علی معصومی

slamic accounting, an emerging branch of accounting science, has evolved based on the principles of Shariah and Islamic ethics and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. However, the knowledge structure, conceptual foundations, and developmental patterns of academic publications in this field—both in Iran and within the Scopus database—have not been comprehensively mapped or compared. This study aims to conduct a scientometric analysis to explore trends, collaboration networks, and conceptual clusters of scholarly documents related to Islamic accounting in Iran and in Scopus. By identifying key journals, prolific authors, institutions, and countries, and by visualizing keyword co-occurrence and scientific collaboration networks, this research provides a comparative overview of the conceptual and thematic landscapes of Islamic accounting research in both contexts.

This applied research is based on scientometric techniques and network analysis. Data were collected from two primary sources: (1) the Scopus citation database, representing the international scholarly landscape, and (2) major Iranian academic databases, including Noormags, Magiran, Civilica, Ganj, and SID. A comprehensive set of keywords relevant to Islamic accounting—such as Zakat accounting, Waqf accounting, Murabaha accounting, Sukuk accounting, Khums accounting, and Shariah-compliant accounting—was searched in both English and Persian. After data cleaning and preprocessing, the datasets were imported into VOSviewer in CSV format. The analysis included keyword co-occurrence mapping, author and institutional collaboration network analysis, and thematic cluster detection. Additionally, the temporal evolution of research themes was examined across both data sources.

The analysis shows that the volume of scholarly documents on Islamic accounting indexed in Scopus has grown substantially since 2016, with Southeast Asian countries—particularly Malaysia and Indonesia—leading the field. The United Kingdom has also played an active role as one of the international research hubs in this area. In Iran, the number of publications began increasing in 2012 (1391) but declined after 2015 (1394). Key journals in the field include the Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research in Scopus, and Iranian journals such as The Accountant, and specialized accounting conferences. In terms of collaboration networks, the global research community demonstrates a more cohesive and multi-centered structure, with influential figures like Rania Kamla forming central nodes. In contrast, collaboration patterns among Iranian scholars tend to be fragmented and limited to small, disconnected clusters. Notable institutions in the global landscape include the International Islamic University Malaysia and Heriot-Watt University in the UK, while Islamic Azad University and the University of Tehran are among the most active in Iran. Keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals significant conceptual differences between the two environments. In Scopus, frequently used terms include “Islamic Accounting,” “AAOIFI,” and “Sharia Accounting”. Iranian literature, however, is more focused on keywords like “Islamic Accounting,” “Zakat,” and “Accountability”. The keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed distinct conceptual structures in the field of Islamic accounting across Scopus and Iranian sources. In Scopus, four main clusters were identified: practical applications of Sharia-compliant accounting; theoretical and epistemological foundations; standardization and regulatory bodies; and the intersection of Islamic accounting with broader Islamic economic structures. In contrast, Iranian scholarly literature exhibited five clusters: ethical and value-based foundations of Islamic accounting; the institutional and regulatory framework of the Islamic financial system; social and applied dimensions; the linkage between theoretical accounting concepts and religious perspectives; and comparative analyses between Islamic and conventional accounting. The thematic evolution of topics in both contexts followed a three-phase trajectory. In Scopus, the first phase emphasized foundational and financial-banking concepts; the second phase expanded toward institutional frameworks and economic applications; and the third phase reflected a shift toward analytical, methodologically rigorous approaches. Meanwhile, in the Iranian context, the first phase was characterized by religious theorization and conceptual groundwork; the second phase focused on institutionalization and the development of implementation mechanisms; and the third phase highlighted critical and comparative perspectives as well as emerging challenges in the field.

The mapping of Islamic accounting knowledge reveals that while scholarly attention to the field is growing in both Iran and globally (as represented by Scopus), notable differences exist in terms of conceptual orientation, structural development, and collaborative patterns. Scopus-indexed publications are more aligned with institutionalization, international standards, and practical application, whereas Iranian research emphasizes foundational Islamic values, jurisprudential reasoning, and theoretical innovation. To elevate Iran’s academic standing in this field, policies should support interdisciplinary research, foster broader scientific collaboration, and bridge the gap between academia and practice. Scientometric analysis and network mapping can further serve as strategic tools for identifying research trends, conceptual gaps, and priority areas for future inquiry.

In this study, an intelligent deep learning–based system is proposed for automated detection of surface defects in copper cathode blanks used in the electrorefining process. The proposed pipeline combines a YOLOv8-based segmentation model with an EfficientNetV2-S classifier to localize and analyze defect-relevant regions of each blank. The segmentation module identifies the main copper regions, edge strips, and defect-prone areas associated with surface anomalies such as scratches, dents, misalignment, and discoloration, effectively reducing background interference and improving classification reliability. The dataset includes 5,266 labeled images with a significant class imbalance, addressed using focal loss and class weighting during training. Experimental results on the test set demonstrate strong performance, achieving 98.32% accuracy, 96.71% precision, 95.67% recall, an F1-score of 96.19%, and an AUC of 0.9953. Grad-CAM visualizations and error analysis further confirm that the model consistently focuses on meaningful defect regions while remaining robust to background and illumination variations. These results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed approach for reliable quality control in industrial copper electrorefining lines.

Educational infatuation and help-seeking behavior are important variables for students and create the basis for their academic progress. The aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive load and self-determination training on academic enthusiasm and help-seeking behavior in second-year high school students. The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test, post-test with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, and the statistical population included all second-year high school female students in the six districts of Isfahan in the academic year 2024-2025. The sampling method was available sampling, and for this purpose, 63 second-year high school students who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to three groups. Initially, District 3 was randomly selected from among the six districts of Isfahan, and from among the second-year high school girls in District 3, the non-governmental Tafsazan High School was randomly selected. In this high school, students who were interested in participating in this study were invited by holding a call. Among the individuals who met the inclusion criteria, 63 people were randomly selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 23 people. The first experimental group received the Sharif Manesh et al. (2000) cognitive load training package in 6 90-minute sessions, and the second experimental group received the Jalili et al. (2018) self-determination training package in 12 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not undergo any intervention. The research tools included the Martin and Jackson (2008) , Educational infatuation questionnaires and Ryan and Pintrich (1997) help-seeking behavior questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26 software and the repeated-measures analysis of variance method. Cognitive load and self-determination training increased students' , Educational infatuation and acceptance of help-seeking and reduced help-seeking avoidance, and the effects of the training remained at the follow-up stage. However, no significant difference was observed between the two educational interventions. Cognitive load and self-determination training can improve students' learning, infatuation, and Educational help-seeking. Teachers should use these methods to reduce cognitive load and enhance students' intrinsic motivation.

 Educational adjustment and Educational engagement are important and significant variables among students. Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive load training on Educational adjustment and Educational Engagement in second year high school students. The semi-experimental research method was pre-test, post-test with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, and the statistical population included all female students of the second year of high school in the six districts of Isfahan in the academic year of 1402-1403. 42 people were selected through targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two intervention groups and control group (21 people in each group). The research tools in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases included the Baker and Seriak academic adjustment questionnaires and Rio's academic engagement. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23 software and multivariate covariance analysis .The results showed that training has increased students' cognitive load, Educational adjustment and Educational Engagement, the effects of training remained in the follow-up phase (p<0.001). Cognitive load training reduces mental burden, enhances students' Educational adjustment and Educational engagement, decreases educational stress, and improves the quality of education

The use of composite rebars is increasing in the construction industry due to their characteristics such as high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, light weight and reasonable price compared to steel rebars, however, the behavior of deep concrete beams with opening, reinforced with GFRP rebars Less studied. In this research, the behavior of 7 deep reinforced concrete beams with and without openings reinforced with GFRP rebar was investigated under 4-point bending test. Dimensions, number and placement of openings were included as research variables. In all samples, the ratio of the shear span to the depth of the beam is 0.9. The results of the research show that placing an opening in the load transfer path, with diameters of 14 and 24 cm, respectively, reduces the final strength of the beams by 68 and 75% compared to the beam without opening. The final strength of the samples decreases by 6% by increasing the number of openings with a diameter of 14 cm from one to two, and by 3% for the samples with an increase of the number of openings with a diameter of 24 cm from one to two. By examining the results, it was found that placing the opening in the middle of the beam opening does not reduce the strength of the beam. The failure mode in all beams is from shear type and rupture along the load application site to the support, and the first main cracks formed in the beams are of bending, shearing or bending-shearing type depending on the dimensions of the opening and its location. The test results were compared with the relations in the ACI regulations and it was determined that the shear capacity of the beams based on the relations of the regulations is on average 14% lower than the test results.

Salinity stress is considered one of the most important stresses in arid regions and affects 20% of arable land around the world and is continuously increasing due to climate change and human activities. Frequent and continuous droughts in Iran and drought stress and subsequent water and soil salinity make the production of more crops in arid and semi-arid regions face increasing restrictions and this causes a decrease in quantitative and qualitative yield of plants in these areas have been. To investigate the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits of different wheat cultivars, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Sabzevar. In this experiment, 15 wheat cultivars were compared at three levels of salinity (0, 5 and 10 dSm). Root and stem dry weight, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll a, b and total, soluble sugars and amino proline content were measured in different cultivars. The results showed that salinity increased the dry weight of root and stem and decreased the chlorophyll concentration. In salt stress condition, the lowest amount of leaf relative water belonged to Gasgozien cultivar with 15.61% and the highest amount was Bam with 62.34%The Mihan and Bam cultivars had the highest levels of chlorophyll a and b. The highest content of relative water content, proline amino acid and soluble sugars was observed in Pishtaz, Bam and Mihan cultivars.

Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a common widely utilized medicinal plant, especially in tropical regions. To explore the cytogenetic characteristics of purslane, an experiment was conducted on five landraces of purslane, including Qom, Khoy, Kalat, Yazd and Gachsaran in Payame Noor University of Mashhad, Iran. The results showed that in all five landraces, the basic chromosomes number was x=9; two landraces (Qom and Yazd) were tetraploid (2n=4x=36) and three landraces (Gachsaran, Khoy and Kalat) were diploid (2n=2x=18). Chromosome type was meta-centric and sub-meta-centric. The landraces of Khoy and Yazd had the longest and the shortest chromosomes respectively. In all landrace, the short arm size ranged from 5.93 µm to 8.07 µm and the long arm size ranged from 9.21 µm to 10.04 µm. According to the Stebbins' Table, landrace of Qom was the member of class 1B and others were members of class 1A. This represents a similar and primary evolutionary situation between landraces. In the clustering of different landraces in terms of karyotypic traits, Khoy and Kalat landraces were placed in one cluster and each of Gachsaran, Yazd and Qom landraces were placed in separate branches. PCA showed that the first three traits as Length of Long arm, Length of short arm and Length of total chromosome explained more than 97% of the total variation among the landraces. In general, considering the medicinal properties and wide distribution of purslane, determining the ploidy level and chromosomal study of different landraces of this plant can be effective in breeding and increasing its quantitative and qualitative production.

This research includes an analytical approach on the subject of vulnerability of structures with resistant skeleton consisting of multiple cells of moment frames, based on the seismic resilience approach. There are two considered studied structures consisting of a 24- and a 48-story bundled framed tube resistant skeleton. The results of this study have been obtained and evaluated through performing incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) and statistical evaluations of structural fragility curves. The seismic fragility analysis has been applied with respect to the assigned FEMA provisions in order to calculate the probability for the structure to exceed six performance levels. Then, by determining the damage coefficients according to the HAZUS 2005 instructions and applying the proposed formulation of the damage function in the report MCEER-09-0009, the seismic resilience strength index of the studied structures was calculated.Based on the results of nonlinear dynamic analyses, it was observed that the bundled framed tube structural systems have relatively good safety and resilience against collapse mode under strong near-field records containing velocity pulses. Also, based on the evaluation of the probabilistic values calculated for the occurrence of the assigned limit states, it was known that the studied bundled framed tube structures handle the gradual processes of stiffness deterioration and strength degradation, with a more comprehensive formation of the geometric nonlinear behavior. In accordance with the processed results of the fragility curves, it was known that the application of bundled framed tube structures in high-rise buildings can produce a high capability of dynamic stability .

The evaluation of the fragility functions is an analytical approach that allows different ground motions to be used at varying intensity levels and represent various characteristics of low-intensity and high-intensity shakings. The fragility curves demonstrate the structure’s probability of collapse, or other limit states, as a function of some ground motion intensity measures (IM). The intensity measure is often quantified by spectral acceleration (Sa) or peak ground acceleration (PGA). Based on the statistical procedures, the parameters of the fragility functions are computed by assessing the results of nonlinear dynamic time history analyses. Therefore, the probability of failure associated with a prescribed criterion (e.g. the maximum inter-story drift) is estimated based on the probabilistic distribution relations.This paper evaluates the effects of internal flexural frames on the seismic performance of diagrid structures based on fragility curves. This evaluation is achieved by designing a group of 24-story studied diagrid models with various diagonal angles of 49, 67, and 74 according to the Iranian Standard No. 2800 (4th edition) and the Iranian National Building Code (Steel Structures-Issue 10). Then, some specific interior gravity frames of the studied diagrid models are replaced with bending frames. The seismic vulnerability of the studied diagrid structures with and without internal bending frames is assessed using nonlinear time history and incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) under near-field earthquake records containing different directivity effects. Finally, the fragility curves for the studied structures were obtained based on the lognormal probabilistic distribution function for the seismic performance limit states including IO, LS, CP, and global instability (GI). Moreover, the seismic performance levels of the studied structures were determined based on the FEMA 356.The results of performed nonlinear time history analyses indicate that the application of internal bending frames in diagrid structures would reduce the value of inter-story drift in upper floor levels, especially when the angles of exterior diagonal members are large. The results also show that the global instability of diagrid structures without internal bending frames can occur at a faster rate than the skeletal models with internal bents. Also, the contribution of the internal bending frames in improving the nonlinear behavior of diagrid structures depends on the perimeter triangular patterns. Due to this dependency, the increase in the angle of the inclined members in skeletal geometric configuration can increase the effectiveness of the internal bending frames in preventing the occurrence of global dynamic instability. The fragility curves of the studied diagrid structures illustrate that the internal bending frames reduce potentially excessive seismic performance levels. Furthermore, the internal bending frames amplify the seismic energy dissipation capability of the diagrid structures.

Accidental fire can be a catastrophe for engineering constructions, especially in building structures. Among structures made of various engineering materials exposed to fire, the reinforced concrete (RC) structures show better performance against fire, due to lower relative thermal conductivity, higher specific heat capacity of concrete, and slower reduction of concrete mechanical characteristics compared with other types of the structure materials. However, in case of severe fire exposure, the RC structures may experience serious structural damage due to the explosive concrete spalling resulting in a high-temperature rise in the reinforcing rebars and relatively large deformation with very limited residual bearing capacity. Although the explosive spalling and significant loss of the cross-sectional area of RC structural elements is a sign of severe damage to these elements, the reduction of mechanical properties of the materials and the performance level of the structure due to chemical reactions such as C-S-H gel dehydration caused by penetration of high temperature in the interior layers of the element cross-section may not be easily visible and evaluated.A building that has experienced a fire, cannot be exploited for immediate reuse, even when the fire is completely extinguished until load bearing capacity of its members is determined. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the residual capacity of structural elements through logical engineering methods to facilitate the re-operation or development of strengthening methods in the fired RC structures.Due to the importance of recognizing the behavior and residual seismic capacity of the structures exposed to fire, in this paper, a numerical study based on the nonlinear finite element method has been performed on RC frames. In the first step of the research, the process of heat distribution in the frames located in the furnace based on the previous experimental study is simulated by heat transfer analysis. All three modes of heat transfer including convection, radiation, and conduction were considered in this analysis and the effect of moisture content and emissivity coefficient was evaluated. In the second step, using the residual mechanical properties of materials (reinforcing steel rebar and concrete) based on the maximum heat experienced in the previous step, the seismic behavior of RC frames is evaluated using the pushover analysis. The experimental RC specimens used to validate the proposed numerical model consist of two frames with various beam/column bending capacity ratios in two cases, at room temperature and after being exposed to fire. Due to the different relationships available to determine the residual compressive strength of concrete, the seismic response of the frame was investigated based on three common relations Shi, Lie, and Schneider. The results showed that the proposed numerical analysis method has good accuracy in both steps of analysis and different models for estimating the residual compressive strength, despite some differences, have the ability to predict the post-fire performance of RC frames. It was also shown that for the RC frame specimen with the strong beam-weak column, the ratio of reduced post-fire load bearing capacity and energy absorption is higher.

This study aims to investigate the analytical scheme of both the bi-normalized acceleration response spectrum and the bi-normalized tripartite response spectrum according to an ensemble of near-field strong ground motion records in the forward directivity conditions. For this purpose, the horizontal components of the ground acceleration time history were considered and a group of 16 ground motion pairs were selected, which have been recorded during two great earthquakes occurred in California, namely the Northridge (1994) and the Imperial Valley (1979). Also, the analytical scheme of the normalized acceleration response spectrum and the normalized tripartite response spectrum corresponding to a symbolic single-degree-of-freedom system have been compared with the related bi-normalized acceleration response spectra. It should be noted that the identification of near-field strong ground motion records is usually recognized by their physical characteristics such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and the relatively short period process of energy release. Many strong ground motions have been recorded in less than 20 km from the fault rupture surface during intensive powerful earthquakes. In this case, the most famous earthquake tremors are the Imperial Valley (1979), Loma Prieta (1989), Landers (1992), and Northridge (1994) in California, plus the Kobe (1995) in Japan, Erzincan (1992), as well as Kocaeli (1999) in Turkey. Moreover, there are two very strong records, which were related to the Tabas (1978) and Bam (2003) earthquakes in Iran. The ensemble of the selected earthquake records in this research includes near-field ones that contain various tectonic occurrences. The main physical characteristics of the chosen records cover a wide range of the frequency content and strong ground motions duration as well as various high seismological amplitudes. The related values of the peak ground acceleration and velocity are numerically high. Generally, the peak ground velocity (PGV) is often viewed as a better indicator of the earthquake record damage potential than the peak ground acceleration (PGA). The large velocity pulses evident in the related plots can be viewed as damaging features. Moreover, the earthquake record damage potential also depends on how much dynamic ground displacement occurs during these velocity pulses. Referred to apparent physical influences caused by strong faulting mechanisms, the presence of high-amplitude velocity pulses is one of the most important characteristics of near-field records, which can be registered in a time-history domain. In general, these pulses appear as wave-shaped features with high amplitudes and long periods, which have a compound and continuous shape. Distinct powerful velocity pulses are resulted corresponding to high-amplitude acceleration pulses and spikes usually with a less than 1.5 second time-domain and also high-amplitude and short-time spikes with 0.2 to 0.3 second time-step in the spectral windows of the horizontal parallel and perpendicular components with respect to the fault rupture couture. These processes would essentially cause an enormous amount of the kinetic energy of strong ground motions to get released in the time-range of compound coherent and long-term velocity pulses in the related time history. In order to investigate these effects on the configuration of the aimed response spectrum, the velocity pulse time step, the ratio of corresponding kinematic energy of both two horizontal components, peak ground acceleration (PGA), and peak ground velocity (PGV) were considered.According to the performed computational assessments in this research, it was resulted that the bi-normalized response spectrum by the basic criterion of predominant period has a monotonous configuration and would get fewer effects due to variation of the notified spectral parameters.

Many researches have been currently conducted on the effects of fault distance on structures revealing that their seismic response can differ according to their distance from the fault. Suspension bridges due to their long period and high flexibility can be more sensitive to this phenomenon, especially in vertical vibration. Since the engineers tend to use longer spans, the length factor should be studied more accurately. In this paper, the effects of length factor on the seismic response of the suspension bridge under near and far-fault ground motions were addressed. The Vincent Thomas and Golden Gate suspension bridges as short and long ones, respectively, are selected as the case studies. The seismic responses of two bridges under five main worldwide ground motions contained both near and far-fault ones, with the same peak ground’s acceleration, are evaluated. The results indicated that the response of both bridges to the near and far-fault ground motions are perfectly different. Short span suspension bridges are vulnerable to near-fault ground motions, whereas long span ones are completely susceptible to both near and far-fault ground motions, and by increasing the length of span, the sensitivity of bridge was increased against far-fault low frequency excitations. Also, maximum displacement responses of spans in both bridges did not increase by maximizing peak ground’s acceleration.

Evaluation of the fragility characteristic and its related parameters is an efficient method to assess the seismic performance of structures subjected to earthquake tremors. The probability of exceeding limit state criterions for structural performance associated with a conceptual lemma is usually considered and numerically illustrated as a function of seismic intensity to be used in preparing the fragility curves. By implementing a statistical distribution for preparing the fragility curves, the evaluation process of the vulnerability of structures and its related probable collapse estimation will be available. The concept of resilience is introduced as the ability of structures to reduce the probability of any exceeding performance level over control time. The resilience criterion is an important concept in conjunction with various disaster management processes, in which the structural capability to sustain skeletal stability is determined during strong ground motions. Based on comprehensive researches, there are essential factors that must be considered to establish an effective implementation for the seismic resilience lemma. The aforementioned essential factors are entitled as robustness, resourcefulness, redundancy, and rapidity. In this paper, the conceptualization of the structural resilience was assessed for three studied diagrid structural systems. Moreover, there is a basic studied model comprising a full bundled tube skeleton which has been used for performing all numerical comparisons among the seismic response parameters. The effect of the geometrical configuration of the perimeter diagonal beam-column elements on the seismic resilience lemma was evaluated though numerical explanations due to the released fragility curves. The three studied 24-story diagrid structures were considered with uniform geometric configurations and internal bundled flexural cellules, which form a hybrid resistant skeleton. The uniform diagonal angles for diagrid models were considered 49°, 67°, and 74° respectively. Several nonlinear time history (NTHA) and incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) were performed on the four studied 24-story structural models under near-field ground motions with various directivity effects. The probability of the exceeding performance limit states for the studied structures was calculated based on the FEMA provisions. The assumed performance levels in preparing fragility curves included the immediate occupancy (IO), the life safety (LS), the collapse prevention (CP), and the probabilistic global instability (GI) indices. Also, the robustness of seismic resilience for the studied structures was determined according to the proposed formulation of the damage function as reported by MCEER. The results obtained from conducting nonlinear time history and incremental dynamic analyses indicate that the assumed geometric pattern for the perimeter inclined elements would relatively reduce the maximum inter-story drift and increase the collapse capacity of the diagrid structures. In addition, the definition of large angles for diagonal elements can increase the probability of the seismic performance levels to be higher than the L.S. criterion. The values of the robustness parameter for the studied diagrid structures with skeletal angles of 49°, 67°, 74° and also the studied bundled tube model were obtained as 95.9, 91.7, 88.6, and 85.1, respectively. Moreover, the evaluation of the related seismic resilience for all the studied structures proved that the diagrid systems had a great ability to resist a specific limit of damage. It is demonstrated that implementing triangular patterns in the external framed panels of the seismic-resistant skeleton would decrease the estimated amount for the qualified deterioration effects in structures after a strong earthquake. In this regard, upon increasing the skeletal angles of inclined elements, the effect of diagonal configuration on controlling the occurrence probability of higher performance limit states would be effectively decreased. This research results indicate that the geometric pattern of diagrid elements is able to increase the value of the skeletal hard resilience component and relatively exceed the capability of structural stability against near-field ground motions.

Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of different purslane landraces to drought stress in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Daregaz during the spring 2016. The experiment was as factorial based on completely randomized design with four levels of drought stress (field capacity, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC), 5 landraces of purslane (Qom, Kalat, Sabzevar, Yazd, Gachsaran), and with three replications. The studied traits were relative water content, membrane sustainability index, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll sustainability index (the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline content, soluble carbohydrates, and fresh and dry weight of roots in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Results showed that an increase in water stress level decreased the relative water content and cell membrane stability index while increasing the leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, proline, and carbohydrates in different landraces of purslane. Results also indicated that the landraces of Gachsaran and Yazd had higher membrane stability index, lower RWC, and lower chlorophyll content under stress. Among the studied landraces, Qom and Kalat showed significant superiority compared to Sabzevar, Yazd and Gachsaran landraces in terms of proline and soluble carbohydrates. Also, the results showed that with increasing drought stress, fresh and dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems reduced at vegetative and generative stages of plant development such that the highest morphological and physiological traits in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth were observed in 75% and 100% of field capacity and the minimum levels of these traits were obtained in 25% of field capacity. In general, Qom and Kalat landraces were more tolerant to drought stress compared to other landraces while Gachsaran, Yazd, and Sabzevar due to the relatively weak response to drought stress in most of the measured traits, were evaluated as susceptible landraces to drought stress.

In this study, the performance of resistant skeleton of mid-rise moment frames under scaled near-field records have been evaluated. This evaluation was performed by emphasizing on the behavior factor. The studied structures are two buildings comprising of bundled tube frame and 3d moment frame resistant skeletons. The selected strong earthquake records contain forward directivity effects. The selected records contain strong pulses in corresponding velocity time history and applied to the studied structures as three component tremors. The results of this study denote that the variation of structural response parameters, directly depends on the existence of strong forward directivity effects as well as the pulse-like nature of near-field earthquake records. Moreover, the behavior factor and its related parameters entitled ductility, overstrength and strength reduction factors are evaluated and estimated for the studied structures based on utilization of the proposed formulas notified by past researches. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the building with 3d moment frame structure is relatively more robust and stable than the other studied structure. Also the estimated ductility factors for the bundled tube structure in both directions of plan are more than those due to the 3d moment frame structure. In addition, the estimated values of the force reduction factors in both directions of plan of the bundled tube structure are more than those ones calculated for the 3d moment frame skeleton. There is an opposite manner for the estimated oversrtength factors related to the both studied structures. Finally, it has been concluded that an analytical convergence between the results related to both of the codified and the estimated behavior factors can be recognized.

Earthquake vulnerability is the major weakness of unreinforced masonry structures. Various methods have so far been proposed to strengthen such structures against earthquakes. The recommended procedures are not especially suitable for this type of structures, that are meanwhile historically and culturally valuable. One of the adequately suitable methods of retrofitting of this particular type of structures is the center-core technique; based on which the façade of buildings with no change whatsoever. Scantly little studies have so far been conducted on structural retrofitting and the essential research carried out in this area has focused on the study of masonry piers. In this study, the in-plane nonlinear behavior of two full scale unreinforced masonry wall specimens, retrofitted with three and five reinforced cores, were tested under experimental cyclic loading; and their related hysteresis force-displacement, envelop force-displacement (backbone curve), energy dissipation and secant stiffness degradation curves, were plotted. Using envelop curves, ductility and effective stiffness parameters of each of the two specimens were extracted and the results were compared with those of the reference non-retrofitted wall specimen. The outcome results revealed that this method has led to 42% increase in ultimate strength and a 55% increase in ductility of the three-core specimens compared to 84% increase in the ultimate strength and 236% rise in ductility of the five-core sample. Also, the reinforced samples’ effective stiffness raised significantly as compared to the non-retrofitted specimen. Failure and damage patterns of the strengthened specimens showed that their failure modes, compared to the non-retrofitted reference specimen, have converted from diagonal to combination of diagonal and sliding failure mode.

Provisions and recommendations of seismic codes are generally based on the determination of design earthquake and the effects of aftershocks is neglected. Moreover, in regions with high seismicity risk, aftershocks with different magnitude and occurrence time would take place following the main-shock. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate seismic response parameters of a twenty-story bundled tube frame subjected to three-components near-field ground motions considering the effects of aftershocks. Spectral and physical characteristics of aftershocks encompass a wide range of magnitudes. Hence, the ground shaking modeling procedure is conducted via different ratios of aftershock peak ground acceleration divided by that of the proposed main-shock. The main characteristic of strong ground motion records used in this research is the existence of consecutive long duration, high amplitude velocity pulses. Occurrence of successive strong aftershocks leads to accumulation of permanent displacement as well as residual drift in the structures. In order to generate aftershocks, the randomized approach was applied in this study. The response parameters studied in the current paper include maximum story drift envelope, story residual drift, plastic hinge mechanisms and induced axial forces due to shear lag effect. The results obtained from analyses reveal that the amount of story drift and its variations, are directly proportional to the presence of rupture directivity effects in earthquake record as well as the ratio of aftershock peak ground acceleration to that of the main-shock, i.e. PGAas/PGAms. Moreover, residual drift under earthquake tremors containing successive aftershocks, either free field records (related to the actual dynamic behavior viewpoint) or scaled ones (related to the performance based design viewpoint) represents considerable variations.

In the present study, effect of natural cementation on the shearing behavior of carbonate sand of Khark Island, south of Iran, has been investigated. To do so, a pseudo-natural cementation method was employed. The importance of this technique lies in its suitability as a substitute for undisturbed samples of cemented carbonate soil that are hard and costly to prepare. Uncemented and cemented samples provided by this method were tested using direct shear apparatus and the results were analyzed and compared to one another. Furthermore, effects of factors such as curing time and relative compaction on the shearing behavior of the Khark sand were studied. It was observed that cementation results in the rise of the shearing resistance, in particular at high vertical stresses, and leads to a decline in the tendency of soil to dilation. While cementation led to growth in the internal friction angle of soil, it may cause increase, decrease or no change in the cohesion of the Khark sand. Increase in curing time led to considerable rise in the cohesion and minor change in the internal friction angle of the cemented soil. Furthermore, results showed that as the relative compaction of the investigated cemented carbonate soil goes up, the cohesion of the soil might increase, decline or stay unchanged while the internal friction angle always increases. Factors that are likely to contribute to the development of the behavior stated earlier were introduced and their effects were discussed thoroughly.

Due to the fact that common structures are designed only against gravity and seismic loads, the performance of these structures must be investigated against impact loading, in order to protect against this damage if necessary. In this paper, the effect of the arrangement of different shape of transverse bars and their spacing on the performance of beam-column element against blast loading has been studied. In this study, 13 model of concrete beam-column element with different transverse bar arrangement has been explored to examine their performance against explosions with 25 kg TNT. The finite element modeling was performed in Autodyn software and the parameters of explosion modeling, behavioral models of concrete elements and rebar, air meshing dimensions and concrete elements were determined with the results of the field test of explosion in previous studies. In this research, five type of transverse bars shape were modeled proportional to the three spacing of transverse bars. The degree of deformation and the mode of failure of the elements were compared as a measure of the performance of different states of each other. The results showed that for constant area of rebar, the element with one square tie and one link has best performance comparing to other arrangements. The maximum deformation rate in the A-1 (with one square tie ) model was 65 mm and in the D-2 model (one square tie and one link), it was 26 mm, showing a decrease of 60%.

The dual steel resistant skeleton is one of the functional structural systems for resisting against lateral forces induced by earthquakes that in addition to the enhanced ductility possesses high stiffness, dynamic stability, and redundancy. Behavioural pattern of dual resisting systems is based on shear and bending performance modes. This research includes a study on the nonlinear seismic behaviour of dual eccentrically braced resisting frames with knee rods. The extent of the effectiveness of knee bracing has been assessed based on nonlinear time history analyses of the structure subjected to severe three-component earthquake records. A strong near-field ground motion possesses particular characteristics. The existence of high amplitude and long period pulses in recorded strong ground motions along with the severe accumulation of kinetic energy and its short release time, are of noticeable differences between near-field and far-field earthquake records. The particular objective of this research is to evaluate the amplitude of variations in maximum responses and to determine the time history of absolute acceleration, relative displacement, and relative velocity of floors along with the base shear of the studied models. Analysing the results indicate an observable appearance of the effects of large coherent velocity pulses presented in the time history of near-field earthquake records, on the relative lateral displacement of floors and on the rapid propagation of plastic hinge mechanism throughout the primary elements of dual resistant skeleton.