فهرست مطالب علیرضا عیوضی

Due to limited water resources in the country, irrigated wheat cultivars in cold and temperate cold regions are faced with lack of irrigation or limited irrigation at the end of the season. In these areas, most farmers who cultivate irrigated wheat due to lack of sufficient water in the spring cannot perform enough irrigation and therefore do not get the desired result from cultivating high-yielding cultivars. Development of new cultivars with high grain yield under terminal drought stress conditions is one of the major goals of wheat breeding program for cold regions of country. Heyran new bread wheat cultivar introduced from International Research Center for Maize and Wheat (CIMMYT) to Iran through an international nursery in 2010 and was evaluated in a primary trial in four research stations (Karaj, Jolge-Rokh, Ardabil and Mashhad), and due to its favorable characteristics was selected for further evaluation in preliminary yield trials in cold regions. This line showed grain yield of 8417 kgha-1 under normal irrigation compared to the check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 7679, 6828 and 7772 kgha-1, respectively), and under terminal drought conditions with an average seed yield of 4653 kgha-1, compared to the check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 4375, 3544 and 4358 kgha-1, respectively) and was selected in both conditions. Aforementioned line showed grain yield of 8340 kgha-1 in advanced yield trial of cold regions breeding program under normal conditions compared to check cultivars Orum, Zareh and Mihan (with average yields of 7518, 7613 and 8205 kgha-1, respectively) in five locations, selected for final evaluation in adaptability test. Grain yield of this line which was presented as CD-92-6 at the adaptability test was 4470 kgha-1 against 3711 and 3743 kgha-1 of Zareh and Mihan checks cultivars under water stress conditions, respectively, during two cropping seasons 2013-14 and 2014-15. This line showed overall mean grain yield, of 5143 kgha-1 under terminal drought stress conditions in extensional farmer’s fields. For these conditions checks cultivars Hydari and Mihan showed grain yields of 4808 and 4758 kgha-1, respectively. Grain yield potential of this line was recorded as 6323 kgha-1 in Khorasan Razavi farmers' field. According to the latest evaluations the response of this line to yellow rusts was resistant to semi sensitive under severe artificial infection. Wheat line CD-92-6 has considerable cold tolerance and good bread making quality and based on its good agronomic characteristics in 2019 this line was released as Heyran, for cultivation under terminal drought stress conditions in the cold agro-climatic regions.

 Yield under stress conditions has never been an accurate criterion for selecting drought-tolerant genotypes, and the goal of preparing drought-tolerant cultivars has always been to create cultivars that relatively tolerate stress better compared to other genotypes and in the same agricultural conditions, they show less yield loss. In most studies, only the seed yield is considered for the field selection of crops, while some researchers believe that in order to be more efficient in breeding compatible and superior cultivars in arid and semi-arid regions, the indicators that are effective in identifying the stability of cultivars under drought stress conditions should be identified and used them as selection index in addition to seed yield, therefore, the relative uield status of genotypes in drought stress conditions and water conditions is a starting point for identifying and selecting genotypes for improvement in dry environments. In semi-arid regions where the distribution of rainfall is not proportional, the yield potential in stress conditions is not considered the best criterion for drought tolerance, but in addition to yield stability, the comparison of yield in stress and optimal conditions is a more suitable criterion for the reaction of genotypes to moisture stress. Due to the fact that most of the studies related to indicators in crop species and especially wheat are done only in one place and one year and finally in a specific environment and the results are generalized to all environments and the variable effects of year and place are not taken into account in the calculation of indicators. In this regard, this research was carried out to evaluate the genotypes of autumn wheat in terms of drought tolerance, to select the best drought tolerance indices and to identify drought stress tolerant cultivars in different regions of the country's cold climate.

In this research project, 20 genotypes under normal irrigation and water deficit conditions in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the research stations of Karaj, Mashhad, Miandoab and Arak, in the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 were investigated. In order to investigate the drought tolerance of the genotypes, different tolerance and stress sensitivity indices were determined for the genotypes under investigation and the genotypes were grouped based on the sensitivity and tolerance to drought by each of these indices. Principal component analyzing was also used in order to summarize the data and draw a diagram based on the first two components and identify the desired indicators. Finally, biplot analysis was used to group genotypes and indices based on drought tolerance criteria.

Stress decreased the Yield of genotypes, but the amount of reduction was different in different genotypes. The average grain yield for all genotypes under normal irrigation conditions and drought stress at the end of the season was 7.002 and 5.215 tons per hectare, respectively, which showed that the stress conditions caused a decrease of about 25% in grain yield compared to normal irrigation conditions. The environmental and agricultural conditions of different regions and the studied years caused differences in the estimated indices so that the ranking of genotypes changed based on different indices in different years and regions therefore, it is better to carry out studies on stress tolerance indices in several places and several years so that the process of functional changes of different cultivars and genotypes is correctly determined and as a result, there is more confidence in the calculated tolerance and sensitivity indices. Genotypes G4, G2, G16 and G5 showed higher yield in both conditions. STI, MP, GMP, MSTI1, MSTI2, YI, HM, and RR had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield under normal and stress conditions, and therefore, they can be used for more favorable selection of drought tolerant genotypes.  Principal component analysis showed that indicators can be grouped using the first two components. The first principal component explained 53.16% of the changes in the total data and had a positive and significant correlation with yield in normal and stress conditions as well as MP, STI, GMP, YI, MSTI1, MSTI2, HM and RDY indicators. Due to the high correlation of this component with yield under normal and stress conditions, this component was named as the yield potential component under normal and stress conditions. The second estimated component justified 42.33% of the total data changes and showed a positive and significant correlation with yield in normal conditions and SSI, TOL, ATI, SSPI and RR indices. It seems that this component is able to identify genotypes that have high yield under stress conditions. Biplot analysis showed that HM, MP, STI, MSTI1, MSTI2, GMP, RDY, YI, and SNPI indices had a positive and high correlation with performance under stress and normal conditions. So that the sharp angles between these indices showed their positive and very high correlation with each other. RDI and YSI indices had a negative correlation with performance in normal conditions and RR, SSI, TOL and SSPI indices had a negative correlation with performance in stressful conditions.

 In order to achieve varieties resistant to drought stress by using indices, in order to prevent the mutual effects of the environment in the genotype, the experiments should be carried out in many years and places so that the effects of the environment in the calculated indices can be reduced and more reasonable results can be obtained. Finally, G4, G2, G16, G5 and G17 genotypes can be selected as genotypes with high performance under normal and stress conditions.

It is necessary to develop new sustainable high-yielding cultivars in drought-prone areas. The yield of cultivars in different environments is different and their yield rating varies from one environment to another. Reduction of interaction effects and production stability in different environments is one of the goals of breeding program and introducing cultivars in different regions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genotype ×environment interaction effect in different cold climate regions of Iran and to determine the superior genotypes and introduce the most stable wheat genotype in these conditions.

To investigate of the stability of 17 wheat genotypes along with Mihan, Heydari and Zarineh cultivars (check cultivars) under water deficit conditions, these genotypes were tested in a randomized complete block designwith three replications in the research stations of Karaj, Hamedan, Mashhad, Jalgarokh, Miandoab and Ardabil in the two crop years 2018 to 2019. In order to check the stability of genotypes, AMMI and GGE-biplot analysis were used.

AMMI analysis showed that the first ten main components were significant and in total explained nearly 97% of the changes in the genotype × environment interaction and the two main components, the first and the second, contributed 46% to the expression of the genotype × environment interaction. Based on SSiASV and SSiWAAS indices G2, G19 and G4 were identified as the best genotypes, respectively. The G3 was the most stable genotype. GGE-biplot analysis showed that G16, G1, G3 and G7 had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes. G16 can be considered as a desirable genotype that has high average yield and high yield stability. G12 and G9 genotypes were in the next ranks. On the other hand, the ideal environment was not observed, but the environments of Mashhad, Ardabil and Karaj in the first year can be introduced as the closest environments to the ideal environment for the selection of superior wheat genotypes in water deficit condition in the cold climate of the Iran.

G3 was the most stable genotype, and then G16, G1 and G7 had the most general stability compared to other genotypes, so that G16 was identified as the desired genotype with high average yield and high yield stability. The environments of Mashhad, Ardabil and Karaj in the first year can also be used to select superior genotypes.

Studying the nature of the genotype×environment interaction provides the possibility of identifying stable and compatible genotypes for breeders, and it has always been one of the important issues in the production and release of new stable and high-yield cultivars in breeding projects. The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the response of genotypes in each of the studied areas, based on AMMI and GGE biplot models and better understanding of the genotype×environment interaction and determining the level of public and private stability of cultivars. Twenty facultative and winter wheat genotypes were cultivated and evaluated in nine regions (18 environments) during the two crop years of 2017 to 2019 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In order to analyze the compatibility and stability of genotypes, AMMI and GGE biplot models were used. The results of AMMI analysis showed that the main effect of genotype, genotype×environment interaction effect and the first six principal components were significant at the 1% probability level. The first and second principal components explained about 51% of the sum of squares of the genotype×environment interaction effect. Based on SSiASV and SSiWAAS simultaneous selection indices, genotypes G13, G1, G3, G2, G6, G16, and G7 were identified as the best genotypes. Biplot analysis showed that the genotypes G1, G3, and G6 with average yield had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes. None of the genotypes can be considered as desirable genotypes that have high average yield and high yield stability, but genotype G16 and in the next stage the genotypes G1 and G13 were close to the ideal genotype. Polygon biplot model divided environments into two environmental groups (macro environment) and genotypes into four groups. The first environmental group included Kar1, Kar2, Qaz1, Qaz2, Ham1, Ham2, Mia2, Egl1, Jol2, Ard2, and Ara1 environments, with G16, G17, and G4 genotypes having the highest yield. The second environmental group included Mas1, Mas2, Mia1, Ard1, Jol1, Ara1, and Egl2 environments, and in this macro environment G2, G11, G7, and G12 genotypes had the highest yield. Finally, the examination of the relationships among the environments showed a very high correlation among the investigated environments, which indicated the similar behavior of the genotypes in the most of the tested environments.

Squash is one of the most economically important vegetable crops. Squash seed has a high nutritional and medicinal value due to their high oil and protein. The farmers cultivate local squash cultivars In Iran, which are a mixture of different genotypes. This reduces yield, uniformity and quality of seed. For access to squash superior genotypes, 60 genotypes were selected from Oshnoyeh, Naghadeh and Khoy cities. These genotypes were cultured in Saatlou Agricultural Research Station in Urmia. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among genotypes for all the experimental characters except fruit width. Grain yield had high heritability (95.9).- Grain yield showed a positive and significant correlation with number of fruit per plant (r=0.7), fruit yield (r=0.67), grain weight of fruit (r=0.54), grain yield/fruit yield (r=0.8), and weight of 1000 grains (r=0.56). In analysis to factor, the first four components explained for 71.6% of total variations among genotypes. The first factor, named the grain yield factor, described 25.5% of total variation. Cluster analysis classified genotypes into five groups. The genotypes of O9, N1, N10, N16, KH14 and KH23 in the second group had higher grain yield than the other groups. These genotypes can be used in the squash breeding program.

Psychosomatic illnesses are physical illnesses in which psychological factors are influentialin their onset or exacerbation. This study aimed atcomparing anxiety and quality of life inpsychosomatic clients undergoing cognitive-behavioral and drug treatment with clientsundergoing drug treatment. The method was causal-comparative. The statistical populationincluded 70 patients who referred to Specialized Counseling and Mental Health Clinic ofLahijan from different cities of Guilan province with a diagnosis of psychosomatic illnessfrom 2013 to 2022. 38 people were selected as a statistical sample among them, in apurposeful manner and were randomly divided into two groups and 19 people in eachgroup. The first group received both drug treatment and 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioraltherapy intervention, based on the content of Beck Treatment Protocol, one and a half hoursper session per week. But the second group used only medication. Both groups were testedby the Anxiety Questionnaire and the World Health Organization Quality of LifeQuestionnaire. Statistical analysis method was multivariate analysis of variance usingS.SPSsoftware. The results showed that the average anxiety in the cognitive-behavioraland drug group (first group) and in the drug therapy group (second group) were differentand this difference was significant. Also, the average quality of life in the first group and inthe second group were different and this difference was significant. Therefore, alongwithdrug therapy, counseling expertise can be effectively used to reduce anxiety and increasethe quality of life of psychosomatic patients and treat mental disorders, in psychiatriccenters.

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation regime at three levels (supplying 100, 75 and 50% of net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting method of wheat at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that the highest grain-yield’s water use efficiency (1.38 kg m-3), dry mass water use efficiency (3.22 kg m-3), carotenoid content (1.02 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll ratio a to b (3.52) and grain protein percentage (9.89%) were obtained from supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement. But the maximum grain yield (7093.30 kg ha-1) and dry mass (15282 kg ha-1), chlorophyll a (1.59 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll b (0.56 mg/g fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll a and b (2.15 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) and protein yield (806.85 kg ha-1) were obtained from supplying of 100% of net irrigation water requirement. Planting three lines on the ridge increased grain yield, dry mass, flag leaf area, grain-yield’s water use efficiency, dry mass water use efficiency, carotenoid content, photosynthetic pigments and protein yield by 29, 33, 31, 29, 33, 38, 7 and 35%, respectively. In general, based on our findings in this study, planting the wheat on the ridge was superior to the traditional method in terms of grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, reducing irrigation water consumption by up to 50% of net requirement did not cause a significant difference in grain yield and dry mass. Therefore, in order to save water consumption and improve water use efficiency, supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement along with planting three lines on the ridge is recommended.

Modern life is closely related to two emerging phenomena, namely technology and media, and these two phenomena, along with practical and applied benefits, have caused many behavioral and moral crises. On the other hand, the modern intellectual system has not provided a specific educative solution to solve these problems, and in many cases, it has been involved in these issues. One of these problems, which has become much more tangible in recent years, is the phenomenon of "Conspicuous Consumption", which this article addresses. Conspicuous Consumption has been developed by Thorstein Veblen in the theory of institutional economics. The present study first clarifies the relationship between this idea and Leon Festinger's theory of social comparison, and then, based on the good roles and models of the Holy Quran, presents a solution and educative model to control this problem. Based on the findings of the article, educative strategies are based on several principles: the superiority of divine knowledge over other assets; Correct identification of the superior person; Following a more competent person; Patience in learning and exalting the soul, accepting responsibility for one's own behavior, knowing how to influence others; Thinking and praying alone to achieve an accurate picture of oneself; Moderation in consumption, forgiveness of essential necessities, comprehensive almsgiving, showing good deeds and not showing someone who does good deeds.

To investigate the effect of  the timing of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield and quality of bread wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress conditions, two field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab in West Azerbaijan, Iran, in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Experimental treatments were arranged as split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation levels I1 = full irrigation, I2 = irrigation withholding from heading, I3 = irrigation witholding from anthesis stage) were assigned to main plots, 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen at four application times (N1=20 kg.ha-1 at planting and 100 kg.ha-1 at the tillerign stage, N2 = 20 kg.ha-1 at the planting and 100 kg.ha-1 at stem elongation stage, N3 = 20 kg.ha-1 at the planting, 50 kg.ha-1 at the tillering stage with 50 kg.ha-1 at stem elongation stage, N4 = 20 kg.ha-1 at planting, 50 kg.ha-1 at tillering stage with 50 kg.ha-1 at heading stage) and five bread wheat cultivars (G1 = Zarrin, G2 = Pishgam, G3 = Orum, G4 = Zareh and G5 = Mihan) as factorial were randomized in subplots. Results showd that under terminal drought stress conditions (I2), concentrations of N, P and Zn of grain increased by 23%, 37% and 18%, respectively, however severe water shortage also reduced the concentrations of potassium (11%) and magnesium (45%). The timing of N3 and N4 fertilizer application times increased N, P, Fe and Mg concentrations of grain, while in the N1 fertilizer application time, only K concentration of grain increased. The highest amounts of N, P, Fe, Zn and Mg in severe water stress conditions (I2) were observed in the N3 fertilizer application time with drought tolerant cultivars cv. Mihan and cv. Pishgam, however under full irrigation conditions the distribution of nitrogen at spike emergence stage (N4) increased  N, P and Mg contents of grain. The highest grain yield (7026 kg.ha-1) obtained under N3 nitrogen fertilizer application time. The results of this experiment showed that with integrating of appropriate timing of nitrogen fertilizer application under terminal drought stress conditions and planting of new improved cultivars such as cv. Pishgam and cv. Mihan, bread wheat grain yield and its quality can be improved, in areas with similar environmental conditions.

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes different amounts of irrigation at three levels (supply 100, 75 and 50% net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that there was no significant difference between different levels of irrigation for yield traits and grain yield components (except 1000 grain weight). Traits such as number of spikes per unit area, grain yield, biological yield and spike yield were significant differences for planting methods. Mean comparison showed the highest number of spikes per unit area (676 spikes), grain yield (7773.3 kg ha-1), biological yield (17696 kg ha-1) and spike yield (0.91 kg m-2) was obtained from three planting methods. The highest chlorophyll index and relative leaf water content were obtained from supplying 100% of the net irrigation requirement and the highest internal temperature of leaf, proline and ion leakage percentage were obtained from supplying 50% of the net irrigation requirement. Also, the highest amount of chlorophyll index was observed in the three-line planting method on the ridge and the relative leaf water content was observed in the five-line planting method on the ridge. Due to water shortage and drought, irrigation of 50% of the net irrigation requirement (reduction of 50% of water volume) and planting of three lines on the ridge is recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on cultivars and advanced lines of autumn wheat that were in the final stages of release as bread wheat varieties in the Research Center of West Azerbaijan Province and to determine their relative tolerance using the selection efficiency of drought resistance indices (SSI, STI, TOl, MP, GMP, HARM,). Two separate experiments in a randomized complete block design with three replications under two conditions of stress and no drought stress in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch during the 2016-2017. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that drought stress significantly reduces grain yield. In the absence of drought stress, genotypes 4, 12 and 13 had the highest grain yield, but in drought stress conditions, no significant difference was observed between the studied genotypes in terms of grain yield. The results of correlation analysis between stress tolerance indices and grain yield showed that grain yield under stress (Y s) with STI, HARM and GMP indices have a positive and very significant correlation and these indices can be a good criterion for the drought tolerant lines. Also, the results of principal component analysis showed that these four indicators were the best indicators for identifying stress tolerant cultivars. In fact, these indices distinguished Fernandez Group A genotypes better than other indices. In cluster analysis, the studied genotypes were divided into 3 groups based on all indices of drought tolerance in both non-stress and stress conditions. Genotypes 4, 11 and 12, which were introduced as the most tolerant genotypes in this experiment, along with several other genotypes, were in the second group, and this group had a higher average than the total average in terms of most drought tolerance indices. The percentage of deviation was lower than the average of this group compared to the other two groups and confirmed the results of other methods used in this study. Considering the results of the numerical value of the indices and also their correlation with grain yield in the absence of stress and drought stress, STI, MP, GMP and HARM indices are the best stress tolerance indices and genotypes No. 4, 11 and 12 were identified as the most tolerant genotypes under study.

In order to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer (A200) and manure on reducing drought stress effects in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, a factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications. This study was done at the research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan (Saatlo) during 2017-2018 cropping seasons. The first factor was irrigation at two levels: normal conditions (irrigation after 75 mm evaporation from class A pan) and drought stress conditions (irrigation after 220 mm evaporation from class A pan). The second factor was super absorbent polymer 200 kg ha-1, manure 40 ton ha-1, their concomitant application and the control (no manure) and the third factor included wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heidari and Zarineh). The results indicated that drought stress, as compared to the normal irrigation reduced grain yield about 32%. Separate and concomitant application of super absorbent polymer and manure in comparison with the control, increased grain yield by 20, 22 and 33%, respectively. Between cultivars, Mihan cultivar for grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, grain per spike and spike per square meter was superior under two different moisture conditions. Application super absorbent polymer and manure with increasing plant access to water and decreasing drought stress led to improved grain yield components including, 1000-kernel weight and grain per spike in wheat different cultivars that cause to increased grain yield. Under optimum irrigation and drought stress conditions, the highest income from grain yield and straw was obtained from the use of manure and Heidari cultivar.

In order to identify the relevant areas of wheat cultivation in the West Azarbayjan province, considering the economic costs, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in various irrigation systems (such as traditional and modern methods), 17 counties (depending on the climatic conditions), 3 villages per county and fields of three farmers per village were visited, and the prepared questionnaires were completed and samples were taken in 2017. The measured traits from each field were included cost of production, production and net incomes, used water in traditional and modern irrigations, yield and water use efficiency in traditional and modern irrigation. The results showed that among the counties of the province, Naghadeh had the highest net income (64.56 million Rials/ ha) and yield (4986.67 kg/ ha) and Chaypareh had the highest water use efficiency in modern system of irrigation (2.2 kg/ m3) and the least amount of water used in both irrigation systems (traditional and modern) was shown in resistant cultivars of wheat. An increase of 106% to 152% of water use efficiency index was observed in Maku and Naghadeh in modern irrigation compared to traditional irrigation. Due to the lack of available water resources in the province, it seems that it is better to reducin area of cultivation and provide more of the available water resources to environment, especially Urmia Lake, instead of increasing the cultivation area. The relevant areas of wheat cultivation in the West Azarbayjan province were Naghadeh and Chaypareh cities.

A split-split plot field experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replicates was carried out to investigate drought tolerance of wheat inoculated with mycorrhiza fungi and its interaction with copper nanoparticles. The factors included two irrigation levels (optimum irrigation and deficit irrigation), two levels of fungal symbiosis (with or without a symbiotic relationship), and three spray concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (50, 250, and 450 ppm).The results of ANOVA revealed that Analysis of variance showed that proline content and spike/m2 were significant in irrigation regime, mycorrhiza, foliar application, and all the interaction effects of double and triple factors.The effect of irrigation regime, mycorrhiza and foliar application of copper nano oxide was effective on grain yield, but the effects and interactions of irrigation regime×foliar application, mycorrhiza×foliar application and irrigation regime×mycorrhiza×foliar application have no significate effect on that characteristic;Comparison of mean traits showed that the maximum number of spikes/m2 in mycorrhizal fungi application with50ppm copper nano oxide foliar application in optimum irrigation was780numbers.The highest hectolitre weight of wheat was related to triple interactions,optimum irrigation with fungus and foliar application of450ppm copper nano oxide that was not statistically significant effect with triple interactions,optimum irrigation without fungus and foliar application of 250ppm copper nano oxide.Maximum proline content was obtained in non-mycorrhizal fungi treatment with50ppm foliar spray under deficit irrigation (23.8mg/g fresh weight) which was statistically significant at least at5%level with other treatments. The highest grain yield (309.61g/m2) belonged to optimum irrigation treatment and minimum grain yield was observed in severe deficit irrigation.

Sensory phenomena (SP) are a physical, unpleasant sensations and anxiety that are seen in most patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and anxiety with SP in patients with OCD.

This was a cross-sectional, analytical, correlational study. Among all patients with OCD who referred to psychiatric clinics in Lahijan, Iran in 2018, a sample of 106 people was selected through the purposive sampling method. In order to collect data, the University of São Paulo's Sensory Phenomena Scale (USP-SPS), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) were employed. The collected data were then analyzed using the logistic regression model and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS software.

At least one case of SP was reported in all patients with OCD. However, there was no significant relationship between SP and gender. The results of the logistic regression model showed that perfectionism, anxiety, and OCD have a positive and significant relationship with the presence and severity of SP, however the increase in SP intensity did not promote this effect (P < 0.01).

The present results support the importance of perfectionism and anxiety in relation to the presence and severity of SP. Therefore, in order to treat SP in patients with OCD, it seems that the role of perfectionism and anxiety should be considered.

To investigate the effect of yellow rust disease on some agronomic and physiological characteristics of bread wheat cultivars, two field experiments were conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Miandoab in West Azerbaijan, Iran, in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included; non-sprayed and sprayed of Tilt fungicide with six winter and facultative bread wheat cultivars (Zarrin, Alvand, Pishgam, Oroum, Zareh and Mihan). Environmental conditions was inductive and yellow rust disease occured naturally in both cropping seasons. The results showed that Zarrin and Alvand cultivars had the highest disease infection (63% and 57%, respectively) in the non-sparyed treatment. However, Pishgam, Orum, Zareh and Mihan cultivars were resistant to yellow rust disease. Yellow rust decreased grain filling duration in sausceptible cultivars (Zarrin and Alvand) by 10 days. Leaf chlorophyll content of susceptible cultivars decreased in non-sprayed treatment from the milky to hard dough stage with a steepy slope. However, in the sprayed treatment leaf cholorophyll content decreased with slower rate. Yellow rust disease in non-sprayed treatment caused the highest proportion of reserved carbohydrtaes remobilization in Zarrin and Alvand by 30%, but 1000 grain weight loss in susceptible cultivars was about 26%. Despite of 29% increase in grain yield of susceptible cultivars in the sprayed treatment, the higher grain yield was obtained from resistant cultivars, Pishgham and Mihan (7877 and 7593 kg.ha-1, respectively). It can be concluded that integrated disease management by using resistant/ moderately resistant cultivars and fungicide application would be the best crop management practice to control yellow rust disease and reduce environmental pollution by application of less fungicide and reducing production costs.

In order to study the effect of the superabsorbent polymer and manure fertilizer on the baking characteristics of wheat cultivars under different water deficit conditions, an experiment was carried out in a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design in three replications at Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan (Saatlo station) during 2017-2018 growing seasons. The factors included irrigation at two levels (normal and water stress), superabsorbent polymer: 200 kg ha-1, manure fertilizer: 40 tons ha-1, their dual application and control (non-application fertilizer), and wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heidari and Zarineh). The measured traits included grain yield, wheat grain moisture content, hectoliter weight, flour moisture content, ash content, glutenin, gliadin, dry gluten, gluten index, protein percent, Zeleny number, falling number and protein yield. The results of the analysis of variances showed that the effect of drought stress, superabsorbent and cultivar on the studied traits was significant. Grain yield, protein yield, flour moisture, glutenin, dry gluten, gelatin index and Zeleny number were decreased under drought stress conditions, but the falling number, grain protein and gliadin content were increased. Application of the superabsorbent polymer of chemical and manure fertilizer increased the grain yield, protein yield and gluten index. The highest grain yield (6636.77 kg ha-1) and protein yield (1093.79 kg ha-1), and the lowest hectoliter weight (75.81 kg/100 liters) were obtained from Mihan cultivar. The highest Zeleny number was obtained from the Zarineh cultivar (26.35%) under the conditions involving the dual application of the manure and superabsorbent and the Heidari cultivar (26.32%) with the application of the manure fertilizer. The highest falling number was obtained from Heidari (461.50 seconds). The lowest falling number was obtained from Zarineh (443.73 seconds). The highest correlation was observed between glutenin and gluten indexes (0.97**). To mitigating the reduction of grain and protein yield under drought stress and improve the baking characteristics, such as dry gluten, falling number, glutenin and gluten index, in wheat cultivars, the use of manure and superabsorbent could be effective.

In order to increase the quality and yield of saffron, an experiment was conducted in the Alborz province, (Eshtehard), in the year 2016-2017 through the interaction of nitroxin biological fertilizer and irrigation management. The experiment was conducted as split plot in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors included irrigation method (Surface drip Irrigation, Subsurface drip Irrigation (15 cm depth) and Irrigation is Common (conventional area) in the main plot) and biological fertilizer of nitroxin (no fertilizer (control), 2, 4 and 6 lit.ha-1 in the Subplot). The results of this study showed that simple and interaction effects of biological fertilizer application of nitroxin and irrigation management were significant in all measured traits. In order to use optimal water resources, diamond irrigation method (Subsurface drip Irrigation) can be used to reduce irrigation losses and achieve high yield in saffron production. The effects of irrigation management of Subsurface  drip Irrigation diameters with biological fertilizer of nitroxin 4 lit.ha-1 were superior to other treatments, so that the highest yield of saffron stigma was observed in this treatment with 5.8 kg.ha-1.

In order to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer and manure fertilizer on water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under different water deficit conditions, an experimental was carried out in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatlo station) during 2017-2018 cropping seasons. The first factor was irrigation in two levels: normal and drought stress conditions. The second factor was super absorbent polymer 200 kg ha-1, manure fertilizer 40 ton ha-1, dual their application and control (non-application fertilizer) and the third factor included wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heidari and Zarineh). The results indicated that drought stress compared to normal irrigation reduced grain yield, chlorophyll index, harvest index and relative water content about 32, 22, 24 and 19 percent, respectively. The highest leaf temperature (33.10 °C) was obtained under drought stress and non-application fertilizer application and the lowest leaf temperature (21.99 °C) under favorable irrigation conditions and dual application of super absorbent polymer and manure fertilizer. The highest economical water use efficiency (1.34 kg m-3) and biological water use efficiency (4.10 kg m-3) were observed under drought stress conditions and dual application of super absorbent polymer and manure fertilizer. Mihan was superior cultivar for grain yield, harvest index and relative water content among cultivars under two different moisture conditions. The highest grain and biological yields were obtained under favorable irrigation conditions and dual application of super absorbent polymer and manure fertilizer.

Vaginismus is a sexual dysfunction in which couples are not able to have a normal intercourse. This disorder is one of the causes of infertility in women. The aim of this study is to successfully treat vaginismus disorder using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This cross-sectional study was conducted at a psychiatry clinic. Two patients diagnosed with vaginismus and long term infertility, one with 6 years and the other with 7 years infertility, were chosen. The treatment, which was performed in 8 sessions lasting 45 minutes each, consisted of anatomical and functional teaching of genital organs, correction of misconceptions about sexual activity, and teachings about relaxation and mental imaging of sexual activity. After the successful completion of training, both patients were able to have satisfactory intercourse. One of the patients became pregnant after 5 months and pregnancy occurred in the other one after 3 months. CBT is still an appropriate method to treat Vaginismus and can be employed as a helpful, cost-effective, and non-invasive interventional therapy.

This study was conducted to rank the broiler farms based on buildings, installations and equipment and its effect on production factors. To determine the contribution of each factor in ranking of farms, a multi-criteriadecision analysis (SAW) was used. Data of 108 broilers were recorded in specific forms and the amount of investment per broiler was calculated for individual factors. To calculate the adjusted weights of parameters, 20 experts were consulted as was specified in forms. The results showed that ventilation (fans and air inlets), roof and wall insulation in a poultry houses have represented about 55 percent of technological factors. The breeding units holding rank 1 and 2 enjoyed high degree of mechanization. As the level of mechanization was improved, the density of chickens per unit area was also increased; These units used more tunnel ventilation and large fans, and their ceiling were insulated using fiberglass, polystyrene, corrugated plastic and thickness of walls were also 35 cm. Mostly external heaters have been installed. Feeding and drinker systems have exerted no important effect on production. Slaughter weight and survival percent were not affected by the degree of mechanization but feed intake and feed conversion ratio decreased and production index increased (p

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological problems after disasters and due to lack of local studies in this field. This study was conducted to determine the comparison of PTSD, 18 months after this earthquake in Bam and Kerman.
In this cross-sectional study, about 422 people were studied (205 people from Bam and 217 from Kerman) with stratified cluster sampling in three age groups: young adults, adults and elderly. Also, PTSD (Watson) and personal information questionnaires were used for data gathering.
Findings: The accumulative prevalence of PTSD in respondents of Bam and Kerman were 66.7% and 57.1% respectively (p=0.045). The prevalence of moderate to severe PTSD in respondents of Bam and Kerman were about 58.9% and 35.1% respectively (p The results demonstrated that even after one and half years after bam earthquake the PTSD prevalence in Kerman city which located near the bam and had no destruction and mortality like bam is still high, getting chronic form and proper interventions are needed for decreasing this disorder in both cities.

In order to evaluate cold tolerance of twenty barley genotypes under field conditions, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design at 3 sowing dates of October 5, November 5, and December 5 in Saatlu Agricultural Research Station, West Azarbaijan, Iran, during 2010-11 seasons. Also, another experiment was conducted on the same genotypes based on a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. in wich Cold stress was applied up to -25°C at two, four and six leaf development stages. LT50, ion leakage and dry matter were measured and apex photographed. Field experiment results showed the lowest significant differences at p≤0.05 between different levels of sowing date, genotype, and interaction between them for plant height, spike/m2, kernel per spike, 1000-kernel weight, grain yield and total dry matter. Genotypes of winter growth type had higher grain yield (4250kg/ha) than those with spring growth type (4190kg/ha). There were significant differences for ion leakage and dry matter at 4 and 6 leaf development stages under greenhouse conditions. Genotype 1 (winter growth type) with lowest values of range and standard deviation for grain yield, total dry matter and LT50 = -38 °C showed a relatively low ion leakage. In contrast, genotypes 5, 10 and 14 (spring growth type) were identified sensitive to cold stress due to having more values of range, standard deviation for grain yield and total dry matter, LT50 = -18 to -27 °C and ion leakage from 25 to 33µS/m. Regression analysis showed 1000-kernel weight and total dry matter to remain at final model. Cluster analysis indicated that genotypes 2, 18, 1, 17 and 19 were superior genotypes. In principal component analysis, four components showed 80% of total variations, and the first component with 26% of variation was an important yield component for improving grain yield of barley genotypes. In conclusion, grain yields of winter and spring barley genotypes were affected by different planting dates.

In order to evaluate the effects of harvesting dates on qualitative traits of safflower genotypes, an experiment was carried out under field conditions in the agricultural faculty of Urmia University in 2009-10. Factorial experiments were based on Randomized Complete Blocks design with four replications was used under field condition. Genotypes included Isfahan landrace, Sina, IL111 and PI250536 as first factor and harvesting dates of 106, 121 and 136 days after sowing as second factor. Results of analysis of variance showed that significant interactions between cultivars and harvest dates on grain yield, oil%, protein yield, grain harvest index, oil and protein harvest indices. Also, there was among harvest date significant 1% for trate protein% and protein harvest index. Isfahan landrace in second and third and PI250536 line at third harvesting date had the highest grain yield. Sina cultivar at the first harvesting dates was allocated the highest oil%. Also, in the third harvesting date Esfahan landrace and PI250536 line had the highest oil yield. In the third harvesting date Protein % and Protein harvest index were highest range.

To examine the effect of water stress on grain yield and remobilization of dry matter in winter bread wheat genotypes, two field experiments were conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Miandoabin West Azerbaijan in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 cropping seasons. Treatments were arranged as split plot based in complete randomized block design with four replications. Irrigation levels (irrigation after I =70, I2=100, I3=130 and I4=160 mm evaporation from Class-A pan) were assigned to main plots, and 10 winter bread wheat genotypes (Zarrin, Alvand, Shahryar, Sardari, C-80-4, C-81-10, C-81-4, C-83-3, Zareh and Pishgamwere randomized in subplots. The highest grain yield was obtained for cv. Zarrin (6950 kg.ha 1) in well-watered and for Pishgam (4422 kg.ha-1) in severe water deficit conditions. Results showed that there were significant differences between genotypes in remobilization of stem dry matter. Severe water deficit increased the remobilization of stem pre-anthesis reserved assimilates by 23%. Pishgam cultivar had the highest remobilization (41%) under severe water deficit conditions. The positive significant correlation between grain yield and grain weight, harvest index and remobilization of dry matter, indicated that these traits can be used for identifying drought tolerant high yielding genotypes in winter wheat breeding programs.