علیرضا رضازاده

Production of high-quality seeds is a major concern in the agriculture industry. The lifespan of a seed, which can extend over several decades, is essential for safeguarding the plant's genetic resources. Storage conditions, including seed moisture level, relative humidity, gases (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), and temperature, are the primary factors that determine seed lifespan. Among these aging treatment, oxygen has the most detrimental effect on seed germination, storage metabolic activities, and enzyme activity of dried seeds. Lalemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana seeds contain high levels of fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (56-67%), which have significant beneficial effects on health. However, a large number of L. iberica and L. royleana seeds deteriorate due to inadequate storage conditions by most farmers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different storage conditions, especially natural and controlled aging, aging with oxygen, and nitrogen on germination, chemical activities, metabolic reserves, and enzymatic activities of dry L. iberica and L. royleana seeds.

A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in the seed science laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid University in 2021. The experimental treatments included storage environments (control, natural aging, controlled aging, and aging with oxygen and nitrogen pressure) and plant species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana).

The results indicated that aging with oxygen had the most detrimental impact on the germination rate, seed germination, reservoirs content, and the activity of alpha and beta amylase enzymes, compared with controlled and natural aging in both species. Conversely, the highest levels of electrical conductivity, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in dry seeds stored under oxygen aging conditions. In comparison to artificial aging (controlled aging and oxygen aging), seeds stored under natural aging conditions exhibited the highest germination rate, storage compound content, and α amylase enzyme activity. Throughout the storage process, it was observed that the deterioration rate was higher in the dry seeds of L. iberica compared with L. royleana.

Aging with oxygen can be regarded as a rapid artificial aging method for assessing the longevity of dry seeds. Conversely, the use of low temperature and humidity conditions in natural aging can be considered a practical method for preserving the quality and longevity of seeds. Due to their high content of storage compounds (sucrose, starch, and total sugar content), L. royleana seeds can be stored for extended periods.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world (Keifer, 2018). After India, Australia, and Pakistan, Iran has taken the fourth rank in terms of chickpea cultivation area, and the decrease in rainfall and especially the plant's exposure to heat and drought stress at the end of the season is the reason for the decrease in crop yield (SabaghPour et al., 2010; FAO, 2018). In general, drought stress and its relationship with the reduction of yield and its components in crops plants can be primarily attributed to the closing of stomata in response to low soil water content, during which the entry of carbon dioxide into the leaf is reduced, and as a result, it causes a reduction in photosynthesis.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on the yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Shahed University during 2021–2022 as a split plot design in the form of random complete blocks. The first factor is irrigation systems at three levels: 1) supplementary irrigation (Irrigation at two sowing times and before flowering based on 20% available soil water, 2) complete or control irrigation (irrigation based on 20% available soil water), 3) Low irrigation regime (irrigation based on 40% available soil water) is the second factor of autumn (November 15) and spring (March 15) sowing dates. Irrigation was carried out in the form of streams and stacks, and the ends of the plots were completely closed to prevent water from escaping. Data analysis and calculations related to simple Pearson correlation coefficients between traits were performed with SAS (ver 9.4) and SPSS (ver 23) software, respectively, and the average of treatments was compared by LSD test at a statistical level of 5%. The graphs were drawn using Excel software.

The results of the variance analysis of the interaction between irrigation regime and planting date showed that there is a significant difference between the traits of number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, number of seeds per plant, harvest index, biological yield and seed yield. The results of comparing the averages also showed the highest number of branches per plant (9.83), the number of pods per plant (30.5), plant height (51.08) cm, and the number of seeds per plant (26.66). The harvest index was 0.48 percent, the biological yield was 4670 kg ha-1, and the seed yield was 2384.17 kg ha-1 for the autumn planting date treatment under the autumn irrigation regime (irrigation based on draining 20% of crop capacity moisture). The highest correlations with grain yield were obtained by traits: plant height (r = 0.986**), number of branches per plant (r = 0.966**), harvest index (r = 0.962**), number of seeds per plant (r = 0.961*), biological yield (r = 0.956**), hundred seed weight (r = 0.933**) and number of empty pods per plant (r = 0.880*).

In general, the results of this experiment indicate that the Low irrigation regime is more efficient than Supplementary irrigation in all traits after the control irrigation regime in autumn sowing. Therefore, the Low irrigation regime is suggested as a low irrigation regime suitable for the conditions of the tested region for the sowing of chickpeas in autumn, and in addition, other autumn sowing dates of this variety should be studied.

Water deficit is as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and reduced photosynthesis content (Askary et al., 2017). The common symptoms determined in plants after encountering water deficit include a hindrance to growth, a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis, an acceleration oxidative stress (Aalipour et al., 2020). A balanced nutrient concentration in the soil is known as another essential element for plant growth regulation (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). This can be supplied by the application of chemical fertilizers (nano iron chelate). Nano iron chelate fertilizer can also protect plants against water deficit stresses and improves photosynthesis and assimilates transportation to sinks and eventually amends grain yield and oil content (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Dragon head (Lalelemantia iberica) and Lady's mantle (Lalelemantia royleana) to the application of nano-chelate fertilizer in different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regime (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination nano-iron chelate (without fertilizer and nano-iron chelate) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana).

By increasing water deficit reduced, chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. The reduction of plant growth parameters and seed yield of both species Lallemantia may be due to extended irrigation intervals which caused decline in Chl concentration, stomata closure, and decreased CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (Paravar et al., 2021). Our results showed that the highest chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil was obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (moderate drought stress). The application nano-iron chelate in all cases mitigated the negative effects of water deficit stress on chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. Increasing in growth parameters and seed yield under drought stress of Lallemantia species under application of nano-iron chelate condition in drought stress may be due to the role of iron the chlorophyll structure and plant photosynthesis system (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Indeed application of nano-iron chelate by photosynthesis improvement and material production in the plant causes the increasing growth and yield. (Iqbal and Umar, 2019). In addition, in this study observed nano-iron chalet application played the important role on the increasing of CAT and APXs enzyme activity under drought stress. It has been reported that micronutrients such as iron has a structural role in some enzyme such as CAT and APXs (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Higher seed yield and seed oil  L.iberica than L.royleana  under application nano-iron chelate and different levels of irrigation regimes may be due to the increasing chlorophyll a and b (Paravar et al., 2022). Compared with L.iberica, the greater CAT and APXs enzyme activity in L.royleana is probably due to the mucilage around roots of L.royleana that has caused the reduction of oxidative stress (Paravar et al., 2021).

Therefore, in general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, we can reduce damages from water deficit stress in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application nano-iro chelate.

Lallemnatia ibercia (Dragon’s head) is an annual herb, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Nowadays, its seed is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its high mucilage and oil content. Soil moisture, nutrition, light, and temperature of the maternal environment play an important role in plant growth. However, the effect of soil moisture on yield and seed quality indices is greater during seed development. The positive effects of maternal plant nutrition with mycorrhizal inoculation can influence the quality improvement of the seeds developed under water deficit conditions. The reason for the quality improvement of the seeds developed under mycorrhizal inoculation condition is reported to be their water balance under water deficit conditions and as a result, more absorption of water and nutrients. Nutrient uptake by the maternal plant can play an important role in improving the germination and quality characteristics of the seeds developed under drought stress.

A field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Shahed University during f 2018-19 and 2019-20 years. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (30, 60 and 90% of depletion of available soil water (ASW)) and mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculation and inoculation).

The results showed that a reduction in soil moisture in the maternal environment decreased germination percentage and seed quality.  Germination percentage (51.20%) germination rate (7%), seed vigor index (27.70%), seedling length (28.3%), seedling dry weight (34.80%), seed mucilage (75.40%), as well as seed nutrients (27.30%), seed oil (14.60%) and catalase (35.25%) and ascorbate peroxidase (25.70%) enzymes activities enhanced in the seeds developed under 60% depletion of available soil water and application of mycorrhizal compared to control (30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal). Compared with the 30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal, mean germination time (17%) and lipid peroxidation (41.10%) increased under the 90% depletion of available soil water and without fertilizer mycorrhizal.

According to the results of this study, the irrigation regime of 60% available soil water depletion of maternal plants leads to the reduction of seed quality. However, the nutrition of maternal plants by mycorrhizal inoculation effectively improved the quality of seeds developed under water deficit due to the absorption of water and nutrients.

Germination and seedling growth indices, quality and biochemical characteristics of the Lallemantia iberica seeds developed under different conditions of irrigation regime were investigated.
 The effect of mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake, oil content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes was investigated.
The extent of damage to the lipid structures of cells in the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza fertilizer was investigated.

In natural environments, plants are continuously exposed to diverse environmental conditions that may affect plant survival, development and production. Water deficiency considers as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and decreases water use efficiency and photosynthesis rate. Nowadays it is suggested to use bio-fertilizers as a tool to adjust adverse effects of water shortage in soil. Bio-fertilizers containing Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are supposed to use. Some plant species have the ability to form a symbiosis relationship with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can increase growth and yield of plants under water deficiency, and it is one of the most important bio-inoculant that can be used to adjust adverse effects of water stress in plants. AMF-symbiosis considerably increases root colonization which turns into improving water use efficiency. Also, it establishes a platform to increase phosphorus mobility between soil and roots in the rhizosphere. Lallemantia iberica (Dragon’s head) and Lallemantia royleana (Lady’s mantle) are medicinal plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family. Genus Lallemantia seeds contain mucilage, polysaccharide, fiber, oil, protein, and plenty of valuable secondary metabolites. Limited information is availiable about the ability of these two species to make symbiosis relation with AMF under water deficit condition.  Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana inoculated by mycorrhizal in the different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regimes (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination mycorrhizae (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycorrhizae) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana). 

Increasing water deficit significantly reduced plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and seed oil content However, the highest plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, mucilage, and oil seed content obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (mild stress). The application of mycorrhizae increased plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and oil seed content in cross all irrigation regimes. It has been reported that establishment a relationship of symbiotic AMF with roots of host plant, through spreading the hyphae and developing the root system, improves growth and provides more water for plants, which finally this ability leads to the yield, root colonization and water use efficiency. Inoculated and non-inoculated L .royleana had the greatest resistance to different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments than L. iberica. It has been reported that L. royleana was more tolerant to water deficit in compared to L. iberica  Also the results showed that the highest root colonization was in L. royleana species which was grown under different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments.

In general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, water deficit stress damages can be reduced in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application of mycorrhizae.

The expensive cost of seed storage could be reducing by using suitable genotypes. In order to evaluate the variety of storage potential of barley genotypes an experiment was conducted factorially with three factors as completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was included eight genotypes with two native barley cultivars, the second factor was three levels of seed moisture content including 7, 14 and 18 percentage and the third was aging duration (three days, one week and four weeks). The results showed that germination decreased with increasing moisture content so that when moisture reached 18% only genotype 3 and 4 germinated after one week storage with 18% moisture content after four weeks storage there was no germination in this moisture level. Total phenolic content and malondialdehyde decreased after four weeks storage with 18% seed moisture content and the genotypes studied, genotype 72747 (8) had the highest amount of phenol and germination percentage (78.33%) during three days of storage with 18% seed moisture.The genotypes 3, 4 from China 7 and 8 from Iran showed anti-oxidant content increment in adverse conditions warehouse which imposed by high seed moisture content and temperature. These genotypes also showed the highest germination and seed vigor after storage.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza on catalase enzyme activity and growth and qualitative characteristics of Lady's mantle (Lallemantia royleana) under deficit irrigation, experimental based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications at Research Farm of the Agricultural College of Shahed University in 2018 and 2019. Experiment treatments included three irrigation regimes (30%, 60% and 90% depletion of available soil water) and mycorrhiza fertilizer (inoculation and non-inoculation). Germination percentage and germination rate, catalase enzyme activity, grain yield, biomass and seed qualitative characteristics decreased by increasing water deficit. The maximum resistance and best responses of plants observed to 60%irrigation regime.  Mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant positive and increasing effect on the catalase enzyme activity, germination traits and qualitative characteristics of Lady's mantle compared to those of non-inoculation plants. The lowest growth, yield, and catalase enzyme activity and qualitative characteristics were observed in non-inoculation plants at 90%. Plants inoculated had more percentage germination (100%), germination rate, seed yield (1333.75 kg / ha), chlorophyll content, percentage of mucilage, phosphorus seed oil and catalase enzyme activity under 60% depletion available soil water compared to non-inoculated plants under other irrigation regimes. Therefore, it can be concluded that Lady's mantle has shown a positive response to symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of polyamine compounds on seed and oil yields and fatty acids production in safflower under deficit irrigation stress. A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in the research farm of College of Agriculture, Shahed University in 2016-2017. Treatments were irrigation at two levels (normal irrigation and deficit irrigation (irrigation after 50 and 75% depletion of field capacity, respectively) as the main factor and foliar application of polyamine compounds at 10 levels (foliar application with water as control and foliar application with putrescine, spermidin and spermin at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mM concentrations) as secondary factor. At each irrigation level, the putrescine foliar application significantly increased seed and oil yields, harvest index, water use efficiency and oleic acid. Increased levels of putrescine and spermin foliar application ranged from 0.05 to 0.2 mM under deficit irrigation stress conditions resulted in 40.4% and 38.3%, increase in the biological yield respectively, compared to control. Also, foliar application of the highest concentration of spermin (i.e. 0.2 mM) under water deficit stress significantly increased total yield of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced the percentage of palmitic acid. Spermidine foliar application significantly increased linoleic acid yield in safflower oil under water deficit conditions. It can be concluded that foliar application of polyamine compounds can increase seed and oil yields and water use efficiency and improve the quality of safflower oil in deficit irrigation conditions.

Drought stress is a major constraint to agricultural productivity all around the world. Drought is the most significant threat to global food security. Food demand becomes a huge issue because water supply is restricted around the planet. Plant seed priming is a simple, low-cost, low-risk, and effective way to boost plant tolerance under stressful situations.In nutrient priming, seeds are pretreated (primed) in solutions containing the limiting nutrients instead of being soaked just in water. Microelements, which are required in very small quantities, play important roles in improving crop productivity and quality. Oxidative stress is caused by the formation of active oxygen species (ROS) in response to water stress. Antioxidant enzymes are regarded to be the "first line of defense" against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a variety of environmental injury species. Selenium's strategies for decreasing the effects of drought are mostly anti-antioxidant defense activation. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a stress-tolerant pseudo cereal that has been cultivated for over 7000 years in the Andes, in a variety of environments, with Peru and Bolivia being the main producers. Quinoa is a high-protein food (12-16.5 percent), with protein quality comparable to casein. Furthermore, this "wonder grain" is gluten-free and high in bioactive substances such as antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals that imparts various health benefiting characteristics to this grain. Quinoa plants, including seeds and leaves, can be eaten to provide nutrition to humans and animals. Quinoa is also great for digestion because it has twice the amount of nutritional fibre as other cereals.

Thus a factorial experiment in a completely randomised design with three replications was conducted in the Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University in 2020 to investigate the effect of sodium selenite pre-treatment on germination indices and prolin content of quinoa plants under drought stress. The variables in the experiment Include four levels of sodium selenite (0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 mg/lit), two levels of hydroprimind and no priming, and three levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MP). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed (GR), and SVI: seedling longitudinal index, seedling length, changes in the number of photosynthetic pigments, and proline content, and Catalase enzyme levels were among the traits that were assessed. Statistical analysis of the data included analysis of variance using AS 9.1 software and comparison of the mean of traits evaluated by LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that prime with selenium and drought stress had a significant effect on most germination traits and photosynthetic pigments, proline levels and catalase enzyme. Prime with selenium at its proper concentration led to the early emergence of seedlings in drought-tolerant conditions, but showed an inhibitory effect by increasing the concentration of selenium and increasing the levels of drought stress. Pre-treatment with selenium at 30 mg / L showed the highest percentage of germination (94%) with a 58% increase compared to non-priming and severe stress treatment. Also, seedlings that were primed with selenium had more photosynthetic pigments than non-priming and hydrophilicity under stress. The highest levels of proline and catalase were observed in extreme stress conditions with molar concentrations of 1.5 and 1.5 mg/lit, respectively. As a result, seed priming with selenium can be used to boost quinoa seedling germination and early growth under field circumstances.

Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in the world, which brings great cost to the economy. So, this study aimed to determine the loss of productivity in traffic accident victims admitted to hospitals in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 551 injured persons selected randomly. For productivity loss estimation, we used the health and labor questionnaire on the base of the human capital approach. Data retrieved from the hospital information unit and calls to patients until three months after their accident. Then, data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests.

The mean and standard deviation of productivity loss three months after the accident was (18.81±25.21) million rials (499.6±669.6 $). The productivity loss with a huge difference in men was 20.93±25.75) million Rials and the age group of 25-35 years was (22.10±29.79) million more than the other groups, respectively. According to the regression results, among the injury groups, productivity loss were affected by the injury category to the abdomen, lower back, lumbar spine and pelvis.

Examining the indirect cost of traffic accidents can be useful in public health decisions. By measuring and comparing the cost of this disease in the community, health care decision makers can be helped to set up and prioritize health care policies and interventions.

In order to investigate the effect of sowing date and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on the seed flavonoid content, qualitative and germination characteristics of lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2013-2014 crop year. Experimental factors included sowing date at two levels (autumn and spring) and chemical fertilizer at three levels (without fertilizer, half application of required fertilizer (23 kg ha-1 pure N+ 50.6 kg ha-1 P2O5) and full application of required fertilizer (46 kg ha-1 pure N+ 101.2 kg ha-1 P2O5). Flavonoid measurement of the seeds was performed weekly from flowering to seed ripening. The results of the mean comparison showed that the highest seed germination percentage was obtained at autumn sowing (74.8%) with an increase of 11.6% compared to spring sowing and at the full application of required fertilizer (88.6%) with an increase of 73.4% compared to without fertilizer. The application of chemical fertilizer and autumn cultivation of lallemantia significantly increased the percentage of seed mucilage compared to control. Seven days after flowering, the highest flavonoid content was obtained at spring sowing (0.264 mg quercetin per g sample) with an increase of 63.97% compared to autumn sowing, and at no fertilizer treatment (0.282 mg quercetin per g sample) with an increase of 90.54% compared to the full application of required fertilizer (0.148 mg quercetin per g sample). Twenty-eight days after flowering, the highest flavonoid content was obtained at spring sowing (0.554 mg quercetin per g sample) and no fertilizer treatment (0.629 mg quercetin per g sample). In general, the results showed that the autumn sowing date and full application of required chemical fertilizer increased the seed quality in terms of mucilage percentage and germination, but the spring sowing date and no fertilizer treatment increased the flavonoid content of lallemantia seeds.

To evaluate the effect of maternal plant growth environment on the establishment and seed vigor of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv.Torkaman) after the warehouse storage, an experiment was conducted factorial y based on complete randomized block design in three replications. The irrigation treatments, included full irrigation, moderate stress (witholding flowering stage) and severe stress (witholding from flowering to harvest), and fertilizer treatments includedcontrol (without fertilizer), bio-fertilizer, organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, combination of bio-fertilizer with the chemical fertilizer and combination of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizers. Seed vigor were measured after five years storage. The drought stress imposed on the mother plant reduced the seedling field emergence after storage, while the plants under moderate drought stress which received the integrated fertilizing system of vermicompost and chemicalfertilizer , in short time (8.25) had the highest seedling field emergence (99.8), although results of the seed vigor and seedling establishment  befor and after storage indicated that germination of the seeds which recieved biological fertilizer alongwith  chemical and grew under mild and severe water stress did not reduce after storage.

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. The seeds of Nigella sativa, also known as black seed, are used in traditional medicine as a natural remedy for several illnesses including asthma, inflammation, diabetes, and hypertension. The cell culture of this plant is important because of its active ingredients and significance in medicine. In this research, the effects of fungal elicitor (zero, 0.5 and 1 mg/L), and sucrose (30, 45 and 60 g/L) on the cell culture of black cumin was investigated as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The cell growth characteristics and biochemical traits were assayed. The results showed that fungal elicitor and sucrose increased the membrane lipid peroxidation, protein concentration, phenol contents, hydrogen peroxide, and anthocyanin whereas peroxidase activity was significantly decreased compared to control. Generally, sucrose and fungal elicitor increased the growth and activity of the cell and increased the protein production by increasing oxidative stress in cells and increasing the entry of substances into the cell and stimulating metabolism.

In order to evaluate the effect of accelerated aging on antioxidant compounds and germination indices of barley, an experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design on eight native barley genotypes and two barley varietyBehrokh and Nosratwith three replications. The first factor was seed aging at two levels including aging and non-aging as control and the second factor was ten barley genotypes that the varieties were as control. Germination percentage of the most genotypes decreased after aging although it has not significant difference with non-aged seed. The results showed that accelerated ageing decreased significantly germination rate, shoot length and root length, concentration of photosynthetic pigments and catalase (CAT) activity. However mean germination time and total phenol content of genotypes and Behrokh and Nosrat varieties increased significantly after seed aging. Genotype 3 had the highestenzyme CAT activity after ageing. Increment of phenol content was different among the genotypes and genotype 8 had the highest phenol content before and after aging rather than the other genotypes and it affected less than the other genotypes by accelerated ageing. Totally the results of thisstudyindicated that genotypes that initially had high phenolic content and enzymatic activity also had vigor and germination rate after seed aging.

In order to The effect controlled ageing on parameters germination, membrane peroxidation and antioxidant activity the stressed seeds of Balangu (Lallemantia sp), a four- factor factorial study in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in laborartory seed science and technology shahed university in 2015. Dragons’ head (Lallemantia iberica) and Lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana ), were imposed three drought stress level (control, mild and severe) during seed development and the produced seeds were aged at different seed moisture content( 5, 15 and 25%) for 24 and 48 hours duration). Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of species, moisture stress during seed development, duration of aging and seed moisture content on germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, membrane peroxidation and catalase activity was significant. It was observed increasing germination percentage and rate germination, mean germination time and catalase activity in the Lady’s mantle stressed seeds and reduced membrane peroxidation and increasing membrane peroxidation and reduced germination percentage and rate germination, mean germination and catalase activity in the Dragons’ head stressed seeds. Were impressed Dragons’ head stressed seed from maternal by more aging were affected by negative effect of aging more than stressed seeds of Lady’s mantle from maternal.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Iran’s health system evolution plan, tariffs change on performance, revenue, and expenditure of a big tertiary hospital in Iran in 2015.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a big tertiary hospital, (Imam Reza), in 1394 using activity based costing in four time spans: before and after health system evolution, after tariff change, and one year after the inauguration of the evolution. Data relating performance, revenue, and expenditure were gathered and analyzed using descriptive statistics by Excel 2013 Software.

Cost, revenue, and profit of hospital were increased by 31%, 82%, and 4.6% after health system evolution and by 42%, 38%, and 1.7% after tariff change, respectively. Hospital encountered with 17% loss one year after the inauguration of the evolution, however, cost and revenue of hospital were increased 23% and 3%, respectively. The highest change in physician and personnel income with 103% and 91% rise was related to after tariff change. After health system evolution and tariff change, operating room income was increased 33% and 124%, respectively. One year after the inauguration of the evolution, the operating room income didn’t change and the amount of surgeries decreased by 9%.

Performance and financial indicators of Imam Reza hospital have been affected substantially by health system evolution; however, it has not equally affected all revenue and expenditure items.

Health System Evolution plan (HSEP) and relative values of hospital services are one of the most significant reforms in Iran's health system in the recent years. This study aimed to determine the effect HSEP on financial performance of para clinic units in a big hospital in Mashhad (Iran).
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in para clinic units including of laboratory and radiology in Imam Reza hospital from April 2014 till March 2016 using activity based costing (ABC) method. Data relating revenue and cost were gathered using standard forms and were analyzed using descriptive statistics by Excel 2010 Software.
Total revenue of laboratory and radiology unit has decreased by 9% and 7%, respectively after HSEP. While these have increased by 94% and 111%, respectively, after tariff change. Total cost of laboratory ward has decreased by 21% after HSEP while has increased by 36% after tariff change. Total cost of radiology ward has increased by 9% and 53% respectively after HSEP and tariff change.
The implementation of a HSEP and relative values of hospital services has improved the income of para-clinical units. However, the impact of these changes in the radiology unit, especially after the implementation of tariff based on the relative values was much higher than the laboratory Unit. This can indicate a change in the distribution of financial resources between the various para-clinical disciplines

Moisture stress during seed development can affect on seed vigor. Effect of water stress during seed development of Balngu Shahri and Balngu Shirazi was evaluated factorialy as completely randomized design in three replications under salt and drought stress. Salt stress induced by sodium chloride and drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol in osmotic potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0 and -1.2 MPa. Initial vigor tested by standard germination test. Water stress on the mother plant, decrease thousand seed weight in both species, significantly increased germination percentage and mean germination time and the percentage of mucilage in the Shahri such as Shiraz seed. Results showed germination percentage of Shahri and mean germination time also mucilage of Shirazi increased by water stress during seed development. By comparing the two species examined in this study germination percentage and mean germination time of Shirazi increase under drought stress, however Shahri germination increased under salinity stress.

Health system evolution plan has been of main corrections in in Iran's health system in the last previous years. Due to the importance of these interventions on the economic and performance of the hospital, this study was performed with aim to determine the effect of health system evolution plan and Tariff change based on relative values book on the performance of obstetrics and gynecology department in Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad.
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by Activity Based Costing in obstetrics and gynecology department of Imam Reza hospital in Mashhad in 2013-2015. For economic-performance analysis of obstetrics and gynecology department, three categories were used including: data related to cost, data related to income, and performance indexes. Data were extracted by data gathering forms and were analyzed using descriptive statistics by Excel Software and statistical descriptive methods (mean, standard deviation, percentage, …).
Total income of this department has increased respectively by 54% and 75% after health system evolution and tariff change. The highest increase of income has related to operating room after tariff change (128%). After both health system evolution and tariff change, total expenditure of this department has increased respectively by 3% and 79%. Cesarean section rate has decreased about 2/3% after evolution.
Evolution plan has positive effect on the performance and financial indicators of obstetrics and gynecology department of Imam Reza hospital. This effect was not equal among revenue and expenditure items.

Pre hospital emergency medical service (EMS) as the first line of emergency care and treatment in the out- of -hospital has a considerable importance in the health care system. Planning on finding about strengths and weaknesses and improve the quality of EMS by exploring the problems of this section has considerable important.This study aimed to explore the challenges of pre hospital emergency medical service in Mashhad.
A qualitative study was done with 14 personnel working in EMS sites in Mashhad using purposeful sampling. Data was collected by semi structured interview and analyzed using conventional content analysis approach according to Graneheim and Lund man 2004 with ATLAS.ti software.
Three general themes were identified including 1) "challenges in Human resources"( Individual characteristics of human resources and personnel's dissatisfaction 2) "challenges in organization" (Structural challenges, lake of equipment and human resource limitation 3) "socio-cultural challenges"(Environmental-social challenges and cultural challenges) were determined.
personnel's dissatisfaction, structural challenges, human resource limitation, lake of equipment and Environmental-social challenges were the most important challenges in pre-hospital emergency system. Organizational independence , create organizational rows, regulation of laws and administrative regulations reform in relation to the range of services offered by emergency personnel, attention to the facilities and cooperation And the participation of other organizations, such as media and traffic to enhance pre-hospital emergency services at the community level can be effective in reducing the challenges in hospital emergency system.

In order to evaluate the effects of autumn and spring sowing date and different amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on qualitative characteristics and seed germination of Lallemantia (Lallemantia royleana Benth.), a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was conducted in Medicinal Plant Research Center of the Shahed University during 2013-2014. The factors were sowing date at two levels (autumn and spring) and chemical fertilizer at three levels (without fertilizer, half dose of fertilizer (23 kg/ha N 50.6 kg/ha P2O5) and full doze of fertilizer (46 kg/ha N 101.2 kg/ha P2O5). Results for analysis of variance showed that the effect of sowing date on percentage of mucilage, germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate, Catalase activity during grain filling, percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus was significant however on seed vigor index (SVI-II) was not-significant. The effect of chemical fertilizers on all traits was significant. The interaction effect of sowing date and fertilizer was not significant on all traits except the Catalase activity, percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus. Mean comparison showed that the highest seed germination percentage (74.815) was related to the autumn sowing and full amount of fertilizer (88.611). Regarding to the sowing date, the highest percentage of germination was related to the fall sowing (74.81) and regarding to fertilizer application, the full amount of fertilizer had the highest germination percentage (88.81). The highest catalase activity was 28 days after flowering in the autumn sowing and control (0.0075), and the lowest catalase activity was 7 days after flowering in spring planting and full dose of fertilizer (0.0014). For high germination indices, fertilizer and fall planting is recommended. Generally, results showed that fall sowing date and full dose of chemical fertilizer (46 kg/ha N and 101.2 kg/ha P2O5) produced seeds with higher seed vigor compared to other treatments.

The emergency department is as heart of hospital and is one of the first points of contact for patients with health care system are facing a variety of challenges. This study aimed to explore the challenges of emergency departments in teaching hospitals of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
This study was carried out through a qualitative approach and phenomenology method in 2013 in Mashhad, Iran. Twenty nurses and two emergency medicine specialists were recruited from four teaching hospitals in Mashhad Iran using purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using conventional content analysis approach according to colaizzi with MAXQDA 3 software.
The results of this study indicated that challenges of emergency department lay in Three main aspects including: "challenges in Human resources"(personal characteristics, professional characteristics and human resource limitations), "nurse's dissatisfaction"(less quality hospital hoteling and services for staff, disproportion between the workload and salaries, Lack of support from nurses) and " challenges in human resources management "(Structural challenges, the performance challenges and challenges in human resource management). Each theme included several category and subcategory that explain various aspects of the challenges in emergency department.
Human resource limitations, nurse's dissatisfaction and poor management were the most important challenges. Providing adequate human resources, support of nurses and determination guidelines and process for nursing care can reduce these challenges in hospital emergency departments.