علیرضا خسروی

Bacteria and fungi constitute crucial parts of the genital tract microenvironment and participate in mucosal homeostasis. While the genital tract microflora has been studied for several animal species, this is not true for the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

This survey aims to investigate the prevalence of vaginal and clitoral fungi in one-humped camels (C. dromedarius ) from different regions of Iran. 

Dairy camel farms were sampled in Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, Tehran, Qom, and Isfahan Provinces in central and northeast Iran. Two hundred and twenty paired samples were taken from the vaginal and clitoral mucosa of 110 camels and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and CHROMagarTM Candida, followed by identification of cultured fungi. Data were analyzed using the Genmod procedure.

Six isolates were identified. Fungi were cultured and isolated from 31% of the camels. Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus flavus were the most isolated prevalent. Aspergillus was the most frequently recovered species. The presence of fungi was evaluated in camels of different ages, but no correlation was observed (P>0.05).

Fungal contamination of the camel's external organs of the reproductive system is very low compared to other domestic animals. It is likely due to the intrinsic immunity of one-humped camel (C. dromedarius).

With the spread of social networks, politicians have increasingly turned to pervasive social networks to express their opinions and declare their positions. Expressing every politician and diplomat's views is considered his/her official position in public. The social network X - formerly Twitter- is also one of the social networks that politicians are interested in, due to its text-oriented features. Nuclear negotiations and lifting the sanctions have been among the most important issues in Iran's diplomacy in recent years. Since then, the Government has used this social network to announce its positions and address its messages. So, to find the approach and manner of interactions of the 13th “Iran Administration” headed by the late Ebrahim Raisi, with the opposite parties of the nuclear negotiations, the tweets sent by the official page of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of I. R. Iran under the chairmanship of the late Hossein Amir Abdullahian were examined in this research from Shahrivar 1400 (August 2021) Until Esfand 1400 (March 2022). Analyzing and reviewing the tweets related to the nuclear talks, published during this period, were conducted by the Qualitative content analysis method. After selecting 53 sample tweets from a total of 104, their contents were reviewed and 9 codes were extracted. Eventually, the resulting codes were categorized into three basic concepts including “mistrust of the other side”, “Iran's positive view of diplomacy”, and “securing Iran's interests and lifting sanctions”. The categories from which these concepts were taken were: “The US is the main culprit for the ineffectiveness of the negotiations”, “lack of “change in American policy in the Biden administration”, “inability of other parties of the negotiations”, “Failure of western parties to fulfill mutual obligations”, "Iran's seriousness and readiness to negotiate”, “cooperative approach in negotiations”, “effective negotiation while maintaining the dignity and respect of the Iranian people”

Although the future of the international order and its coordinates can be analyzed from different angles and from different levels of analysis, the complexity caused by rapid developments, network relationships, major events and frequent changes in the approaches and policies of major governments during the transition period, A situation of deep uncertainty prevails over the future of the order, which makes it impossible to reliably estimate and predict how it will be and faces internal contradictions. In this article, focusing on the war in Ukraine as a key event in the future state of the international order, the question is addressed, what are the future scenarios of the war in Ukraine and its implications for the international order? To answer this question, an attempt has been made to The foresight approach and the key uncertainty method, which are the approaches corresponding to the methodology of complexity in the philosophy of science, should be used.The findings confirm that out of the total of 5 main driving forces shaping the future of the war in Ukraine, two driving forces include: a) the level of NATO's risk tolerance for the continuation or extension of the war, and b) the level of cohesion, resilience and the possibility of continuation Russian trade exchanges to continue the war; It has higher uncertainty and importance, and according to the states of uncertainty, a total of four scenarios including: "nuclear war", "strategic stalemate", "restrained Russia ", and "victory Russia" as scenarios with The probability of occurrence is high in the next two years.

Attention to the concept of knowledge management has increased as one of the basic factors of organizational development. Knowledge management not only helps to benefit from the knowledge and experience of people in the organization, but also plays a very important role in developing innovative processes, improving organizational performance, and improving internal and external communications. In this context, the relationship between knowledge management and organizational value creation has been considered as an issue. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of knowledge management on organizational value creation and the mediating role of organizational creativity in this regard

In terms of the purpose, the present research is applied, in terms of information gathering, the present research is a document library research using field techniques, and in terms of the descriptive type, it is a survey carried out with a correlational method and with a quantitative approach. In this research, three questionnaires (two researcher-made and one pre-made) were used to collect information. To measure the validity of the organizational value creation questionnaire and the organizational creativity questionnaire of this research, content validity was used, which was confirmed by knowledge management experts. For the validity of the knowledge management questionnaire, confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity have been reported as appropriate. Cronbach's alpha was also used to measure reliability, which was 0.91 for the creative value questionnaire, 0.076 for the organizational creativity questionnaire, and 0.91 for the knowledge management questionnaire. This research was done with the help of structural equation modeling method and using Pearson tests, linear regression, and path analysis. 40 employees of public libraries in Qom province were selected by snowball sampling and formed the statistical community of this research. Lisrel software was used for data analysis.

The findings show that the dimensions of knowledge management, as important factors, are positively and significantly related to organizational value creation. In fact, 87 percent of changes in the organizational value creation variable are predicted by knowledge management dimensions; Also, the relationship between knowledge management and organizational creativity was investigated, and these two variables have a positive and significant relationship. investigated the relationship between organizational creativity and organizational value creation, it was also confirmed by the Pearson correlation test. The mediating role of organizational creativity in the effect of knowledge management on organizational value creation was confirmed by path analysis

Knowledge management has a central role in creating value and predicting organizational performance, and organizational creativity as a mediating variable strengthens this relationship. The existence of a strong correlation between knowledge management and organizational creativity, as well as the positive results of creativity on value creation, emphasizes that investing in cultivating creative environments and effective knowledge management can lead to innovation and sustainable competitive advantage. This research helps organizations to form their management and strategies with a more accurate understanding of these relationships and as a result, achieve organizational value creation.

Aspergillus parasiticus isolates often infect agricultural products in the fields and warehouses in tropical areas. In recent years, the study of plant compounds to reduce the growth of toxin-producing microorganisms has increased. Loading the effective substances of medicinal plants such as marjoram in lipid nanocarriers can reduce the reaction of the active substances of the plants with the surrounding environment, such as water and oxygen, as well as the intensity of transfer or evaporation of the external environment.

In this study, we aimed to assess the antifungal effect of a carvacrol-nanoemulsion on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus.

In this experimental study, using the microdilution method and in accordance with the latest version of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute standard (modified M38-A2 protocol), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for different concentrations of carvacrol and nano-carvacrol were determined against the Aspergillus parasiticus strain. Physicochemical indicators and structural characteristics of nanoparticles were determined in terms of surface morphology by the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) method. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.21 software using two-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Nano-carvacrol has more antifungal effect against Aspergillus parasiticus than pure carvacrol. Based on this, the MIC was 0.97 µg/ml for nano-carvacrol and 97 µg/ml for pure carvacrol. Also, the MFC was 3.9 µg/ml for nano-carvacrol and 390 µg/ml for carvacrol, indicating that nano-carvacrol has a higher antifungal effect compared to pure carvacrol. The SEM images showed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles, and their average size was about 80 nm.

The carvacrol-nanoemulsion showed acceptable growth inhibition against Aspergillus parasiticus fungus, which can make it a promising agent with high antifungal effects and low side effects. However, further studies are recommended on this nano compound in order to understand its’ activity against other mycotoxigenic fungi.

Karela is an economic medicinal plant belonging to Cucurbitaceae family. The production of karela plays a significant role in the country's economy due to its medicinal effect in diabetes control, simple processing and reasonable price. Karela production could be easily expanded because of farmers are well familiar with the production process of Cucurbitaceae plants. In addition, the high potential of Kermanshah province in the production of medicinal plants, karela cultivation can create employment, reduce the amount of water consumed during the production process, and reduce the migration of villagers to cities. Cucurbitaceae plants cultivation by flat method has several disadvantages such as occupying a lot of space and limitation on applying new irrigation systems. However scaffolding method provides some advantages such as water losses reduction, harvesting easiness, and higher light absorption. On the other hand, alternative organic fertilizers should be applied to produce medicinal plants where the application of chemical compounds is more limited. Poultry manure is a suitable source for this aim due to its reasonable price and high nitrogen amount, and also its positive effect on increasing the biological capacity and microbial activity of the soil. Therefore, according to the importance of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and also the advantages of scaffolding cultivation compared to flat cultivation, this experiment was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of type of nitrogen supplier source and the cultivation method on the yield and yield components of karela.           

A field experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design to investigate the possibility of replacing poultry manure with urea fertilizer, and also study of effect of flat and scaffolding cultivation methods on the karela production (cv. Jaunpur) at the research farm of Razi University during 2021. The main plots included urea and poultry manure and their combination (100 % urea, 75 % urea + 25 % poultry manure, 50 % poultry manure + 50 % urea, 25 % urea + 75 % poultry manure, and 100 % poultry manure). Half of the urea fertilizer in combination with poultry manure was added to the soil at the same time as the sowing date while the other half was added at the four leaves stage. Poultry manure was also covered with a layer of soil so that it did not decompose in front of direct sunlight. Two types of cultivations methods including flat and scaffolding were used as sub-plots.

Results showed that reducing urea consumption and replacing it with poultry manure caused a significant increase in fresh and dry weight of fruits. So that green fruit yield under urea consumption was significantly lower than that of under poultry manure application (879.17 and 1157.92 g m-2, respectively). In addition, scaffolding cultivation method increased the economic yield and harvest index comparing to flat method. The soil of the experiment site was facing a severe deficiency of iron, manganese, zinc and boron. This deficiency had been also aggravated because of the high pH and lime of the experiment site along with the high amount of bicarbonate in the irrigation water (6.2 meq L-1). Addition of poultry manure with low acidity (6.6) can adjust the pH of the soil and increase the absorption of micro nutrients. Based on the results as well as the correlations that were common in both flat and scaffolding cultivation, in scaffolding cultivation there was a relationship between a number of traits such as plant height and fruit weight, plant height and fruit dry weight, and a positive correlation was also observed with fruit length. Considering the absence of the mentioned correlations in the flat cultivation, the reason for this issue could be attributed to the effect of scaffolding and growth at a higher heights than the soil level and the absorption of more light and better stomatal conductance.

The results of this experiment showed that the use of the scaffolding method and the replacement of poultry manure with urea would be economically important due to preventing the disadvantages of flat cultivation and reducing dependence on chemical inputs. Poultry manure could be considered as suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers due to increasing quantity and quality crop yield, the reduction of harmful biological effects caused by the use of chemical fertilizers and the food security improvement. Also using of scaffolding with more durable materials can have more economic justification in the following years and even could be used for other processed products in crop rotation. In addition, with scaffold cultivation, it is possible to plan for the implementation of multi-cultivation types and get more income by using more space and light.

Side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as their high cost, have stimulated the search for inexpensive herbal medicinals with fewer side effects. These substances can be used as a medicinal supplement or to increase the antimicrobial and antifungal effects of drugs. The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of oleuropein on fungal and bacterial pathogens isolated from nail infection in laboratory condition.

Antifungal and antibacterial properties of oleuropein by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of this substance on yeasts Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Escherichia coli by microbroth dilution method using CLSI protocols were evaluated.

The results showed that the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against all three studied microorganisms was equal to 65 mg/ml and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of oleuropein was equal to 130 mg/ml.

due to the high antifungal and antibacterial activity of oleuropein, the present study introduces oleuropein as a natural antimicrobial drug. This substance can also be used to increase the antimicrobial power of existing antibiotics.

In addition to the main and announced goals of the US government for attacking Afghanistan, including: the destruction of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda Network, advancing the process of democratization and nation-state building, strengthening the governmental and political structure, creating stability and security, there were other goals on the agenda, the most important of which was access to important mineral resources and energy transfer routes from Central Asia to South Asia, preventing Russia from regaining power and controlling China and Iran. It is obvious that the achievement of the above-mentioned goals by the United States required the existence of a grand strategy in the foreign policy of this country regarding the issue of Afghanistan. Meanwhile, a review of the actions and approaches announced and implemented by the American government during the three terms of the presidency of George Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump, clearly confirms this issue. Adopting different and sometimes conflicting approaches and strategies, Bush's "Anti-Terrorism and "Counterinsurgency Strategies", Obama, and Trump's "Zero Base Strategy" is at least three distinct strategies of the US government in this era, which ultimately ended in the withdrawal of the US military forces from Afghanistan after 20 years of presence in this country.

Research Question: 

The main question of the article is what are the evidence for the change in the approach of the US foreign policy towards Afghanistan in the three mentioned periods? And what is the relationship between Afghanistan's internal developments and this change of approach?

Research Hypothesis: 

The change in the US foreign policy approach towards Afghanistan has been affected by the internal developments of this country caused by the resistance of armed groups, especially the Taliban, against US policies and the failure of the announced and implemented programs of this country during the presidency of Bush, Obama and Trump.

Methodology and Theoretical Framework:

 Since the first question of the article seeks to provide evidence of the change in the strategy of the United States regarding Afghanistan in the three terms of the presidency, by adapting the methodology of a comparative study at the descriptive level, the most important features that support the change in these three periods should be mentioned. Next, by focusing on the second question, we will investigate the relationship between two variables: the change in the US approach with the internal developments of this country from a descriptive and inferential point of view and analyzing the logic governing this change of approach, focusing on one of the causes mentioned in the systemic theory of James Rosena

The findings show that the US diplomatic system did not follow the same approach in Afghanistan during the two terms of Bush's presidency and unlike the 2002 strategy, which sought a combination of ideological and strategic goals from its presence in Afghanistan, in the 2006 strategy, the security aspect of these goals was dominant got more priority. In the Obama administration, the revival of the US global influence and the destruction of terrorist groups required a transition from a counter-terrorism strategy to a counter-insurgency. In the Obama administration, the restoration of the US global influence and the destruction of terrorist groups required a transition from anti-terrorism strategy to counter-insurgency. From this point of view, both the weakening of Bush's anti-terrorism strategy and the clarification of Obama's counter-insurgency strategy clearly indicate the role of Afghan internal groups in the failure of America's policies and successive changes in strategy.

Apart from the ups and downs of the US relations with Afghan government officials, there are three other reasons: the rise of Al-Qaeda and the Taliban during the time of the US presence, the emergence of many internal problems in Afghanistan and the disgust of a large part of the Afghan people with the US government due to its inability to reduce insecurity. There are three reasons all of which confirm the prominent role of internal developments, especially the confrontation of groups such as the Taliban with the US policies. This means that even armed local groups with minimal facilities, if they stand up, can force them to make continuous changes in their strategy in addition to the failure of the policies of the great and superior powers. It is not possible simply by relying on the established approaches of power in the paradigm of realism.

Flood risk maps and Flood zoning techniques are useful tools to manage this hazard in the catchment and mitigation of flood impacts. In South Baluchestan and Kahir Basin, due to the existence of winter and summer precipitation regimes, the occurrence of flash floods is inevitable due to the establishment of rural communities and settlements in flood-prone areas, the flooding has caused many damages to the region's vulnerable population. In order to zone flood risk and prepare flood risk maps, climatic data, hydrological, land cover, and topography of the basin were prepared from reliable sources and according to scientific studies, 12 variables affecting flood risk in the form of five main components (Hydrology, vegetation, land cover, climate, and topography) were prepared. According to the regional conditions of the basin, using the opinions of experts based on scientific methods, the weight of each variable and component was determined by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). Using two methods of fuzzy overlay, Weighted Overlay, and the Geographical Information System facilities, a map of variables and components was prepared after reclassification and fuzzy membership function with appropriate operators. The results showed that the fuzzy overlay method concerning its dominant logic has a better distinction of flood-prone areas and can help determine flood hazard micro-zonation in the drainage basins like the Kahir basin. By comparing the results from the real data of the January 2020 flood obtained from satellite images. Due to poor infrastructure and high economic, the risk of flooding may be more harmful and widespread in the future.

Studies show that "political expediency" is the most important determining factor in the domestic and foreign policy of the Islamic Republic. Despite extensive research in this field, these studies usually remain at the level of comparative jurisprudential study and provide a theoretical model based on the thought of Imam Khomeini is one of the important political needs of the country. Accordingly, in this research, using the "data foundation method", first the text of Imam Khomeini's letters and statements were referred to, and all the words that had a clear implication on the concept of political expediency were extracted and presented in a theoretical model. The results of this study show that Imam Khomeini, due to the fact that Velayat-e-Faqih represents the "royal and political" status of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), considers it to have royal and governmental rules beyond the jurisprudence and sub-rules of Islam. Accordingly, expediency as a divine duty to get out of the impasse as a way to solve the problems of the Islamic government as the most important divine commands and therefore the leader of the Islamic community has the same authority as the Prophet and the Amir al-Mu'minin in government and the main authority to identify strategies and issues. There is Islam and the Islamic system. Expediency is a fluid and flexible thing that can change according to political and social changes and takes precedence over anything else in Islam. The reference or object is the expediency of the "political system or the Islamic Republic" and the end of the expediency is the "maintenance of the system".

Aflatoxin is one of the most important fungal toxins with documented hepatotoxic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. This mycotoxin is mainly produced by species of the genus Aspergillus in feed. Therefore, the application of compounds, which prevent complications of aflatoxins without losing feed quality, is highly beneficial. 

This study aimed to determine the effect of the Echinacea purpurea L. essential oils on the regulation of the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract and some blood factors of aflatoxin-fed zebrafish. 

Zebrafish were divided into four groups of 45 fish in three replicates: control (G1); G2, fish fed with feed containing 500 µg/kg E. purpurea L. essential oils; G3, fish fed with feed containing 500 µg/kg E. purpurea L. essential oil and 3 ppm aflatoxin B1(AFB1); and G4, fish fed with feed containing 3 ppm AFB1. The fish were fed with diets for 60 days. After this period, they were euthanized, blood was collected from the tail vein, and blood smears were prepared. Fish hepatopancreas were used to measure alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes with an auto-analyzer. Also, intestinal contents were cultured to evaluate microbial population. 

Results showed that liver enzymes increased in the aflatoxin group (P<0.05), and concurrent use of the essential oil along with AFB1 reduced the liver enzymes compared with the AFB1-treated group. Moreover, AFB1 could convert the microbial population to pathogens. Differential blood counts in the G2 and G3 groups showed an increase in the percentages of neutrophils and thrombocytes. 

According to the results of this study, E. purpurea L. essential oils could reduce the adverse effects of chronic contamination with AFB1 in zebrafish. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to better understand the immunological function of E. purpurea L. in zebrafish and its mechanism of action against AFB1.

Based on the historical and recently published documents, it has been demonstrated that Mirabilis jalapa as a herbal medicine may be used as remedies for various health problems included wound healing purposes.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi green leaf on healing open wounds induced by skin puncture in the back of rats.

Collecting and drying Laleh abbasi leaves, leaf extracting through Soxhlet procedure, analyzing the extract via gc / ms method, and preparing eucerin-based extract ointment were done according to recommended routine procedures. Herein, we recruited 40 male rats that were randomly divided into five groups of eight, namely the control, phenytoin treatment, eucerin, 5% eucerin extract, and 7.5% eucerin extract ointment treatment groups. Skin puncture and application of ointments on the induced wounds were carried out. Subsequently, tissue samples were taken on days 3, 7, 10, and 14, followed by which histological slides were prepared and stained with H&E and Masson’s trichrome staining methods. In vitro mycological studies were conducted using opportunistic fungi, including Candida, Mucor, and Aspergillus species.

Based on the macroscopic evaluations of the wound healing process and microscopic assessments of tissue samples stained with Harris H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods, the groups treated with eucerin-based ointments containing ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaf had statistically significant positive wound healing responses compared to the other groups. However, the 7.5% ointment group showed statistically better responses compared to the 5% ointment group. The data obtained in the present preliminary experiment on rat model indicated that the extract could facilitate the wound healing process in terms of healing parameters, such as accelerating epithelium repair, creating a favorable inflammatory reaction, angiogenesis, fibroplasia, and collagen precipitation. The antifungal effects of ethanolic extract of Laleh abbasi leaves on Aspergillus fumigatos, fusarium, Candida albicans and Candida cruzei were demonstrated in vitro using saboro dextrose agar medium.

According to the findings of this experimental study and the findings of other researchers, it can be concluded that ethanolic extract from Laleh abbasi leaves is of healing and antifungal properties.

Basically, the distinguishing chapter of the divine man from the material person is in monotheism. The Qur'an considers the existence of God to be a clear matter and considers doubt about this to be useless. Islamic sects do not differ in their belief in the principle of God's existence, but they have differences in the attributes of God, one of which is the issue of seeing God. Influenced by Ibn Taymiyyah's Salafi views, Suleiman al-Rumi believes in seeing God in the Hereafter and criticizes the Shiite belief in not seeing. Rational arguments reject the view of God in this world and the hereafter. Believers in vision, including the Salafis, rely on verses and hadiths to prove their point, which by meditating on these verses and examining the views of the commentators, the issue of seeing God from these verses does not result. On the other hand, verses explicitly deny seeing God. The narrations they argue also have a weak document. There are also narrations in Sunni and Shiite hadith sources that reject the view of God.

There is growing evidence that resistance to antibiotics is increasing, and because of their wide range of negative impacts on the environment and humans, also accumulative effects in fish meat and hazards for humans, there have been numerous studies conducted using medicinal plants as a healthier alternative to antibiotics.

This study examined the antibacterial effect of two native medicinal herbs (oregano and echinacea mixed essential oil) on Lactococcus garvieae compared with some commercial antibiotics used in fish farms.

The antibacterial activities against a fish bacterial pathogen (Lactococcus garvieae) were tested using the disk diffusion method, followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations via sequential dilution of essential oil by Broth Micro Dilution method.

The results showed antimicrobial activities of mentioned mixed essential oil with MIC ≥ 6.25 μL/mL and MBC ≥ 12.5 μL/mL. Also, the measurements of the diameter of inhibitory zones are consistent with the results of MIC and MBC, indicating the positive effect of this plant mix oil Lactococcus garvieae. However, the Lactococcus garvieae was more sensitive to Enrofloxacin (NFX 5), and Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim (SXT) (P<0.05), but the combination of Oregano and Echinacea essential oils performed better than Florfenicol (FF) despite the weaker effects against mentioned two antibiotics.

The results approved the antibacterial activity of the mixed essential oil of oregano and Echinacea against Lactococcus garvieae on the laboratory scale. Using these compounds as a possible substitute for antibiotic compounds requires more clinical studies.

In 1379, North-South Corridor, consisting of eastern wing (Central Asia), middle wing (Caspian Sea), and western wing (Caucasus), form the side of the Caspian Sea, has been implemented by Russia, India, and Iran. Until 1399, the western wing, which passes Azerbaijan territory as the main route, has been affected by security issues between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan after the collapse of the USSR. The main question of the present paper is: how do the tensions between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Islamic Republic of Iran affect the western wing of the North-South Corridor from the side of the Caspian Sea? The findings of the research that has been concluded on the basis of the Copenhagen Regional Security theory, geoeconomic theory, and document-and-library-based studies, indicate that security issues (Karabakh crisis) and the tensions between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Islamic Republic of Iran have put excessive costs on the western wing of the North-South Corridor which has been replaced with the Eastern wing affected by Russia-Ukraine war.

The present study was conducted with the aim of organizing the organizational pathology of the rules of the establishment of sports spaces (Article Five Commission of the Ministry of Sports and Youth). The method of this research was qualitative research with grounded theory approach. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 deep and semi-structured interviews managers of sport and youth departments and clubs and university professors. Categories were identified after completing the process of coding and data abstraction. Purposive and snowball sampling was done until theoretical saturation. To evaluate the face and content validity, findings were presented to interviewers and after studying theory, their ideas were applied. The method used to evaluate the reliability was the retest reliability method. The average level of internal agreement was reported to be 0.80.Data analysis in three steps: open, axial and selective coding was achieved by using MAXQDA software. The results of this study showed that the causal conditions: external factors (economic, socio-cultural and political), internal factors (human, marketing, strategic, technology, financial management), contextual condition (understanding organizational goals, organizational structure, communication organizational, organizational leadership, rewarding system, useful mechanisms and attitude towards change), intermediary factors (environmental, organizational and managerial), strategies (production, marketing, economic, political, legal and knowledge), and outcomes (economic, service, social, marketing, financial, human, brand and brand). As a result, managers can improve the process of establishing sports venues in the country, due to the refinement and improvement of some processes and conditions and play a significant role in the employment of sports applicants.

From Imam Khomeini's point of view, political expediency and the ruling of the government arising from it arise from the divine authority delegated to the Prophet of Islam and the governmental authority of a comprehensive jurist. It can not be considered an obstacle in the way of maintaining order. This is because the Islamic Republic is the most important reason for the preservation and survival of "pure Islam" in the world and the most important supporter of the deprived and oppressed in the world; From this perspective, its preservation is considered the most important divine obligation, and in case of monopolizing the preservation of the Islamic Republic in a specific way or tool, its use is permissible and even obligatory. This theoretical approach to political expediency provides a significant part of the soft power of the political system, during which it can maintain its political-security repression well. In fact, political expediency means a tool for the theoretical and cognitive threat of the enemy to reduce the possibility of exercising his hard power and increase the deterrence of the Islamic system. Accordingly, the Islamic system can increase its political and security deterrence without resorting to harsh power.

Cancer as a global problem is a major health threat to human, and lung cancer is the most com-mon type of malignant tumor. Phenethyl ester of caffeic acid is one of the known phenolic compounds. The beneficial effects of caffeic acid, including its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immune-boosting, antioxidant and car-cinostatic and anticarcinogenic properties have been confirmed in several studies. Matricaria chamomile that belongs to the Asteraceae family is one of the most popular medicinal plants, which is known as the "star" of me-dicinal plants. It has been used for the centuries for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-cancer properties.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells by caffeic acid obtained from propolis and chamomile extract.

The A549 cultured lung cancer cells were treated with caffeic acid and chamomile extract. Following incubation times the cells were examined by flow cytometry for the rate of apoptosis induction.

The results showed that caffeic acid and chamomile extract have effective roles in inducing apoptosis and caused significant changes in the percentage of living cells and the percentage of cells in the early and late phases of apoptosis.

Caffeic acid and chamomile extract have effective role in inhibiting lung cancer cells with sig-nificant apoptotic effects on pulmonary epithelial cancer cells.

Physical systems often contain constraints and limitations. Actuator rate saturation is one of these limitations that has adverse effects on the flight control system which increases the oscillating response and thus the instability of the system. Actuator rate saturation is one of the main reasons for pilot-induced oscillations (PIOs). This paper proposes a model predictive control algorithm with two degrees of freedom structure to prevent the destructive effects of actuator rate saturation on the flight control system. Also, by obtaining starting point of the opening loop position in the flight system and the frequency at which the actuator rate saturation is activated for the first time, the saturation effects are well predicted. Then, by introducing an analytical method similar to one of the conventional methods of robust control known as loop shaping method, proposed model predictive controller parameters are adjusted and the stability and robustness of the closed-loop system against the uncertainty of the controller parameters are investigated. In this method, by obtaining robust patterns, an attempt has been made to shape it in such a way that disturbances and noise are suppressed in a frequency range. It also shows how the controller and pilot work by using a switch. Finally, the designed controller is compared with the proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID) that is common in the industry and its advantages are shown.

As overweight and obesity in children and adolescents continue to increase, this study was designed to explore the factors that facilitate or hinder weight control in obese and overweight adolescents.

This qualitative study was conducted as a personal interview with 12 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years who succeeded in losing weight and those who did not, from the clinic at the Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center at the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, in 2019. We used a purposeful sampling method and a qualitative analysis method to analyze the data.

Seven categories consisting of willpower and perseverance, support and encouragement of others, tendencies to beauty, lack of a rush to achieve results, adequate physical activity, understanding the disadvantages of obesity, and understanding the benefits of weight loss were identified as facilitating factors in this study. Seven other factors were reported as obstacles of weight loss, including misconceptions,  lack of family cooperation in lifestyle modification, lack of awareness about the effects of obesity, concern about dietary restrictions, lack of management and supervision of school cafeterias, parental misbehavior in handling adolescents with overweight or obesity, and their psychological damages.

The results of the present study show that in order to bring adolescents to the ideal weight, individual, environmental and familial factors and the interaction between them should be considered. The findings of this study could be used by health officials and policymakers to develop programs to prevent and control overweight and overcome obesity.

The incidence of diseases among dairy cows is high in the postpartum period, which reduces dairy enterprise and higher demands for antibiotics. Considering this, the notion of promoting heath and reducing antibiotic application in dairy cow medicine by taking advantages of bioactive phytochemicals in herbal extracts is emerging.

This study's main purpose was to investigate the effects of supplementing Holstein dairy cows' ration in the close-up period by Immunofin® polyherbal aqueous extract on the normal physiology, clinical health, and hematological and biochemical parameters of postpartum dairy cows.

In this experiment, the herbal extract was supplemented in a close-up period diet for cows in the treatment group (n=10). However, cows in the control group (n=10) received precisely the same ratio as the placebo. The clinical health of cows was assessed, and some of their biochemical and hematological parameters were com-pared between the two groups.

Cows in the treatment group had a lower incidence of retained fetal membrane and metritis (P=0.01). In addition, cows in the treatment group had a lower concentration of serum nonesterified fatty acid (P<0.001), and a lower number of peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocytes count among cows in the treatment group (P<0.0001). In contrast, their mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were higher (P<0.0001).

In conclusion, Immunofin® supplementation in a close-up period had no negative impacts on prepartum cows' clinical health and could desirably alter some of the clinical, biochemical and hematological pa-rameters.

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious disease of the upper-respiratory tract caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The virus is a member of the Coronaviridae family and has numerous serotypes and strains. Rapid replication combined with high mutation rate and recombination are the main causes of the observed high diversity.Feed conversion and average daily gain are affected in broilers, and infection is often followed by secondary bacterial infections. In layers, IBV causes a reduction in egg production.Today, IB is one of the most economically important diseases in the poultry industry. Transcriptional profiles of trachea tissue of the infected group (IBV) were studied with control group to evaluate changes in transcriptome profile at the early stages of infection. After the challenge of SPF chickens with IBV IS-1494 like (GI-23, the trachea tissue was used for RNA extraction, and changes in the transcriptome were investigated by Illumina RNA-seq technique. Up-regulated and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the transcriptome of trachea were identified. Gene ontology category, KEGG pathway were analyzed to identify relationships among differentially expressed genes. In general, the numbers of up-regulated genes were higher than of down-regulated genes in experimental group. In the experimental group, a more severe immune response occurred; an important up-regulated genes in this group’s was Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptotic pathway, MAPK signaling pathway. Results of this study could provide a general overview of transcriptome changes in the trachea at the early stage of infection with avian infectious bronchitis (IBV) virus.

Prototheca spp. belongs to the family Chlorellaceae and can cause mastitis in dairy cattle herds. Several Prototheca species could be isolated in different parts of the dairy herds.

The objectives were to determine: (1) the investigation status of bulk milk tank Prototheca Spp prevalence in industrial dairy cattle herds in different area of Iran. And (2). To evaluate the fungal agent prevalence of bulk milk tank of dairy cattle herds in different seasons.

Bulk milk tank for the presence of Prototheca and fungal agents from 165 industrial dairy cattle herds complexes were tested. The population of each herd was about 850–3500 Holstein dairy cows. The samples were taken from 32 cities and 16 provinces of Iran, respectively. In total, almost 66800 Holstein dairy cows were repre-sented. The population of lactating cows included about 25800. Samples were cultured on sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) medium with chloramphenicol (100 mg/L).

Only 8 (4.84%) out of 165 samples were isolated for Prototheca spp. It had been isolated in different seasons. They were 2, 4, 1, and 1 samples in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Candida, Fusarium, and Trichosporon spp. were isolated from 137, 2 and 1 samples, respectively. According to the obtained results, Prototheca and fungal agents are present in bulk milk tanks of industrial dairy cattle herds in different provinces of Iran.

It is concluded that exposure to Prototheca and different fungal agents could be common in the dairy cattle herds in Iran. The results are important as dairy cattle health and human sanitation hazar.

Iran and Saudi Arabia, which enjoy good relations with Pakistan, were engaged in a proxy war during the Syrian crisis. The tensions between the two regional rivals over Syria posed a major challenge for Pakistan. On the one hand, Pakistan could not give up its friendship with its western neighbor with which it shares long and strategic borders and security concerns. On the other hand, Pakistan's close ties with Saudi Arabia did not allow Karachi to abandon its strategic cooperation with the oil-rich Kingdom. Every year, Riyadh provides billions of dollars in cash and credit to the Pakistani government in addition to extending cultural aid, humanitarian aid and other forms of assistance such as discounts on oil prices and loan forgiveness and discharge of the remaining balance on past credits. Pakistan's dependency is not limited to the economic or military dimensions of Saudi-Pakistan bilateral relations, and extends to cultural and religious domains because of the importance of Mecca and Medina as the holiest of Moslim cities and Pakistani people’s interest in hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca. In addition to the challenges of balancing its relations with these two regional states and other foreign policy issues, Pakistan’s political leaders are faced with threatening domestic challenges due to the existing conflicts between different religious and sectarian spectrums ranging from moderates to extremist groups in Pakistani society. The power struggle and factional conflicts pose great challenges for the Pakistani decision-makers who have tried to find effective ways for public opinion management.This brings us to the main objective of the present study —to examine how the Syrian crisis has been portrayed in the media in Pakistan, which is considered one of the most important countries in South Asia in terms of active media. It has dozens of television news networks and hundreds of newspapers operating nationally and locally in the country and enjoying relatively high levels of freedom of the press. However, some of them have been influenced by powerful political parties and the country's rulers. By focusing on three media: Ummat newspaper, Jang newspaper and Islam Times news site and using qualitative content analysis method, “Pedam” approach and analytical software, the authors attempt to find out how Syrian crisis were represented in these three Pakistani media outlets by using different types of strategies (e.g., highlighting, marginalization, conceptualization, and naturalization). It is certain that the meaning of the world depends on its representation. Representation, then, is the way in which we make reality meaningful. We create meanings about ourselves, others and the world around us, and we share or argue with each other through representation.The findings show that the Ummat newspaper with its anti-Bashar orientation and negative portrayal of Iran and Russia, claims that the roots of the Syrian crisis lie in the intervention of these pro-Bashar Assad governments that are aligned with Syria. The Islam Times news site seeks to defend the legitimate sovereignty of the Syrian government by concentrating on Western intervention, and criticizing and highlighting the US role in creating the crisis in Syria and the region. Jang newspaper has adopted a different approach, and has portrayed the crisis as a deep-rooted and unresolved domestic issue in Syria, and has introduced the intervention of Western and regional countries in support of (or in opposition to) Bashar Assad as a result of domestic  anti-Bashar forces. While there are many similarities between the macro-orientation of the two media outlets of Jang and the Ummat, the clear differences arising from the meanings pushed out of context in the two media outlets of the Ummat and the Islam Times is evident. In the former (Ummat), the Iran-Russia bloc is highlighted as an enemy, and in the latter (Islam Times), the Western bloc is represented as an enemy taking side with the United States and its regional allies.  Beyond the contradicting representation of the Syrian crisis in the three media outlets, we found that they represent three different segments of Pakistani society. However, these media outlets were in fact instilling in their audience the need for Pakistan's neutrality.  Consequently, they made it possible for the Pakistani government to achieve its goal of public opinion management in the Syrian crisis through the media in order to advance its own policy agenda.