علی میرهاشمی

The expansion of air, sea, and land transport in terms of facilities, passengers, cargo transportation, speed, accessibility, and network development are increasing daily, which can have disadvantages beside the benefits of its development. The most prevalent of which in recent years are outbreak, intensification or causing disease by the transport system. The restrictions imposed by diseases such as Covid-19 on the transport system during recent years have led the study to investigate the structural dimensions of transport and disease studies in a larger dimention and to identify the types of common diseases that are closely related to the transport system. In fact, this scientometric review provides an overview of transportation and disease studies at the core of the Web of Science (WoS) search engine using the Vosviewer and Bibliometric software. In this study, descriptive analyzes have been used to examine the temporal development trend of the number of studies, identify effective journals and articles. Conceptual analysis is organized with keyword co-occurrence analysis of research fronts to identify and classify them. Based on co-occurrence analysis, the research fronts of transportation and disease studies are classified into 4 main categories: "Infectious Diseases", "pandemic diseases", "vector-borne Diseases", and "Chronic Diseases".

Since the First World War, almost every war can be described with the term "total war" because the war is not limited to the battlefield and involves all the military, political, economic, social, cultural and demographic capacities of a country. The eight-year war between Iran and Iraq was considered a "total war" especially for the Iranian side. Astan Quds Razavi was one of the deep-rooted religious-social-economic institutions in the country, which played a role in the eight-year imposed war. The main problem in this article is to examine the different angles and dimensions of the organizational role-playing of this institution during the eight years of the imposed war through documents. Based on this, the present article seeks to answer its main problem by relying on a descriptive-annotative approach and by relying on archival documents and unpublished oral historical interviews. Based on documentary data, the role of Astan Quds Razavi in the war imposed a model consisting of five main categories: "war support", "propaganda and organization and deployment of troops", "war-effected emigrants’ affairs and reconstruction", "formation of front office and war" and finally, "sacrifice" which in turn consists of nine sub-categories.

Today, the semi-circular bending (SCB) test has become a common method and used in studying the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures. According to the regulations, this test has specified laboratory conditions such as sample geometry, test temperature and a certain loading rate. However, in addition to providing these conditions for SCB testing, the shape and type of supports used in the experiment are less considered and they do not have an integrated type and shape, which may cause differences in laboratory results. Therefore, in this study, the effects of 5 different support configurations on important parameters of fracture mechanics at intermediate temperatures was investigated by considering the coefficient of variation (CV). The used loading rate was selected 5 mm/min in which the asphalt samples were subjected to uniform static loading under mode I. The experimental results showed that the selection of support type has a direct influence on the fracture mechanic parameters, while the selection of the wrong support type may cause significant error in the test results. Nevertheless, the friction between the sample and the support causes more dispersion in the test results and could reduce its repeatability. For this purpose, it could be recommended not to use rigid supports that have considerable friction with the sample. Finally, considering specific laboratory conditions for the SCB test (i.e., sample geometry, test temperature and specific loading rate), support No. 1 was selected as the most suitable support with high repeatability of the results.

Considering the increase in intersection safety studies, the present study aims to review these studies using scientometric methods. To this aim, 744 articles related to intersection safety until April 1, 2020, were extracted from the Web of Science (WOS) research engine. In the current study, co-citation, co-author, and co-occurrence of words were presented with descriptive analysis methods using VOS viewer and Bibliometrix software, which provide a descriptive, social, and conceptual framework, respectively. Also, the growth and development of the publications, the most cited articles, the most influential authors, sources, institutions, and countries are analyzed. Results showed that according to the co-citation analysis, the conceptual structure of the intersection safety is divided into five main clusters: accident frequency, accident severity, safety performance measures, safety of vulnerable users, estimation of safety level, and intersection accident data analysis studies. Moreover, using conceptual analysis of keywords in intersection safety articles, topics related to cyclist safety, intelligent transportation systems, driver simulation, driver behavior, segment analysis, and road intersections were identified as high density and high centrality in studies. Topics such as empirical bayes, resource allocation, vehicle communication, automated safety analysis, countermeasures, old drivers, and intersections without traffic lights were identified as basic and transversal themes.

Holy defense, like majority of the general governance areas of society, has been full of decisions made by policymakers, actors, and beneficiary groups at the macro level. The focus of managerial research of the holy defense so far has generally been on how to manage and decide at the level of military operations, but this study focuses on how to make major (governance) decisions regarding it at the level of high-ranking national and military officials and tries to answer some questions such as "what are the factors affecting the decision-making of politicians and commanders of the holy defense?", "what are the influential actors in the governing decision-making process of the holy defense?", and "what are the steps of sovereign decision-making process of the holy defense?" These questions ultimately provide the answer to the main research question: "What are the dimensions and components of the sovereign decision of the holy defense?" For this purpose, and due to the lack of relevant theoretical and research background, the application of a qualitative approach and a Grounded theorizing method based on the viewpoint of "Strauss and Corbin" was included in the research agenda. The results of the research by conducting interviews with the governing actors of the Holy Defense (mostly with members of the Khatam al-Anbiya Headquarter during the Holy Defense) as well as conducting a separate study on the decision-making process for the adoption of Resolution 598 and other written documents led to the formation of 996 key points in the form of 142 concepts as well as 43 abstract categories. These categories were then classified into 6 sections defined in the major coding paradigm of research. Finally, the theoretical propositions of the research were obtained by performing selective coding in the form of 5 theorems and 12 theoretical sub-theorems.

Red-light running is one of the prevalent sights at signalized intersections that vehicles pass without caring for the light. A red- light runner not only ventures his life, but also the safety of other road users. Elaborating features of at-fault drivers and vehicles that issue the risk of crashes could result in recognizing important factors and lead decision-makers to find out actions they could prevent them. This study aims to identify the driver and vehicle characteristics affecting red-light running crash occurrence risk at signalized intersections of Iran. The methodology of the study was based on quasi-induced exposure concept and logistic regression model for 10 independent variables and one binary target variable of "driver status". The statistical population included 12445 red-light running crashes from 2012 to 2016. The results demonstrated that vehicle type, residence, license type, and education level affect drivers' fault status in these crashes. based on the logistic regression model, truck and emergency vehicles, foreign drivers, and type 2 driving license increase the risk of drivers' being at-fault. However, academic education level of drivers decreases at-fault risk. Finally, some countermeasures were suggested for decreasing the risk of red-light running crashes.

Western historiography has experienced numerous developments during the 19th and 20th centuries, some of which being the departure from "literary history” toward “scientific history”, thereby toward “social sciences-oriented history” and interdisciplinary studies, and nowadays being subject to “post-modern criticism”. The result of all these developments has been the tendency of historiography of modern time to “individualism” and “culture” rather than “holism” and “economy and politics”. Western war historiography has been no exception to such evolutions. While providing a brief account of the developments of Western historiography, the present article, through an explicative-genetic approach, aims to analyze the impact of such developments on the transformation of war historiography. The analysis was performed revolving around five topics comprising of 1. Presuppositions, 2. Valuation, 3. Explicative systems, 4. Thematic organization and categorization, and 5. Reference typology. As a result of this study, one can talk about two groups of “classic historiographers of war” who, focusing on “scientific history”, sometimes allow the new developments of historical studies to influence them within the above-mentioned five topics and “new historiographers of war” who, by contrast, may sporadically have hindsight on the obsolete remnants of “scientific history”.

Tourism industry is considered as the largest and most diverse in the world. Tourists are attracted by the new marketing structure. Why do people travel? This is because of two different reasons or factors. From the important Pull and Push factors، Pull factors are taken into consideration (Chuck Vsvla، 1382.) One type of trips that takes place in the country، traveling to battlefields in Khuzestan province. An important factor that must be considered in this type of travel is that the researcher should consider their motivations and goals in traveling to those areas. Therefore، the aim of this study is to identify the incentives and priorities of the inner and outer packaging in order to be considered for future planning. The research method or methods used were descriptive. The population of the study included students from the spring and summer of 1391 who were in those battlefields. For data collection، 150 questionnaires were distributed and 122 questionnaires were returned. The purpose of the library research was to collect data from field studies through distributing questionnaires for measuring operation by using a Likert seven-item scales. After collecting the research data and verifying the first hypothesis which states that «the same factors that affect traction and driving people to travel to war zones،» according to a Likert t-test was used to estimate the average answers. Discussion and To test the second hypothesis، which states that «tangible and intangible factors affect the trips to war zones، equally important»، the Friedman test was used to test the results and it showed intangible factors. Among the factors that affect the motivational drive operational areas of Khuzestan province as a tourist destination of students، the highest average ratings related to Intangible and tangible factors. The tension between motivational factors affects the operational areas of Khuzestan province as a tourist destination of students، the highest mean rank order of search، social، and psychological factors، physical factors، and these factors in order of highest priority motivational factors are in tension. For pull and push factors that influence students to travel to operational areas of Khuzestan province، using the spss software the requirements were analyzed through which the first hypothesis was confirmed. The journey of these factors can affect the operational areas of Khuzestan province. Test results for the second hypothesis suggests that the motivating factors that thrust، intangible factors are more effective on the journey of the operational areas of Khuzestan province. For the third hypothesis and the stretching of the highest points of the search، the social، the psychological and physical factors like revolution and war are introduced to them and tell them the realities of war.

This study is about the effect of Organizational Commitment upon Turneover of personnel. Statistic Social in this research is the personnel of M.C.Pars company and statical sample is consist of 196 emploees from social organization. Allen & Meyer model have been used In analysis of organizational commitment, beside using Thomlinson & Jenkins model in analysingturneover of personnel and also Spearman correlation Test has been used for analysis datas and hypothesis test of research. LISREL software was used to make our conceptual model so that bringing a goodness of fit embracing measuring the variables through confirmatory factor analysis methodology and defining the relationships among variables by using structural equation and casual models. In attention to the conclusions of the basic hypothesis of research and subsidiary hypothesis are indicate that the meaningful negative correlation between Organizational Commitment and its components: Affective commitment, Continuance commitment and Normative commitment with Turneover of personnel. Also the second basic hypothesis of research results showed inbetween components Organizational Commitment, Affective commitment has the most significant negative effect on Turneover. Normative commitment and Continuance commitment are the next. Also between Moderator variables, job grad and contract are powerful Moderator, gender and record of service are week Moderator.

The issue of water resources and their effect on human life doesn''t need any analysis and reasoning. However، such factors as population growth، improved quality of life and development of urbanization along with improved industrial and technological dimensions of human life have necessitated logical and reasonable planning for optimal use of water and water basins of the world. These factors also require us to pay more attention to environmental issues and give up useless political competition to determine a fair regime for better exploitation of declining water resources by all countries. Thus، the environmental water crisis in Aral Sea basin which is surrounded by five countries is the main topic of this paper. As this lake is being gradually destroyed، the possibility of an environmental crisis in the region increases due to inefficient management. Therefore، it is necessary to come up with a multilateral regional management approach to reach a mutually agreed solution for this problem.