0.05) and lack of hope (P<0.01).

Both methods increases emotional adjustment in general state, and there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of two intervention methods

The purpose of this research was to design and validate a model for improving attention deficit and hyperactivity in primary school students of Ardabil City. The research was applied in terms of purpose, mixed in terms of the nature of data, and exploratory in terms of execution method. In the qualitative part, the semi-structured interview and database theory have been used. The statistical population of the qualitative section was university professors and experts in the field of school counseling and educational sciences, 15 of whom were selected based on the principle of opinion saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative section was all the primary school teachers of Ardabil City in the academic year of 2023-2024 in the number of 2600 people, according to Morgan's table, 335 of them were selected based on stratified random sampling. The data collection tool in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire resulting from the refined concepts obtained from the primary codes. The data sets obtained after the continuous process of open, central, and selective coding were organized in the form of 156 open codes, 146 concepts, 12 categories and 6 classes based on a systematic approach. The findings of the research show the improvement pattern of attention deficit and hyperactivity in elementary school students of Ardabil city under the categories of personal and psychological characteristics, motor skills, social skills, attention deficit disorder, educational strategies at the individual level, educational strategies at the interpersonal and communication level, pharmaceutical interventions and nutrition, physiological and behavioral interventions, psychological control, strengthening motor and physical abilities, psychological growth and social participation were categorized and fit in terms of validation (p<0.05). Finally, it is suggested that the results of this research be used as a guide and a general path to improve attention deficit and hyperactivity by specialists in schools and in other centers such as psychological service centers, counseling and psychotherapy clinics, welfare centers, universities, etc. Use existing situations and contexts.

The death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief is a crisis during bereavement that endangers the bereaved person’s sense of relationship with God or the religious community as they struggle to re-establish spiritual balance after the loss of a loved one (Holland, Burke, Neimeyer et al., 2014). As for complicated spiritual grief in Iran, there has been no scale to determine the psychometric properties thereof, nor has such a scale become normative in the country. The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG) is a 5-point scale that is used to measure post-grief meaning.  The ICSG has been used and validated by Neimeyer et al. (2014) and Holland Burke. However, the scale has not been investigated or psychometrically tested in Iranian society. The present research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ICSG in relation to the Iranian sample.
The research sample included 215 bereaved women in the Iranian city of Ardabil who were selected on an available basis. Then, they responded to the research tool. In the study, the ICSG (Holland, Burke and Neimeyer et al., 2014) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott, 1989) were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software tools. The SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis, and the AMOS software was used for combined reliability (CR) and factor analysis.
 
The face, content and structure validity of the research showed that the ICSG has appropriate validity and reliability. The scale’s convergent validity was confirmed to be (AVE>0/50). The internal consistency reliability of the ICSG was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an alpha coefficient of 0.73-0.81 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of the scale. In addition, the correlation results pertaining to the variables of the research showed that the ICSG has a significant correlation with the grief experience scale (p<0.01).
 
Overall, the findings of the research indicated that the 18-item Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief has strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity, and that the scale supports a two-factor model for measuring doubt in God and impairment of the person’s religious faith. Thus, the results of the present research showed that the ICSG has good validity and reliability for the Iranian sample.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Affective Reconstructive and Emotional-Focused therapy with regard to marriage issues and forgiveness in women who filled for a divorce. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental research design is pre-test-post-test with a control group and follow-up stage. In 2021, the statistical population comprised all Ardabil women who filed for divorce and had a prior record of child marriage (less than 18 years). The population was purposively sampled to select 45 individuals, who were then randomly allocated into two groups of 15 (one for each group: experimental and control). The research instruments included the Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale (IF-25) and the Marriage Problems Questionnaire (PMQ). The interventions comprised eight 90-minute sessions per week, each centered on affective reconstruction and emotional-focused therapy. SPSS software version 22 was utilized to conduct the data analysis, which included multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and the Bonferroni post hoc test. The results showed that in women who filed for divorce, both affective reconstruction and emotional-focused therapy increased forgiveness and decreased marital problems; however, affective reconstruction therapy demonstrated a significantly greater degree of efficacy than emotional-focused therapy. Hence, in light of the elevated marital issues and diminished forgiveness rates observed among women who have filed for divorce, affective reconstruction and emotional-focused therapies, or a synergistic blend thereof, may be implemented to improve the forgiveness rate and mitigate marital problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness ethical intelligence skills training on empathy in bullying male students. The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of study included male students are studying in the secondary school of Ardabil city in the academic year 2018-2019. To select the sample, first, using a cluster random sampling method, an area was selected from the education districts of Ardabil. Then, two schools were selected from the boys' secondary schools in this area, a bullying questionnaire was distributed among the students of these schools, and finally 40 students with the highest score in the bullying questionnaire were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (20 people) and the control group (20 people) were replaced. The experimental group received 11 sessions of moral intelligence skills training. Data were collected using the Basic Empathy Scale of Juliff and Farrington Scale (2006) and the Bullying/Victim Olvius Questionnaire (1986). Data were analyzed by multivariable co-variance test. The results showed that bullying students in the experimental group were significantly more empathy than the control group in the post-test (P<0/01). Therefore, it can be concluded that teaching moral intelligence skills is effective in increasing bullying students' empathy.

The Grief Mean Scale (GMRI) is a five-item scale designed to measure post- grief meaning. This scale has been used and validated by Niemeyer and Millman (2014). However, this scale has not yet been studied in Iranian society and has not been psychometric. The purpose of the present study in the first stage was to translate this scale from English to Persian and then to determine its psychometric properties in the Iranian sample. The research sample consisted of 215 people who were randomly selected and responded to the research tool. Based on the findings, face validity, content and structure showed the validity and reliability of this tool. Convergent validity (AVE> 0.50) was also determined and confirmed for this questionnaire. The internal consistency reliability of the grief meaning scale was assessed using the combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the alpha between 0.77 and 0.86 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of this scale. In addition, the correlation results related to the study variables showed that the scale of grief meaning scale has a significant correlation with the scale of grief experience (p <0.01). Overall, the results of the present study showed that this scale has a desirable statistical feature in the Iranian sample and especially it can be used with confidence in the Iranian sample..