علی فاطمی

In recent years, the online sale of medicines and supplements has become widespread in many countries. Although the online sale of health products can have numerous advantages, the lack of oversight can have serious public health consequences. The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges, legal approaches, and executive policies in different countries to help make appropriate policy decisions in this area in Iran.

A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases was performed. Finally, 29 studies and national and international regulations were reviewed.

Online pharmacies face challenges in ensuring patient safety. Among others, uncontrolled online distribution of medicines can lead to counterfeit products, drug misuse, misdiagnosis, lack of patient monitoring, and self-medication. For these reasons, leading countries in the online pharmacy sector are seeking to institutionalize regulatory and accreditation laws so that adverse consequences are minimized. In Iran, due to the increasing prevalence of illegal online pharmacies, it is necessary to make appropriate decisions more quickly so that, in addition to taking advantage of new technologies, the rights and health of patients and citizens are protected in the best possible way.

E-commerce of pharmaceutical products will be crucial to the development of healthcare systems in the future. Therefore, a strategic and comprehensive approach is likely to help regulators to regulate e-commerce of pharmaceutical products more effectively.

 The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil on body weight, yolk sac weight, serum antioxidant capacity, and blood biochemical parameters in broilers under transport stress at times one, four, and eight hrs. The first factor of additive (first group: positive control without additive, second group: negative control using olive oil, third group: vitamin E in the amount of 0.6 mg per chicken and the fourth group of feeding with peppermint essential oil in the amount of 0.5 mg per chick) and the second factor was the transfer time in three-time intervals of one, four and eight hours. The results showed that the use of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil did not have a significant effect on weight loss in chickens under transport stress. However, the use of vitamin E reduced the weight of the yolk sac compared to the positive control treatment (P<0.05). Transfer times of 1, 4 and 8 hours had no significant effect on body weight and yolk sac in broilers. The effect of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil on cholesterol, HDL, and LDL was not significant. Blood triglyceride levels showed a significant difference between treatments (P<0.05). The lowest serum triglyceride was observed in positive control chickens and peppermint. Serum triglyceride levels showed a significant difference between transfer times (P<0.05). The highest amount of triglyceride was observed in the first hour of transfer and the lowest amount of triglyceride was observed eight hours after transfer time. Serum glucose level was significantly affected by transfer time treatment (P<0.05). The highest blood glucose level was observed one hour after transfusion and the lowest at four hr. The effect of additive type on total serum protein content, malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant capacity was not significant. Vitamin E and peppermint essential oil had no significant effect on the activity of T3 and T4 hormones. According to the results of the present study, the use of vitamin E and peppermint essential oil had little effect on improving the antioxidant status and reducing the transport stress of chickens.

Three Dimensional obturation of root canal is one of the main goals of root canal therapy to preserve health or reach the regeneration or healing of periapical tissues. Root end filling materials are used in numerous situations to reach the mentioned goals. One of the common root end- filling materials is mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) which the foreign and Iranian ones are different in their prices. The aim of this study was to compare the rat connective tissue reaction to Iranian and foreign MTA. This was an animal study in which 40 rats were divided into 5 groups of each 8. The polyethylene tubes filled with foreign (Pro Root MTA) and Iranian (Root MTA) white MTA and were implanted in subcutaneous connective tissue. Similarly, the empty tubes were inserted in subcutaneous connective tissue as control group. The samples were examined histologically after 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days and were scored as followings: 0, was characterized to samples without inflammatory cells; without inflammatory reaction 1, for samples with less than 25 inflammatory cells; mild inflammatory reaction. 2, for samples with 25 to 125 inflammatory cells; moderate inflammatory reaction and 3, for ones with more than 125 inflammatory cells; severe inflammatory reaction. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and p<0.05 was considered as the level of significance. In general, inflammatory reactions were reduced in all groups. Experimental groups had moderate to severe inflammation in the 7th day which had significant difference with the control group having mild to moderate inflammation (p=0.04). There was not any significant differences between experimental and control group in 14th, 30th, 60th and 90th days (p>0.05). Based on the findings of this investigation, inflammatory subcutaneous connective tissue reaction to Iranian (Root MTA) and foreign (Pro Root MTA) MTA was the same.