علیرضا خرم

This study investigated the effects of processing-based instruction (PI) and output-based instruction (OI) on learners’ development in comprehension and production of the English present simple tense. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the effects of PI versus OI. Among 70 EFL learners at a private language center in Iran, 40 pre-intermediate learners were assigned to the PI group, and 20 learners were assigned to the OI group (n=20). The PI group received structured processing input activities, while the OI group engaged in structured output activities. Descriptive and analytical statistics revealed that participants in the PI group significantly outperformed the participants in the OI group in receptive knowledge of the target structure. However, both instructional methods affected the participants’ productive understanding of the present simple tense, and the difference between the efficacy of these two types of instruction on participants’ productive knowledge was not significant.

Nurses play a crucial role as one of the primary pillars of the healthcare system. The training of proficient nursing staff incurs significant costs for the healthcare system, and their departure leads to irreparable harm across various sectors of their home country. The purpose of this study was to determine and prioritize the factors affecting the migration of nurses based on the opinions of hospital managers.

This quantitative study utilized hierarchical analysis through Expert Choice software to examine the perspectives of nursing managers from selected hospitals in Tehran, employing a census approach with a 95% participation rate.

Out of 57 participants, the psychological factor emerged as the most influential, with a weight value of 0.746. Within the realm of psychological factors related to the country of origin, the absence of spiritual and psychological support in the workplace, with a weighted value of 0.458, was singled out as the primary cause. Gender discrimination within the country of origin, carrying a weighted value of 0.193, was highlighted as the foremost individual factor. Moreover, environmental factors in the destination country, with a weight value of 0.765, outweighed those in the country of origin.

Upon analysis of the data, psychological factors were identified as the top priority, followed by economic considerations. Thus, policymakers and managers are urged to implement innovative strategies, recognizing the importance of addressing both psychological well-being and economic stability.

Nurses are among the basic factors of health systems. Migration is one of the factors of reduction and loss of this value.

In this systematic review, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, MagIran and Google Scholar databases were searched without time limit and based on the prism method, and in order to evaluate the quality of the articles from the critical evaluation checklists of the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI) was used.

First, 265 articles were extracted, after screening and removing duplicate articles, unrelated, without complete text, the qualitative evaluation stage was performed, and finally 17 articles were included in the study, 7 articles with qualitative-quantitative method and 10 articles as Qualitative and content analysis was performed. No intervention was reported in the articles and no study prioritized the identified effective factors. The causes affecting migration were classified into two main categories: causes related to the country of origin (push factors) and causes related to the destination country (pull factors). The factors in the countries of origin and destination were counted in three areas: individual factors, social factors and cultural factors. Income, job position, job security, continuing education facilities and educational technology, team relations and facilities in the work environment and family status were identified as the most important factors affecting migration

Young nurses from third world countries, such as East Asian countries and India, had a high desire to immigrate. Considering that multi-dimensional causes, including psychological, subsistence and economic causes are effective on migrant nurses, for the possibility of effective management of this phenomenon, special attention and structural reforms in the social, cultural, political and economic dimensions of immigrant-first countries are necessary and it is needed.

Most of the validation studies conducted across varying test application contexts are usually framed within the traditional conceptualization of validity and therefore lack a comprehensive framework to focus on test score interpretations and test score use. This study aimed at developing and validating a collocational behavior test (CBT), drawing on Kane's argument-based approach to validity. Four types of inferences including observation, generalization, extrapolation and explanation were articulated. To verify the validity assumptions, both theoretical and empirical evidence were presented within the formative and summative stages of test development and validation. Followed from Kane, theoretical evidence was sought through test specification, item construction, and test construction procedures. Empirical support, however, was sought through examining the collocational behavior test (CBT) with a sample of 60 university students majoring in TEFL. Ebel’s criteria, KR-21 reliability and a series of Pearson-Product correlation were applied to analyze the data for both theoretical and empirical phases. The findings refer to the support for the assumptions proposed for test validity, suggesting that the collocational behavior test(CBT)may provide an appropriate and accurate indicator of collocational language ability for EFL learners. The implications for language testing and assessment are discussed