علیرضا دارایی مفرد

In order to investigate the effect of additive series intercropping of legume and cereal (the line of 2561 of broad leaf vetch and Abidar cultivar of barley) on species diversity ecological indices and weeds dominance, a field experiment was conducted in 4 × 5 factorial with three replications in the dry land conditions in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan in the cropping years of 2015-17. The intercropping treatments reduced numbers and total dry weight of weeds ratio in sole cropping. The best treatments in first and second year for weeds control were once-weeding and seed ratios 70:100 and 100:100 (vetch: barley) and double-weeding×70:100. The three factor interactions (year, weed and intercropping) represent the contribution of 40:100 and 70:100 with once-weeding in weed dry weight losses (17.98 and 17.16 in the first and second years, respectively). In the second year, this interaction also resulted to the lowest weed dry weights (20.82 and 20 g/m-2). The lowest species richness was belonged to once and double weeding and non-weeding treatments with 100:100 seed ratio, respectively. Also, mentioned treatments indicated the weeds were more dominance in the first year compared to the second year.

The experiment, is based on the standard scenarios, loaders case IPCC (B1, A2, A1B) by general circulation model (HadCM3) with the use of fine scale model (LARS-WG) with the aim to evaluate the effect of climate change on the phonological stages answer C3 plants, in research farm of agricultural college of Lorestan University in cropping years 2014-15 and 2015-16 With, in two consecutive years and rain fed conditions was conducted in one place. Complementary components of intercropping of broad leaf vetch and barley in 5 levels, weeds and compost as well as four levels, respectively. in 4×5 factorial experiment with in a randomized complete block design was used for the target year 2055 AD (1445 Shamsi) in dry land conditions. Climatic factors as temperature, precipitation and daily radiation in period of study with simulation used LARS-WG modeling. Thus, min and max temperature oscillation in the future desirable for growth of C3 plants (broad leaf vetch and barley). Also, average precipitation is slightly more and will reduce the length of the period of growth and failure to deal with the above optimal temperatures and drought stress and escape from the end of the season due to being the period in accordance with growing season, reduce the risk of environmental hazards in the upcoming years due to performance and stability have been achieved fitted.

To determine the effect of intercropping on the growth and development of weeds, the experiment in the Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University 2014-15 and 2015-16 as rain fed was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, in one place with weeds factor in 4 levels (full weeding, one-time weeding, two-time weeding and non-weeding or control) and additive series intercropping factor in 5 levels, 0:100 (sole cropping of barley), 40:100 (broad leaf vetch: barley), 70:100, 100:100 and 100:0 (sole cropping of vetch). Intercropping of vetch: barley in comparison with sole cropping treatments, by increasing weed control efficiency (WCE) was represent reducing of the species number, its growth and development, On the other hand the year factor, on the role of the intercropping system and completing the effect of this method was effective on growth and development of weeds, So in the first and second years, ratios of 100:100 and 70:100 (vetch: barley) in preventing the development of natural flora, were known to the right combination.

The field experiment to study the effects of intercropping on weed control, in the Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University of 2014-15 and 2015-16 in 4×5 factorial randomized complete block design with three replications, in two consecutive years in one place was carried out on dry land. In this experiment, two plants (legume and cereal or broad leaf vetch and barley cultivar Abidar) in the form of additive series intercropping system with four levels of weed (weeding, once weeding, double weeding and non-weeding) and complementary components of intercropping in five levelsThe lowest number of weeds (in square meters) of first and second year with a mixture of 100: 70 (barley:vetch) was equivalent to 21 and 21.35, sole cropping of barley was the lowest greatest weight weed control (34.54 g/m²). the levels mix, combination of 100: 40 and 100: 70 most of the weeds dry weight, respectively (24.56 and 23.77 gr/m2). So, at the mentioned levels (intercropping balanced) efficiency of weed control in the second year was than the first year. Also, by reducing the share of vetch from 100 to 70 and 40 percent, the exploitation of the environment reduced and minimum LERt in the second year and different levels of weed was belonged to 40:100 seed ratio.

In order to study the effect of intercropping and sole cropping of barley (Abidar cultivar) with broad leaf vetch (Line 2561) under conditions of used compost on yield of dry forage and utility indices, this experiment in cropping years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was conducted with four levels of compost (control, 20, 40 and 60 ton.ha-1) and five levels of complementary components of intercropping, 100:0 (sole cropping of broad leaf vetch), 40:100 (broad leaf vetch: barley), 70:100, 100:100 and 0:100 (sole cropping of barley) in additive series intercropping in dry land conditions of khorramabad in the college of Agriculture of Lorestan University in the form of factorial in RCBD with three replicates. Results showed that biomass produced in the interaction control×100:40 (broad leaf vetch: barley) in the first and second years, was equal to 5.03 and 5.28 ton.ha-1 and the second year was 4.77 percent lead. The results showed that by increasing the use of compost (40 and 60 ton.ha-1) and broad leaf vetch seed ratio (100: 100), Total Land Equivalent Ratio (TLER) to 2 and even more than it does the desire, Area Time Land Equivalent Ratio (ATER), in all interactions of year×compost×intercropping, was more than 1 (ATER> 1). The max of Land Use Efficiency (LUE) of barley was obtained in the seed ratio of 100:100 and at all levels of the compost and the lowest The E in the first and second year was belonged to the interaction of control×40:100 that was equal to 1.25 and 1.26, respectively.

Introduction In agronomy, natural outlook has been expressed in different forms which stable agriculture is an example. Stable agriculture is ascribed to the authentic management of agricultural resources, which in addition to fulfilling the ever-changing needs of humans, maintains the health of environment and capacity of water and soil resources. Application of herbicides, besides being costly, resulted in the selection of herbicide resistant weed species and has become an environmental contamination factor. However, reduction of herbicide consumption is one of the goals of modern agriculture, with several methods being suggested, including intercropping. In natural conditions of production, environment conservation of weed existence requires cost. One of the important preparations in weed control from the perspective of sustainable agriculture, is using intercropping system. The aim of this study was to determine the role of crop diversity on weed and crop production based on the beneficial effects of intercropping system than pure.
Materials and methods In order to study effects of mixed and sole cropping of barley with common vetch on their biologic yield and utilization indices, an experiment was conducted in Agricultural college of the University of Lorestan, during the growing season of 2013-2014 with 24 treatments using the method of rows replacement series technique by the randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. First factor included 6 levels of intercropping: sole cropping of common vetch (100%), 55-45 (Common vetch-barley), 35-65, 45-55, 65-35 and sole cropping of barley and second factor included 4 levels of weed wild safflower, control, 10, 15 and 20 plants per m2. In this experiment WCE, LER and CR were measured. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Mstat-C computer software. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan’s multiple range test at two levels of significant 1% and 5%.
Results and discussion There was significant difference between minimum and maximum dry weight of weeds, the results showed that barley have important role in weed control wild safflower. Therefore, weed control efficiency in 15 plant in m2 was higher than two 10 and 20 plant in m2. The lowest WCE (161.27%) was found at 15-35-65 treatment, but, the highest WCE (51.99) was obtained from 15-65-35 (Wild safflower-common vetch-barley) treatment. Computes showed that WCE, in 15 plants of wild safflower/m2, was more than 10 and 20 p/m2. The reduction in weed population and biomass in intercropping systems with barley may be attributed to shading effect and competition stress created by the canopy.
Thus, result showed that reduction rate of common vetch in intercropping, with bearing compatibility power to weeds reduced LER. CR for common vetch intercropping component in comparison with barley in total treatments was>1. The highest CR, for vetch obtained from treatment 45-55-control (2.64) and for barley from seed ratio 65-35-control (1.83).
Conclusion The results in this study showed various seed rate had noticeable effect on forage yield, LER and weed control. In this experiment changing seed rate in two tested plants (barly- commen vetch) changed the number and weed species, as a result noticeable changing was created in their competitive power. Result showed that seed rate (35% barley-65% common vetch) was better than other treatment, not only in use efficiency of environment, but also it had more dry forage yield. Also, former seed rate had effective role in decreasing the weed biomass. This important result was related to reduced light penetrate at the bottom of cover crop and probably lack of competition in access to environmental resources was also affected. So using this seed density for mentioned area is recommended for reducing weed competition and improving the quality and quantity of dry forage.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the teachers of College of Agriculture of Lorestan University, for their critical review of the manuscript.

This experiment to study aim effect of different levels of plant density and zinc sulfate on quantitative yield of triticale and its rule on human and livestock feed was conducted at deh-sefid village of Khorramabad¡ in cropping year 2009- 2010 (November 13¡ 2009). The application of three levels of zinc sulfate (Control¡ 40 and 60 kg / ha) and three plant densities (200¡ 300 and 400 plant / m2) were combined factorially based on the randomized complete block desing with three replications. Results showed that interaction of density and different levels of zinc sulfate treatments on variables¡ such straw yield¡ economical yield (seed) and biological yield (1% prob) as harvest index (5% prob) were affected significantly. The higher production. The highest straw and seed yield (12810¡ 12770 kg / ha) was observed in200 and 300 plant / m2 to using 60 kg/ha zinc sulfate (d2f3 and d1 3)¡ biologic yield (22303 kg / ha) and harvest index (44.53%) was obtained from treatment 300 plant / m2) to using 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate (d2f2). Thus was concluded that minum and optimum of plant density (200 and 300 plant / m2) increased yield to ratio using fertilizer (40 and 60 kg / ha)¡ therefor¡ can proposed using fertilizer to further yield. The highest and lowest percent protein were obtained from treatments d3f2 (400 plant / m2. 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate ) and d2f2 (300 plant / m2 .40 kg / ha zinc sulfate) equal to 9.8 and 7.08 % respectively.

Reduction of chemical fertilizer consumption in the production of agricultural products, using bio-fertilizers as a suitable substitution or complementary for chemical fertilizers has privileges from ecology and economical aspects. The advantages of applying of bio-fertilizer are providing plant with different nutrients in accordance to the natural ability of plant, enhancing and improving soil biodiversity, resistance to plant diseases, developing biological activities, conservation and supporting the non- renewable natural resources such as ground water and soil. In this study, the effect of different fertilizing methods on protein percentage and phosphorus and grain yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Cv. Gachsaran) were evaluated in the research field of College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran in 2009. The experiment was conducted on basis of a randomized completely block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of chemical fertilizer of super phosphate triple [50 (C1), 100 (C2), 150 (C3) kg/ha-1], three levels of phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 [25 (B1), 50 (B2), 75(B3) g/ha-1], six levels of integrated fertilizer [I1= (C1+ B1), I2= (C1+B2), I3= (C1+B3), I4= (C2+B1), I5= (C2+B2), I6= (C2+B3)] and control treatment (C0B0) Results showed that the effect of various treatments on grain yield was significant (P<0.01), and the maximum (I3) and minimum (control) corresponding values were equal to 442.6 and 279.1 kg/ha-1, respectively. The effects of different treatments on the percentage of seed phosphorus were significant (P<0.05), and the maximum (I5) and minimum (control) corresponding values were equal to 0.39% and 0.26%, respectively. The percentage of seed crude protein in the lentil was not significantly affected. The results showed that use of integrated fertilizing method increased grain yield and the percentage of grain phosphorus, on the other hand this method decreased application rate of chemical fertilizer of super phosphate triple, so integrated fertilizing method could be means to achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture.

This experiment was conducted in the Agriculture College of the University of Lorestan in 2007. To study morphological structure of stomata and forage yield in three species of forage vetch (Vicia sp.), a factorial experiment on the basis of a complete randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications was performed. The experimental treatments were three plant densities (100, 150 and 200 seed per m2) and three species of vetch including broad leaf vetch (V. narbonensis L.), common vetch (V. sativa L.) and woolly pod vetch (V. dasycarpa L.) evaluated under dry farming conditions. The interaction of density and plant species significantly affected the number of upper stoma and forage yield (P= 0.01). So the maximum and minimum number of stomata (/mm2) in the upper level was related to woolly pod and common vetch, respectively, and for the densities of 200 and 150 plant/m2 was equal to 224 and 123.2, respectively. Other properties of stomata (stomata number in the other level, its length and width in the both level of upper and lower, was affected by palnt species. Also, the highest and the lowest forage yield was related to the broad leaf and woolly pod vetch, respectively, with plant density of 200 and 100 seed per m2 equal to 2268 and 724 kg yield per hectare. The differences in the leaf area index (LAI) was not related to the differences among the plant species density. Thus, under the semiarid climate of region (Khorramabad), the broad leaf and common vetch species are superior to the hairy vetch species for forage production.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant density and cultivars on seed yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under the climatic conditions of Khorramabad at the Agriculture Research Station of Sarab Changaei. This experiment was a factorial on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four plant densities (6.5, 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 plant/m2), three corn cultivars (301, 647, and SC.704) and 3 replications. Traits of seed yield, 1000 seed weight, corn cob weight, total dry matter, and row number per ear, seed number per row and harvest index were measured. According to the results cultivar SC.704 was the superior one relative to the other cultivars as well as the plant density of 8.5 plants/m2. Mean comparison showed that the highest seed yield was related to cultivar SC 704 with the plant density of 8.5 plant/m2 (7700 kg/ha) and the minimum seed yield was resulted by cultivar SC 301 and the plant density of 9.5 plant/m2 (3933 kg/ha). The highest 1000 seed weight was obtained from cultivar SC 647 with the plant density of 8.5 plant/m2 and the highest row number per ear (16.86) was related to cultivar SC 301 with the plant density of 6.5 plant/m2. Also, the highest seed number per row (28.03) and the highest seed number per ear (411.7) were resulted by cultivar SC 704 and the plant density of 6.5 plant/m2.

The effects of fertilization methods on seed yield and yield components of lentil (lens culinaris cv. Gachsaran) were evaluated in the research field of College of Agriculture of Lorestan University during 2009. The experiment was conducted on the basis of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of chemical fertilizer, triple super phosphate [50 (C1), 100 (C2), 150 (C3) kg.ha-1], three levels of phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 [25 (B1), 50 (B2), 75(B3) g.ha-1], six levels of integrated fertilizer [I1= (C1+ B1), I2= (C1+B2), I3= (C1+B3), I4= (C2+B1), I5= (C2+B2), I6= (C2+B3)] and control treatment (C0B0). The effect of various treatments on grain yield was significant at P=0.01, and maximum (I3) and minimum (control) corresponding values were 442/6 and 279/1 kg.ha-1, respectively. Plant dry matter was also significantly affected by different treatments at P= 0.01, as the maximum and minimum values were related to treatment I3 and control, respectively. The effects of different treatments on the number of branch per plant, the number of pods per plant and harvest index were significant at P= 0.01. The results of this study showed that the integrated treatment (I3) had positive effect on all agronomical traits of lentil. So application of 75g/ha phosphatic biofertilizer Barvar-2 + 50kg/ha chemical fertilizer super phosphate triple produced the highest seed yield of lentil under the region conditions.

Effects of three plant densities (100، 150 and 200 seed per m2) on qualitative and quantitative indices of three species of vetch including broad leaf vetch (V. narbonensis L.)، common vetch (V. sativa L.) and woolly pod vetch (V. dasycarpa L.) were evaluated under fall seeding (dryfarming) conditions during 2007-2008 crop years. the experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College of the University of Lorestan in a factorial arrangement of based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest hay yield was obtained on broad leaf vetch with density of 200 plant per m2 (2268 kg/ha) and the lowest hay yield (724 kg/ha) was recorded on woolly pod vetch with density of 100 plant per m2. Average hay yield was recorded on broad leaf vetch and common vetch with density of 100 plant/m2 equal to 1856 and 1714 kg/ha، respectively. The highest portion of leaf and stem dry weight (54. 18 and 45. 82%) was observed on broad leaf vetch with 150 plant/m2، respectively. Also، ratios of leaf and stem dry weight in woolly pod vetch were 34. 6% and 68. 05%، respectively which were superior two other species. The results showed that qualitative indices such as crude protein (CP) percentage and neutral detergent fibers (NDF) were affected by plant density and species. Thus، the highest CP and NDF values (23. 14 and 29. 95% respectively) were obtained from woolly pod vetch species in 200 plant/m2 and the lowest values of the characters (19. 78 and 25% respectively) were recorded on broad leaf vetch with 100 plant/m2،.

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of plant density and zinc sulfate on quantitative yield of triticale at Deh-Sefid village of Khorramabad, in cropping year 2009- 2010. The application of three levels of zinc sulfate (Control, 40 and 60 kg / ha) and three plant densities (200, 300 and 400 plant / m2) were combined factorially based on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that reciprocal effects of density and different levels of zinc sulfate treatments on variables, such as straw weight, economical yield (seed), and biological yield (1% probability),and also harvest index (5% probability) were affected significantly. The highest straw weight (12810, 12770 kg / ha) was observed in 200 and 300 plant / m2 using 60 kg/ha zinc sulfate (d2f3 and d1f3). The highest biologic yield (22303 kg / ha) and harvest index (44.53%)and seed yield (9933 kg / ha) was obtained from treatment 300 plant / m2) to using 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate (d2f2). Thus was concluded that the minimum and average of plant density (200 and 300 plant / m2) increased yield according to the more use of fertilizer (40 and 60 kg / ha).

A 1-year field experiment was conducted in Agricultural college of the University of Lorestan, during the 1385-86 cropping year to study the influence of mono-and inter-cropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) or narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) on barley grain production and weeds growth. Treatments including barley mono-cropping, different seed ratios (barley: vetch) of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 and weed interference were tested. The experiment was a factorial on the basis of randomized complete block design in three replications. The interactions results showed that number of fruitful tillers was significantly affected by intercropping system. However, the number of grain into spike, 1000-seed weight of barley and barley grain yield were not significantly affected. The maximum seed yield of barley (2.88 t.ha-1) was obtained in barley mono-cropping and the minimum seed yield (2.41 t.ha-1) was obtained in 50:50 seed ratio. Also, the lowest dry weight (6.78 gr.m-2) and number of weeds (14.3 numbers per m2) were resulted by treatments 75:25 ratio indicating the important role of this seed ratio in more effective control of weeds.

To study the effects of plant density and species on forage and grain yield of Vicia sp., anexperiment was conducted in College of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, under dry farming conditions during 2007-2008 growing season. Three levels of plant density at 100, 150 and 200 seed per square meter along with three species of Vicia including Vicia narbonensis, Vicia sativa and Vicia dasycarpa were arranged factorially. The experiment was performed on the basis of a complete block design with three replications. The maximum dry forage yield of 3263 kg/ha belonging to broad leaf vetch at 150 seed/m2 was obtained. The highest stem dry weight of 1788 kg/ha was obtained from common vetch at 100 seed/m2. However, the maximum leaf dry weight of 1801 kg/ha was obtained from broad leaf vetch at 150 seed/m2. In some treatments the maximum seed yield, pod/plant, seed/pod and biological yield were obtained.