فهرست مطالب علی نیکزاد

According to the privation theory of evil, evil is the privation of something that a thing should naturally possess on account of its species. This definition of privation is introduced by Aristotle, but Aristotle himself has never explicitly equated evil with privation. In Categories, Aristotle has clearly stated that evil is the contrary of good. This is despite the fact that according to the privation theory of evil, good and evil are an instance of possession and privation, with evil being the privation of good. However, certain passages in Aristotle's Metaphysics appear to support the privation theory of evil. This article will examine the evidence both for and against the privation theory of evil in Aristotle's works. It will argue that (1) the evidence from Metaphysics regarding the privation theory of evil should be considered in the light of the intricate relationship between the opposition of contrariety and the opposition of possession and privation in Aristotle's philosophy, and (2) the evidence supporting the existential approach to evil in Aristotle extends beyond just Categories.

Plato, the renowned Greek philosopher, expounds a multitude of ideas within his works concerning the problem of evil. These ideas have exerted a profound influence on ancient and medieval philosophers. However, Plato's theories regarding the origin of evil are fragmented and lack coherence. In his dialogues such as Timaeus, Laws, and Statesman, he references several metaphysical entities as evil principles. Nevertheless, the dialogues do not stand as the sole source for comprehending Plato's views on the problem of evil. It seems that certain teachings of Plato did not manifest explicitly in his dialogues and were orally conveyed to his disciples. These teachings are referred to as the "Unwritten Doctrines," and our understanding of them primarily derives from reports provided by Plato's disciples. Among the first disciples of Plato, the Unwritten Doctrines held equal importance to the teachings contained in the dialogues, and our principal source of information about these teachings comes from Aristotle's reports in Metaphysics and Physics.

The deployment of value-added services can be very effective in achieving a vision in order to facilitate the strategic decisions of ports. This research is based on empirical studies with a critical and descriptive realistic approach using case studies from Iranian ports. It aims to explore the potential contribution of value added services in ports as a logistical strategy for increasing competition. The lack of research on the provision of value-added services in marine logistics and its potential, as a competitive advantage is analysed from the point of view of port users. The results indicate that value-added services that are easily accessible and presented, are the provision of transportation services, warehousing services, fresh water supply services, refrigerated services, and product assembly sites. Based on the assumptions made in this article, the provision of value-added services has contributed to attract and keep port users (customers), and the conclusion is made on the validity of this claim.

The excellence of each society depends on meeting the basic needs of those people. If any person has a decent job and housing in his life, he will feel comfortable with an efficient and comprehensive social security structure and adequate security and the law-enforcement community. The people of such a community will have considerable potential for excellence and, if there is proper planning in these societies, scientific progress, development, wealth generation, and the pioneering economy and, most importantly, human dignity will be decisive. In all societies, income diversification is inevitable among people, and naturally, people with appropriate income are able to meet their different needs, but low-income groups without the support of governments will not be able to meet their basic needs, including housing. Therefore, planning to support this group is a prerequisite for social justice and, at the same time, necessary for the development of a progressive and balanced society. So, in order to realize this, this paper has addressed the need for housing for low-income groups over the next 25 years. To do this, first all the characteristics of the target group are determined and then the number of required housing is estimated by the end of the year. The importance of estimating the number of residential units needed for the future is very important in estimating the funds needed to build these residential units, as well as for proper management and financing, and, on the other hand, provides the necessary housing and, on the other hand, promotes market growth and prosperity. Housing will be.