علی فرضی

Aromatic hydrocarbons are an important group of environmental pollutants which are produced from different sources such as refineries and petrochemical, pharmaceutical, paint, and plastics industries. These environmental pollutants can be removed by different methods such as evaporation, chemical degradation, biological degradation, and adsorption. Biological methods are preferred selective methods because of simplicity, utilization of environmental-friendly microorganisms, and production of safe materials such as water and carbon dioxide (Singh et al. 2007). Bioremediation is a process for the conversion of toxic materials into non-toxic and safe ones based on metabolic activity of microorganisms capable of using organic and petroleum pollutants as carbon and energy sources. It is a useful technology with no environmental disruption (Sungpetch, 1998). Streptomyces species, which belong to the category of Actinomycetes, are gram-positive and non-moving strains. Most of them produce spores and produce most of clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin. These species have different genus and some of them can degrade aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and even complex petroleum compounds (Claessen et al. 2006).

Worldwide development of industries and increasing of energy consumption, have resulted increasing of the emission of nitrogen oxide, NOx, pollutants produced by fossil fuels in industries and internal combustion engines. Therefore, NOx emission control and its removal is very important. In this study, modeling and simulation of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx in a catalytic bed at both steady-state and dynamic conditions was performed. Results of steady-state simulation showed that because of the intense effect of temperature on NOx conversion and competition of the main reaction with the oxidation of NH3 by O2, conversion of NOx requires a catalytic filter in the range of 300-350°C . The results showed that NO conversion increases with decreasing gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and increasing inlet NO concentration. At dynamic condition, steady-state results were used as initial conditions for dynamic simulation and the effect of changes of the effective parameters including GHSV, NO concentration, and NH3/NO ratio were investigated. Also, steady-state simulation of the process were performed using a feed-forward artificial neural network and conversion values of NOx and NH3 were estimated as a function of GHSV, reactor temperature, and NO concentration at fixed NH3/No ratio. 96 networks with different neurons and two different activation function in hidden layer were trained three times with different initial weights. The resulted optimum network showed maximum mean square of errors about 0.01 with respect to mathematical modeling results indicating high performance of neural network for predication of process performance.

Direct catalytic oxidation of methane to methanol is a novel technique which has eliminated the intermediate and expensive process of synthesis gas production. This technology can be used for low deposit, remote, low-pressure fields, and abundant resources of unconventional gas, without need to manufacture of expensive units of gas-to-liquid (GTL) process. In present study, modeling and simulation of the single step (direct) conversion of methane to methanol has been investigated in a fluidized-bed reactor packed with V2O5/SiO2 particles as the reaction catalyst. Firstly, the reactor was simulated at steady-state conditions and the effect of important parameters such as feed temperature and residence time of reactants within the reactor on methane conversion and product's selectivity was studied. In the next step, dynamic simulation of the process was performed and the effect of disturbances of effective parameters on reactor performance was investigated. In steady state conditions, for the residence time of 9 seconds maximum yield of methanol production was obtained at 50 bar and 773 K and methane conversion was 32.2 and methanol selectivity was 42.1. Results showed that by increasing reactor temperature and residence time, methane conversion increases but methanol selectivity decreases. Cooling fluid temperature and residence time were found to have the greatest effect on reaction rate and rector performance. Also results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature for fixed-bed reactor.

For Suhrawardi Wrath are considered as some existential link among the Lights. And since there is no barrier between the high and the low lights, naturally the latter observes the former, though have no domination over it and yet be illuminated through it. That is to say, the low lights because of their weak existence are encompassed by the high ones due to their luminous natures. . Thus, the existence of the best and most complete order of Being is the elevated lights Wrath and illumination toward lover. Suhrawardi believe, the Wrath means that the elevated light embrace toward the lover light and it penetration in the degrees of being and also the pure truth by his own light is dominator than the all things. and so the aim of this domination is the vision of pure truth and detached lights. That from the view Suhrawardi, man achieve it after the departure from body. In this paper, the contents and topics that was expressed, will be checked.

Suhrawardī and Mullā Ṣadrā believe that human perfection is not achievable without love. In Suhrawardī’s view, the lower lights seek to achieve perfection and to remove deficiencies in rank by love and enthusiasm toward higher lights. Similarly, man has inclined toward the world of light and approached the Light of all lights through perceiving the truths, because love is the fruit of knowledge and the more there is knowledge and love of the Almighty God, the more will there be proximity to God and ultimately the easier would be achieving perfection. However, by proving love for all the creatures, Mullā Ṣadrā believes that love for perfection is trusted in each possible being so that that possible being both preserves its existing excellences and is eager for its lost virtues. In his view, every human being would achieve perfection as much as he enjoys love for perfection, because the substantial development of the spiritual wayfarers is not one and the same. Thus, every mover would move toward perfection according to its expanse of being and degree of love.

The instead theory is one of the important theological issues which most Adlieh theologians have used to justify the initial pain and regard it as a reason for justice of God in discussion of initial pains. Unlike Adlieh, Asharites, however, discussing the theory without criticizing it, have addressed the theory in conflict with own principles and denied it. The remarkable point in studying Asharites ideas is their sheikh Abu Hassan Ash’ari. Since he was a Mutazilite, the above study could assist us explaining the instead theory which is attributed to Mutazilite. The Asharites principles denying the instead theory, has been seriously challenged by Adlieh. They, in addition to providing evidence for the truth of their principles, maintain that necessity of Asharites idea is to have following sequences of corruption.