علیرضا ملکی

One of the complicated issues related to financing contracts is to give facilities to applicant in exchange for the purchase of credit documents, which is called "factoring" and "debt purchase" in the British and Iranian legal systems, respectively. Although in English general law, due to the analysis of such an act based on the institution of novation and necessity of agreement of debtor, creditor and transferee, the possibility of such assignment was faced with problems in jurisprudence and civil law, there is no doubt about the possibility of such assignment by agreement of creditor and transferee, although there is no consensus on nature and conditions of such a legal act, especially possibility of exchanging two debts.

The research method in this article was descriptive-analytical.

Ethical Considerations: 

All ethical principles have been followed in writing this article.

Although there are problems in the general rules of two English and Iranian legal systems, regarding the possibility of assigning such a demand to each of them, there is consistency in doing it based on negotiaable instruments.

Today, factoring operations in British law and debt purchasing in Iranian law are carried out in context of negotiable instruments, based on which, negotiable instruments are considered due to easy transferring of rights arising from it by creditor to new holder and do not transfering of obligations and guarantees of former signatories, it has been decided and two legal systems have come closer to some extent in this regard.

The remuneration of managers and its measurement, especially in public companies, is one of the challenges of the economy of developing countries, and applying approaches such as transparency of financial reporting can be useful in this regard. In this regard, this research was carried out with the aim of designing a model for assessing managers' rewards with the approach of transparency of financial reporting in Iran's National Oil Products Distribution Company.

The method of conducting this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative part, after analyzing interviews with 20 experts, 21 indicators were identified and extracted. In the quantitative part, first, using the self-interaction matrix, the relationship and effectiveness of the indicators were collected with the help of experts. Then, with ISM MATLAB software, the data were analyzed in the form of self-interaction matrix.

Achieving a five-level model consisting of 21 indicators, of which the 2 indicators of reporting transparency and alignment of financial reporting with international reporting standards are the most effective. Also, 9 indicators act as the most influential and 10 indicators act as interfaces in this model.

Conclusion, originality and its addition to knowledge:

 alignment of financial reporting with international reporting standards showed that uniformity, transparency and comparability of reports and financial statements is only possible with the help of these standards. Because, these standards specify how companies record documents, report expenses and revenues.

Thought in Frege’s point of view is accompanied by innovations as well as ambiguities that have been examined from various points of view. But Frege's view of conventional definitions of truth and rejecting them is the main topic of this article. In his explanation of propositions containing thought and judgment, Frege doesn’t accept the conventional definitions of truth for their sequence, and in order to solve the problem of achieving the truth and value of propositions, he proposes "Thought" and tries to replace it. In order to clarify this claim, we first examine language and thought from his point of view, and then by entering into the subject of thought and discovering its characteristics, we will try to understand Frege's claim to replace it with the definitions of truth. Finally, with the plan of seven critiques, the author believes that this replacement is not possible and fruitful.

Glaucoma is a term used to describe a group of diseases that progressively weaken the optic nerve and cause vision loss and eventually blindness. Glaucoma is one of the most common and controversial eye diseases. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the eye, regulates ciliary blood flow and aqueous humour production, which affects intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Based on previous studies on dopamine receptor ligands, it was concluded that the effect of dopamine on fluid production is stimulated by dopamine receptor 1 (D1) activation. Expression and translation of the DRD1 gene cause the production of the D1 receptor. Based on this, it was hypothesized that changes in DRD1 gene expression may play a role in the development of glaucoma. The aim of this study was to analyze DRD1 gene expression in patients with glaucoma.

In this study, a statistical population of 40 people including 20 patients and 20 healthy individuals was used to analyze the effect of DRD1 gene expression on patients with glaucoma. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technique was used and its data were analyzed by SPSS software and Mann-Whitney statistical method.

The results of this study indicate a significant difference (P = 0.015) in the expression of the DRD1 gene in patients with glaucoma compared to the control group.

Racism in its wide sense means that some people are superior to others because of their race. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's philosophical system, the subject of racism, like so many other issues, has not received much attention. But that does not mean that we cannot considering racism under that system.In this essay, we attempt based on Kant's ethical system to elaborate and infer Kant's view of racism by describing "authority" as the premise of any moral act. In the research conclusions, it will be concluded that Kant, on the basis of his ethical system, cannot justify racism. In Kant's view, moral virtue is a task or an act in accordance with the task, which cannot be related to the type of the active subject. The international human rights system will be studied as a general reference in addressing these issues in the real context of society. It has been attempted in the reviews of the international human rights system to discuss the emancipation of the human race for its inferiority and the inherent value of human beings in Kant and this system.

The moral and legal rights to sue a party do not always conform well. In cases where legal rights are not established, one may obviously be entitled to file a lawsuit against the action conducted outside the ethical frameworks. In contemporary legal systems, “the right to sue someone” must be based on statutory law; however, there are some issues which are not recognized in national laws or international right-oriented systems, but they have theoretical significance. Because some of these issues cannot be easily denied in terms of morality and just because they are not recognized, they cannot be rejected or undermined. In other words, a moral right shall not be denied merely because it is not recognized as a legal right.  Therefore, this article seeks to look at the moral right of the child born out of rape and prove that if a mother decides to keep and give birth to such a child, can the child bring a charge against the mother?

Propose: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. So far, no study has examined their respiratory system changes. The purpose of this study was to compare the respiratory pattern indices of healthy individuals and individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

  In the current cross-sectional study, 16 patients with clinical diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with referral to a psychiatrist were compared with 16 matched healthy individuals. The information of the respiratory system was collected using a chronograph and spirometery. The Pulmonary function tests recorded were FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC end-tidal CO2 pressure and respiratory rate were measured using Capnograph. The Nijmegen questionnaire was used to quantify hyperventilation complaints.

The results of this study showed that anxiety patients had significantly lower levels of FEV1 and FEV1% in comparison with healthy subjects. Exhaled carbon dioxide and respiratory rate were significantly different between the two groups The Niggins questionnaire score was significantly higher in the group of anxiety patients than in the healthy subjects.

Respiratory pattern in people with generalized anxiety disorder was changed by respiratory volume, increased respiratory rate and decreased CO2. The current findings suggest that assessment of respiratory system in GAD patients can be effective in the early diagnosis and treatment process of breathing problems in physiotherapy centers.

The role and importance of natural language in philosophy is clearly significant and obvious. Aristotle for systematizing his logic and formalizing its rules was significantly dependent on ordinary language such that he formulated the rules of his logic in the framework of this language. By criticizing Aristotle’s logic on the basis of incompetence and limitations of natural language, Frege developed a new philosophical system by introducing a formal language and a new system of logic. Of course these modifications did not end with Frege and continued in later philosophical systems. In this paper, firstly, we consider natural language and it’s influence on Aristotle’s logic and the problems of its application in ancient logic. Then some of Frege’s innovations in formal language and logic will be discussed. After that, we will examine Frege’s linguistic turn, its turning point, nature and conditions. Finally the effects of formal language in establishing the structure of Frege’s philosophical system will be considered.

In Gottlub Frege's theory of the meaning of particular names and his descriptions of the meaning-making process of that, and subsequently, the process of conformation and fixing the references through the proposed meaning, Kripke introduces criticism. By misrepresenting the dual processes of Frege's theory, and consequently Russell's, Kripke argues that this theory is ineffective and misleading.My main purpose is to discuss Kripke's most important description of the theory, which is reflected in "naming and necessity" and to challenge Kripke's critique. Accordingly, I believed that Kripke's criticism of Frege for the confusion between the two processes of fixing and meaning-making in a sense in the theory is incorrect, and Kripke created this view and mistakenly attributes this idea to Frege at first. Actually, Kripke made this idea for Frege and from his theories in Sence and Reference. But Frege never mentioned this misleading in the process of fixing the sense for the references. Kripke after this creation began to critique on Frege in this.For this conclusion, we first need to explain Frege's theory of meaning and then we will research in terms of two processes of references and meaning fixation. This article claims that the two cannot be traced in the Frege's views, and Kripke has not used sufficient precision, deliberately or inadvertently, in his description of this theory.

In this essay, we seek to make a comparative overview of the Platonic Form with the main idea of Gottlob Frege in the creation of the Third Realm and to attribute the presence and existence of certain beings, especially thought, to that world. This is, of course, the first study to be carried out, and the main idea is to explore Frege’s Platonism (meaning its term in contemporary philosophy) in analytic philosophy.
Accordingly, the author first examines Plato's original idea of the creation of the universe as well as exemplary beings, then explains Frege's use of the idea and tries to match it. Then, by examining Frege's views on the Third Realm and the creatures present in it, especially thought, we attempt to determine whether a one-to-one correspondence can be established between the two. With the objections and criticisms that the author makes of describing the Frege system in the creation of the Third realm and thought, in the end he claims that the one-to-one correspondence between them cannot be raised. What has been examined as the end result is Frege's overall system and system in Platonism.

The relationship between religion and philosophy has been of concern to theologians and philosophers for a long time. Among the Peripatetics, Fârâbi and Ibn-Sina have extensively tried to show the consistency and integration between these two areas. The aim of this paper is to show the consistency between religion and philosophy in two important controversial problems, namely, “God and His Creation” and “eternity of the world”, based on the writings of some Peripatetics. In effect, this research is mainly based on the views of Aristotle, Fârâbi and Ibn-Sina which have been compared with the Abrahamic religious doctrines. So, we will first examine Aristotle’s views on these two issues, as the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy. Following that, Fârâbi’s and Ibn-Sina’s opinions will be compared with Islamic doctrines, based on some verses from the Quran, as the most reliable source of Islamic principles. Finally, this paper concludes with the fact that there is not a deep and fundamental disagreement between Islamic doctrines and philosophers’ views on the two aforementioned issues.

Philosophy of language and its problems are among the most important and challengeable topics in contemporary philosophical thought. Discussion about the sense of a sentence is one of these important debates. Gottlob Frege explains the sense of a term as the form of the representation of its reference. He calls the sense of a sentence a “thought” and believes that the reference of a sentence is determined by its truth value.
In this article, at first, we develop a new approach to the notion of thought. To reach this aim, some of Frege’s logical and epistemological presuppositions and also the properties of thought from his point of view will be examined. Then, on the basis of a vague relation that Frege supposes between a thought and its owner his view is criticized. Finally, we will criticize Frege’s opinion about true essence and the inessential properties of thoughts. It will be shown that Frege’s interpretation of these notions is incomplete and makes the notion of thought problematic.

Racism in its broad sense, means the superiority of some others over the others on their race. Subjects about Racism has considerate in different fields including politics, sociology, law, psychology and especially in ethics. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's ethics, racism, as well as many other topics, is not consider. But this does not mean that the system cannot consider and investigate on racism. In this paper, we try to investigate Kant‘s point of view in his ethical system on racism by using his idea on triple rule of categorical imperative and finally this result will occur that Kant, on the basis of their moral system cannot be justified racism either. For Kant, moral virtue consists of duty or act according to the task, which cannot communicate with the race of the subject of the verb.

The planning and investing in various sectors، especially agriculture is required precise knowledge of the regional climate، How the drought phenomenon has been in the past، present and would be in the future in the region. The objective of this study is forecasting drought in city of Bojnourd for optimal management of water resources and its effects on agricultural production. Needed data for drought prediction obtained from synoptic meteorology stations and Bojnourd Agricultural Organization. To determine drought periods، the SPI drought index was used. Effects of drought on production and farmers، income were determined. The results showed that the wettest and driest years were 1990-1991 and 1987-1988 years respectively. During the period، the region faced with 10 wet and 11 dry years. The most severe drought happened in the winter of 1999 with the cumulative SPI of -2. 85، the lowest drought was in the fall of 2007 with -0. 54 cumulative SPI.

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the most common and important type of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Silent myocardial infarction, respiratory failure and increased mortality are the outcomes of CAN. This study was carried out to screen the cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in non- insulin dependent diabetics patients. This descriptive - analytic study was carried on 70 (22 males, 48 females) non- insulin dependent diabetics’ patients. Resting heart rate, heart rate variability, orthostatic changes in heart rate, blood pressure and corrected QT interval were recorded for each subject. The final findings were categorized as follow: 0=normal, 1=borderline and 2=CAN positive. 10 (14.3%) of patients were normal, 35 (50%) of patients were borderline and 25 (35.7%) of patients were considered cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy positive. There was significant differences between duration of diabetes and three CAN scores (P<0.05). The systolic blood pressure alterations showed the maximum correlation with CAN scores (r=0.509). In our study, the rate of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was higher than other reports. The most important risk factor for cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was more than 10 years history of diabetes mellitus.

Visual system has a major role in balance control and provides information about the position of body and head in relation to surrounding objects and in the space. One of the health problems, especially in developing countries, is the high incidence of low vision in different age groups (3.1%). The visual deficit in these patients may affect their balance during daily activities which usually involve concomitant tasks such as walking and speaking. Therefore, the effect of concurrent cognitive activity on the postural control of patients with low vision was investigated. twenty low vision volunteers (age 32±5, weight 71±17 kg, height 167±14 cm) and twenty normal subjects (age 33±4, weight: 72±14 kg, height: 170±9 cm) were recruited in this study. The dynamic stability score was evaluated by Stabilometer (Biodex, England) in three different standing positions (eyes open, eyes closed and eyes open with a cognitive task). Lower stability score represents better stability. The stability score in open eyes condition with or without dual task in normal group was lower than low vision group (P=0.04). However, in closed eyes condition, it was lower in low vision group compared to normal group (P=0.03). Dual task resulted in increase in the stability score in both groups; however, the changes were only significant in low visions (P=0.04). The results represent the higher reliance of normal subjects to visual inputs for balance control. The decreased balance control in low vision groups during dual task suggests the higher usage of their limited central integration capacity in balance control. This may predispose this group of patients to falling accidents during daily activities which may involve several concomitant tasks.