علی علی آبادی

Gas is one of the most important fossil fuels and it is expected to take the place of oil in the energy consumption market with the continuation of the existing conditions in the horizon of 2040. Due to the importance of this product, in this research, an image of the important gas markets of the world has been presented and the role of financial markets on the cash price of gas has been investigated in the three markets of Henry Hub, Europe and London. In this research, daily data was used from January 1993 to April 2023. The Granger causality test, vector autoregression model, and vector error correction model were used to analyze the data. The results of the research showed that the Henry Hub gas market has a high pricing power compared to the European and London markets; Also, the price of gas in the European market can to some extent affect the determination of the cash price of gas in the London market; But the price of gas in the London market is determined by other markets and this market is generally affordable. Also, the findings of the research show that at the 95% confidence level, the American capital market index has a negative effect on the cash price of gas in all three regional markets in the long term, which is statistically significant in the European and London markets. In addition, in the short term, the American capital market index has a positive effect on the cash price of gas in the Henry Hub market, but its effect on the cash price of gas in the other two markets is negative. The findings of the research indicate that in the long term, the American interest rate has not had a significant effect on the cash price of gas in any of the investigated markets; however, in the short term, this variable has a negative and significant effect on the cash price of gas in the hub art market and Europe.

Dowry is one of the characteristics of the Islamic legal system and a branch of marriage. Contrary to the earlier view of jurisprudence, which has considered the maximum applicable equivalent to Mehr al-Sunnah, that is, five hundred dirhams, and the well-known view of jurists who consider a small dowry good, heavy dowries have become commonplace and are becoming a phenomenon whose existence requires its absence. This is happening while Iranian law has remained silent in this regard and has left the matter to the concurrence of the parties, which may have been created by a misunderstanding of the ruling of verse 24 of Surah An-Nisa 'in the Holy Quran which does not set a ceiling for dowry. In the present study, we have dealt with the issue of what is the ruling on increasing the dowry after marriage, which we have finally concluded that changing the dowry after marriage is not jurisprudentially and legally correct, and increasing the amount of dowry after determining Has not been allowed.

The option of delaying the price is one of the three exclusive options of the contract of sale, during which if the customer does not pay the contract fee within three days after concluding the contract, the seller will have the right to terminate the contract based on the customer's laziness in fulfilling contractual obligations. This option is one of the options of the Shari'a that has been introduced from Islamic jurisprudence to the subject law of Iran. This option is one of the options of the Shari'a that has been introduced from the Islamic jurisprudence to the subject law of Iran. It is not seen in foreign law. In the present article, we have examined the nature of this cucumber, its religious and philosophical foundations, existential and executive effects, as well as some emerging issues around this cucumber, such as its application in electronic transactions. such as its application in electronic transactions