علیرضا میکائیلی

In recent years, mangrove ecosystems have been threatened by effects of global climate change, in addition to human destructions. One of the most important impacts caused by climate change on mangroves, is the global sea- level rise and consequently, inundation of parts of coastal zone. Rising sea- level causes mangrove retreat in many areas. However, in some regions, human settlements and coastal structures and facilities, act as limiting factors. In this study, using the two scenarios of the lowest and highest mean sea level rise over the period of 2046-2065, according to IPCC report and the results of internal studies, inundation zones caused by sea level rise in the two protected areas of Harra in Bandar Khamir and Harra Tiab and Minab was determined. Results demonstrated that if the sea level rises, the lowest and highest levels of inundation, will be 1000 and 2000 hectares respectively in Harra protected area, and about 3500 and 7000 hectares, respectively in the protected area of Tiab and Minab. Results of land cover and land use showed that, most of the hinterland, is related to poor rangeland cover and empty lands and according to regional and global predictions in sea- level rise, there is currently no barrier for mangrove migration into hinterland, but in next few years and in the future plans, land use changes need to be addressed to make more appropriate management decisions to protect these valuable ecosystems.

This research seeks to investigate the factors affecting strategic green human resource management in manufacturing dairy products. The statistical population included 413 senior executives of 59 manufacturers of dairy products who were members of the Iranian Dairy Industry Association in 1399. To estimate the sample size, a stratified random sampling method and the Cochran formula were employed. The sample included 212 people. The data collection instruments included a structured green human resource management questionnaire based on Jabor (2010) and both in-person and phone interviews. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 at two descriptive and inferential levels. In the inferential level, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation, regression analysis and Friedman were used.The findings show that internal factors (82.7%) are more effective than environmental factors (79.8%) on green human resource management in the dairy industry. Also, it was found that the strategies for improvement and maintenance and maintenance of attraction and output strategies are effective in the management of green human resources in the dairy industry. Additionally, there was a significant and positive correlation between the four internal factors (technical, organizational, cultural and market) and human resource strategies in the dairy industry. The most important factor affecting the management of green human resources in the dairy industry was found to be organizational factors. The findings of the present study can function as a practical guide to fulfill strategic green human resource management in the dairy industry for senior executives in this industry.

The idea of ecosystem health assessment (EHA) was introduced in environmental management in the late 1980s. In the discussion of health assessment, indicators are raised. Indicators provide a better picture of the environment Ecological indicators are committees that are closely related to the complex characteristics of the ecosystem. But these indicators are often not directly measurable. Measuring these indicators is used to simplify and evaluate various aspects of ecosystem performance. Examples of these indicators are: Vegetation density index, fold index, continuity index, Euclidean distance or distance from the nearest neighbor, environment to area ratio and spot area. The aim is to prepare a health map of the study area. In this process, after detecting changes, the thresholds of health, confusion, and disorder are determined. And health disruptors are identified. At the end, health diagnosis instructions are provided. The main question of the research is whether the health of the land has changed in the desired period of time?

The study area in this study is sub-basins of Qarahsoo, Nekarood and Gorganrood watersheds including Gorgan, Kordkuy and Bandar Gaz counties. The health utility map was obtained using the weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Thus, the health maps of 1984, 2000 and 2018 were prepared. By comparing the three maps, health changes in the study period were examined. In these layers, more desirability indicates a higher degree of power and less desirability indicates a lower degree of power for the health of the landscape. The number zero indicates the worst state of health and the number 255 indicates the best state of health in this study. In the next step, the health threshold is determined and also the health disruptors (such as human development and diseases) that are available and changeable are identified.

At this stage, land health maps have been prepared using quantitative indicators it is presented as a map. Using the health maps obtained from the previous stage and the resulting change map, the health changes of the landscape were compared statistically and visually. At this stage, the health map changes of 1984 and 2018 were prepared and classified. Areas that were unchanged from the base or had a slight change their health condition was considered excellent. Areas with low, medium, and high variation were considered good, moderate, and poor in health, respectively. In this section, changes in the landscape of the land from 1984 to 2018 were examined. From the point of view of the criteria studied in this research, in this 32-year period, the least changes and consequently the best state of health are related to 1984. Therefore, the 1984 health map was considered as the basis and other years were measured and compared accordingly. Changes in the health map of 1984, 2000 and 2018 were examined. Changes between 2000 and 2018 are negligible. Using the prepared health maps, the health changes of the land appearance between 1984 and 2018 were mapped. In the resulting change map, which was considered in the range of 0 to 255, Trial and error showed that up to 130, the changes in the study area are insignificant. Changes in the region are significant from 130 onwards. The number 130 was considered as the health threshold of the land. Therefore in addition to presenting changes in the landscape of the land, areas without change that did not cross the health threshold Changed areas that have crossed the health threshold are also shown. The development of human land uses such as urban development and roads, as well as the conversion of land uses such as forest to agriculture, rangeland and roads, runoff and erosion are introduced as factors of change. These cases may also reduce the area of forests, diseases and climate. Figure of landscape health final map of the study area presented in below: Figure of landscape health final map of the study areaLandscape health changes in the studied time periods were evaluated and compared using measures. The results in the mentioned period show the declining trend of the health of the landscape. Examination of the results shows that the uses are more uneven and the damage to the landscape has increased. Due to the increase in fragmentation index and decrease in integration and communication, the environmental situation has declined. Due to the high capability of satellite images - such as timeliness, multi-spectrum, duplication - they can be used to determine changes in the landscape in a certain period of time. Using the landform measurements, the spatial structure of the land landscape can be quantified. By establishing a relationship between the structure and performance of the landscape and a better understanding of ecological processes, it is possible to evaluate the landscape in order to plan and manage it sustainably. As a result, the use of metrics, while saving time, provides acceptable results. The measurements can be studied and extracted as quantitative indices of the environment using satellite images. The larger the area of the spots, the less damaged and intact they are. The shorter the distance between the stains, the less tampering. Therefore, closer distance is a favorable factor in the health status of the land. Maintaining the integrity and stability of the landscape based on ecological principles leads to reducing or improving the effect of human activities on biodiversity and the dynamics of local landscapes. In the discussion of detection of changes, the measurement of land use is one of the most telling measures in the study of changes in the appearance of the land. In this study, in addition to visual analysis, cross-books were used to understand where it has changed and how much. In terms of area, 2000 is not much different from 1984. In 2018, in terms of area, about 4,000 hectares were added to the development area, including the city and roads. The area of the city has tripled compared to the base year. About 26,000 hectares of forest area has been reduced. The rate of erosion has increased by about 40 hectares (increase of run off). About 9,000 hectares have been added to the area of agricultural land. About 12,000 hectares have been added to the rangeland area. The area of roads has increased by 800 hectares. The 1984 health map is in a better position than the 2000s and 2018s in terms of the indicators studied. In the map of 2000, compared to 1984, the situation of forests, pastures and agriculture has deteriorated. In the 2018 map, the situation of forests and agriculture has deteriorated, but the situation of pastures is acceptable. The number of urban spots has increased. At the city level, there are slight positive changes due to the large and concentrated spots in the city. The maps for 2000 and 2018 do not show much difference from each other. But they are a significant change from the 1984 map. Statistical analysis of the histogram shows that the 1984 curve is more homogeneous than 2000 and 2018. The 2000 and 2018 curves are closely related. Landscape changes from 1984 to 2018 were examined. From the point of view of the criteria studied in this research, 1984 is in a better health condition than other years. Therefore, it was considered as the basis and threshold of health and other years were measured and compared accordingly. In line with the findings of this study and their ecological analysis, guidelines for diagnosing the health of the landscape were presented.Keywords: Threshold, Health map, Landscape, Metrics, Landsat

Density and diversity of birds in two different forest zones, namely, Shasta Kalateh Protected Forest and Alangdareh Recreational Forest, were estimated and compared. Birds and environmental variables were recorded within 25 m radius in 100 sampling points. The first axis of Canonical Component Analysis segregated two main groups of birds. The first group consisted of Black Woodpecker, Great Spotted Woodpecker, Nuthatch, Blackbird, and Cettis Warbler; these had a positive correlation with logs less than 7 m in height, the degree of the decay of logs, the density of canopy cover, litter depth, and the percentage of grass cover in Shasta Kalateh Forest. The second group including Bullfinch, Hooded Crow, and Robin had a positive correlation with the number of trees with the dbh of 50- 100 cm, the number of trees more than 15 m in height, the number of snags with 7-15 m in height, and the position of the canopy cover of snags in Alangdareh Forest Park. Also, according to the results of the analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) in the autumn and winter, there was a significant difference between Shasta Kalateh Forest and Alangdareh Forest (P=0.001).

Nature is always at the risk of natural and non-natural injury and damages. Therefore the effort should be for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the nature after natural disaster including floods.
In this study, the mechanisms are proposed to improve the damaged ecosystem components which are damaged by the flood. Components of ecosystem, including vegetations and soil ecosystem, are major injuries after disasters such as floods. Golestan National Park is one of the environments damaged by the flood. Thus improvement of soil and vegetation and other important components of the National Park and Biosphere are necessary.
In this study, applied methods of ecological rehabilitation have been described for soil, forest and vegetation, and river. Then, research has been done on damaged ecosystem of Golestan National Park, before and after flood. These methods have been modified and proposed based nature and adaptation to natural conditions.

Nowadays programming and designing of green space of urban area, without considering the criteria for 'optimum standards of green areas is impossible,. In this research, It is tried to determine, the per capita standard rate of green space in different regions of Gorgan city,. The applied methedology is an integration of several international and local methods, based on the principles of Landscape Ecology. The result shows that 81 percent of regions have met the standard