علیرضا نیکویی

This study examined Sa'di's works through a descriptive-analytical lens, drawing upon contemporary expert perspectives on successful aging. Sa'di, employing a moral approach grounded in religious teachings and personal experiences, endeavored to portray successful elderly individuals. With concision and eloquence, he proposed methods to mitigate the losses associated with aging, enabling older adults to live their remaining years with greater serenity and assume new roles befitting their circumstances in society. The research findings revealed that, according to Sa'di, the key attributes of successful elderly individuals included: Accepting the realities of aging Living wisely and approaching challenges prudently Maintaining a purposeful existence Seeking meaning and transcendence Cultivating a realistic awareness of mortality Preserving hope Engaging in social roles Practicing kindness Cultivating a positive reputation Prioritizing physical and mental well-being This analysis bridged classical Persian literature with contemporary gerontological concepts, offering valuable insights into the timeless nature of successful aging strategies. Keywords: Aging, Successful Aging, Educational Literature, Old Age, Sa'di Introduction Old age represents a significant phase in the human lifespan—a period when individuals, having traversed the majority of their lives, experience a decline in certain abilities and often find themselves marginalized by societal structures. However, maintaining influence and fulfilling social roles during this stage can significantly preserve or even enhance one's quality of life. This study aimed to explore the concept of successful aging as portrayed in Sa'di's works. It sought to answer the question: What characteristics did Sa'di attribute to a successfully aging individual, taking into account the social conditions of his era? To achieve this, Sa'di's literary corpus was thoroughly examined and both his explicit statements and implicit views were meticulously described and analyzed. Materials & Methods This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the didactic works of Sa'di Shirazi, with a focus on identifying patterns of successful aging. The methodology involved: A comprehensive review of Sa'di's literary works Identification and extraction of relevant passages pertaining to aging Analysis of these passages in light of contemporary theories of successful aging Synthesis of findings to construct a cohesive picture of Sa'di's perspective on aging well By applying this rigorous methodology, the study aimed to bridge classical Persian wisdom with modern gerontological insights, potentially offering timeless strategies for navigating the challenges of advanced age.

A branch of disability studies, rather than the biological aspect of the body, illness and disability, is concerned with disability representations, the politics of care and body care, symptomatic reading (understanding, interpretation and evaluation) and its medical, moral, social and cultural models. In ableism discourse, disability is generally characterized by negative stereotypes. Most of the proverbs, ironies, folklore, stories contain negative schemas and metaphors about disability. In ableism discursive systems, disability is influenced by moral and religious (punishment, sin), political, cultural and ideological concepts and is associated with concepts such as shame, othering, abjection and exclusion, evil, ugliness and sin. In the stories of One Thousand and One Nights, the identity of disabled people is generally associated with concepts such as evilness, fear, shame, pity, humiliation, mockery and inauspiciousness, touching the taboos, spells, and magic. In all over the book, we can recognize marked and Grotesque bodies. In most stories, positive characters and heroes are beautiful and physically healthy, while negative characters, anti-heroes, afārīt, and genies are described as having physical defects. The research method of this article is discourse analysis, although theories related to the body, illness and disability have also been used due to the text and the problem.

Ancient concepts and sustainable patterns in traditional architecture have always been dependent on history and have been manifested in its scope. In the domain of patterns, to what extent these phenomena have changed throughout history, is not important, but its constant in the context becomes important. Therefore, the first step in rereading architecture, especially the contents of traditional principles, is to refer to the historical background. For such a description and analysis and recognition of the creations of ancient architecture and knowledge of their characteristics and how they developed and evolved in later eras is considered an important matter in the studies of Iranian architecture. The current research is compiled with the aim of representing and applying hidden and common principles between the ancient Iranian architecture and the houses of the Qajar era in the central plateau of Iran. Therefore, this article answers this question; What are the principles of ancient Iranian architecture in accordance with the concepts in the traditional Qajar houses located in the central plateau of Iran and how they have been reflected on the architecture of the houses of that era? The research method was descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that in the architecture of traditional Qajar houses, there is a kind of mental tendency towards ancient architecture, which is reflected in the texture of that architecture through principles such as introversion, centrality, integration of opposites, hierarchy and unity.

Literature has been a full-view mirror of social and economic developments. According to this macro perspective, the culture of work and life and the jobs that people have dealt with in some ways have been reflected in poetry. In fact, one of the written sources that can represent traditional occupations and popular beliefs about them is literature. These jobs were very common in traditional society but now are being forgotten due to the growth of societies and the dominance of industry, and they cannot be found except in museums. In this article, we will examine common occupations in the poems of Yaghma Jandaghi. Yaghma is one of the poets who, due to the diversity of his poems and the content of his works, has paid special attention to public culture and occupations of street and market people, and through their recollections, he has nurtured novel meanings and themes. Various occupations such as blacksmithing, gardening, grocery, sewing, nursing, etc. have been reflected in his poems. The current research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the examination of occupations in Yaghma's poems show that his poetry, while having literary, aesthetic and meaning-making uses, also gives a clear picture of the economic and livelihood foundation of that time. In turn, it can open a new chapter of discussion under the title of work culture in the subcategory of public culture.

The influence of the mental processes of the artist during the creation of the artwork is obvious. In this regard, Carl Gustav Jung, the psychoanalyst, found ancient patterns in the human collective psyche, by studying dreams and myths, which have been manifested many times in human creations throughout the history. The expansion of this idea led to the creation of archetypal approach that has been effective in humanities and art researches. In this attitude, the artwork is considered as psycho of its creator, and the metaphors inside it are interpreted based on specific archetypes. Among the different types of art, architecture and in this research, "the architecture of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era", has trans-physical ideas in addition to the material side. The traditional architecture of Iran has been various and rich aspects of the culture and beliefs, therefore provides an opportunity to reflect on the manifestations of collective unconscious. This research has sought to understand the implicit concepts and common themes between two archetypes of the Self and the Individualization Process, in Jung's theories and the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era. the research questions are explained as follows: What are the themes related to archetypes of the self and and the Individualization Process in the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran? On which components of the traditional houses, the archetypes of the Self and and the Individualization Process have been manifested? The research method is qualitative content analysis with the interaction of inductive and comparative approaches with phenomenology attitude. The reliability of the research in the quantitative part is determined by applying Cronbach's alpha coefficient in Spss software. The single-sample T-test confirms the research hypotheses. The results of the research show that the common themes such as "centrality", "coexistence of opposites", "introversion", "Mandala geometry", "hierarchy" and "unity" between the archetypes of the self and the individualization process in Jung's theory and the architectural principles and components of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era.

Many philosophical and aesthetic concepts, despite their initial simplicity, are presented in the form of anonymous assertions in the field of criticism and literary theory. One of these concepts is critique of taste which, especially after the spread of academic criticism and the subsequent neglect of traditional methods of criticism, including the critique of taste, was looked down upon due to its inability to evaluate scientifically and methodically. Thereafter, it was bitterly criticized as a reliable touchstone and a trustworthy method of criticism and was, therefore, abandoned. In order to critically examine the negative and derogatory view toward critique of taste, in this article we have tried to analyze the differences between the critique of taste and academic criticism. By criticizing the opinions of followers and critics of both groups, it becomes evident that contrary to the popular opinion, critique of taste is not completely personal, subjective and devoid of criteria. On the other hand, scientific/objective criticism is found to be tainted with ideological, biased and intuitive outlooks. Findings suggest that despite the rejection and ridicule of critique of taste, firstly, many opponents of critique of taste are also caught up in it, and secondly, there are no precise criteria for distinguishing critique of taste from the so-called academic criticism. This is because the concept of taste is a complex historical concept and includes various features.

Reforming the cultivation pattern is a program that the government pursues with the aim of achieving sustainable agricultural development and maintaining food security.Protection of basic production resources,self-sufficiency in the production of basic products and maintaining agricultural employment are among the goals of this program.In this regard,this research was carried out with an emphasis on the protection of water resources in the Kabudrahang plain of Hamadan province.Using linear programming modeling for the studied area, optimal patterns were determined. Water resource protection policies were examined and tested with two scenarios of reducing the use of underground water by 30 and 50% and the scenario of self-sufficiency in wheat production.The results showed that the water resource protection policy reduces the planned efficiency of the cultivation pattern from 2.44% to 24% compared to the current pattern.The area under cultivation of rainfed crops also increased and the area under cultivation of irrigated crops decreased.The area under cultivation of cucumbers and tomatoes increased, but the area under cultivation of fodder and water grains decreased.Self-sufficiency of wheat under the conditions of the existing and optimal cultivation pattern was achieved, but in the scenarios of water resources protection,self-sufficiency was not possible without applying the condition.Under the scenario of self-sufficiency of wheat, the planned efficiency and the use of labor decreased more than the scenarios of protection of water resources.According to the research findings, in order to protect water resources and sustainable exploitation of these resources,it is necessary to control and reduce their exploitation by 30 to 50 percent.

Entering the field of religious studies, hermeneutic phenomenology encloses the authority of the sacred texts as a normative guide with specific and defined patterns in brackets. This suspension opens up the field of non-descriptive poetic reference to the world. The events recounted in the Holy Book, regarded as historical events, now enjoy a textual existence which has distanced itself from its previous origins. Their current meanings are the product of their registration within a network of texts that consecutively support and displace each other in an intertextual whole. Accordingly, the Holy Book is above all a discourse that the general theory of the text recognizes as a link in a chain of communication. Paul Ricoeur, in compiling her hermeneutic arc, by emphasizing the stage of critical explanation (literary criticism), enables the transition from the initial superficial and biased interpretation to a deep reading that stands against the confrontation with objectivity. In this article, taking into account Ricoeur's views, we examine the concepts of “revelation and testimony” in Goran's holy texts; then by analyzing the poetry and discourse of “Nowruz Sorani” in this context, we try to demonstrate the objective pattern of these concepts in the sacred texts of Goran (Yarsan/Ahl-e-Haq). This suspension causes the revelation to be comprehended according to the unique features of discourses and, at the same time, through their mutual relationships. Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology, emphasizing the stage of critical explanation, enables the Holy Book to move away from the culturally dependent mental interpretations as well as fundamentalist interpretations and continues to be a point of reference and utilization in today's modern world.

With the development of the language-based learning approach, language pedagogy takes more advantage of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching to non-native speakers. Besides, language plans were driven to adopt certain expected features; such as modern grammatical and morphological structures, expressing tangible meanings and events of everyday life, being pleasant, equipping learners with eloquence methods, and applying general and universal language pedagogy issues. Since literary texts have various levels and types, language education policymakers need to consider them in designating language plans. With survey methods, this paper illustrates the significance role of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching Persian to non-Persian learners. To achieve this goal, the authors created a questionnaire with eight literary genres in Child and Adolescent literature at three levels of language proficiency. The questionnaire was sent non-randomly to 94 Iranian teachers, experts in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers and acquaintance with Persian literature. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22, calculating one-way Chi-square, applying Friedman and Mann-Whitney statistical test. Data analysis reveals that the relevant indices for beginner levels are either minor or insignificant. However, in the intermediate and advanced levels children’s tales and stories, along with adolescent poetry, are more emphasized.

Iran has a high potential of solar radiation and lots of sunny days (more than 300 days) in a year.  In this study the feasibility of establishment the photovoltaic powerhouse in several agricultural research stations of Markazi, Esfahan and Kerman Provinces was investigated. In this regard, after determining and analyzing the required meteorological information using Meteonorm software and system simulation by PVsys software, economic analysis of each station were performed by determining the breakeven point and the average cost of energy production for different discount rates. The study also examined the reduction of pollution due to the reduction of Cox, Nox and Sox emissions as a result of employing photovoltaic power plants. According to the results, the most solar electricity generation was occurred in Rudasht station of Esfahan province equaled to 303 kWh/m2 per a year. Photovoltaic powerhouse establishment in the research stations could eliminate pollution production up to 748 tons in a year which exhausted from fuel combustion in the power generation turbines. Results also illustrates considering electricity purchase tariff (6370 IRR/kWh), the construction of photovoltaic power plants with the usual interest rate (more than 8%) is not economically viable for investors. Therefore, the implementation of such projects cusses to produce clean energy and to bring environmental protection, a special banking facilities with interest rates below 8% is recommend to motivate private sector for investment.

Time is one of the basic issues in thematic criticism, and among the critics of this field, Georges Poulet pays more attention to the components of time and place. The main focus of Poole's criticism is to explore and investigate how to communicate with the outside world, which is done by emphasizing the components of time and place.Bidel Dehlavi's emphasis on "time" and "becoming" and its epistemological aspects in his works are one of the main components of his thought.Biddle creates a surrealistic atmosphere in his lyrical poems through symbols, images and metaphors and presents his different perception of time which is in accordance with his mystical worldview. This research aims to show the philosophical and mystical foundations of Biddle's understanding of time, that is, the idea of the unity of existence and Indian wisdom, while drawing the conceptual correlates of time and its image network.The present article examines the concepts and images related to the category of time in Bidel Dehlavi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method, and with a thematic criticism approach based on the centrality of thoughts Puleh, Bidel's perception of the present, past and future is examined in the mirror of repeated images. The result of this research is that Bidel values meditation, revelation, reflection and intuition according to the teachings of Indian wisdom and Islamic mysticism, and the high frequency of words such asmoment and other similar compoundsIt shows Biddle's attention to the category of time.

Apart from its literary beauty and charm, Rumi's Masnavi Manavi encompasses profound concepts that continue to resonate with today's intellectual standards even after centuries. This timeless nature of the work prevents it from becoming obsolete and keeps it perpetually fresh. Undoubtedly, one of the most profound concepts in Masnavi Manavi is the concept of human. According to the Masnavi Manavi, man possesses various levels and dimensions, each with its unique characteristics and attributes. Sometimes, he/she may appear weak and humble, but despite these traits, he/she also exhibits pride, rebelliousness, and overbearing nature. Additionally, there are moments when he/she has a god-like presence, portraying dignity, with the entire world being reflected in him/her. But what is important is that these two dimensions form the basis of anthropomorphic depictions of God, the world, divine matters, and natural affairs. The present study reflects on the origins and contexts of humanism and anthropomorphism, and aims to analyze the anthropomorphic images and their themes in Rumi's Masnavi Manavi using a descriptive-analytical approach. The research shows how human knowledge, cognition, language, expression, and imagination are consistently influenced by anthropomorphism, even when talking about "tanzih" (transcendence).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Facilitating Conditions, Transparency, Stakeholder Trust, Social Influence and Performance Expectancy on the Adoption of Blockchain Technology through the Intention to use Technology in the Tourism Industry; Case study: Travel Services Offices in Tehran which based on the practical purpose, based on The data collection time is survey. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Cronbach's alpha test for the whole questionnaire at 0.76. The statistical population of this study includes managers and staff of travel service offices in Tehran and the sample size is 384 people and the sampling method is available. The data analysis method to evaluate the hypotheses is a simple, multiple and mediated regression model. According to the findings, Behavioral Intention, Performance Expectancy, Social Impact (Social Influence), Facilitating Conditions on Behavioral Expectations for Blockchain Adoption had a positive and significant effect, but Trust among Supply chain Stakeholders did not have a positive and significant effect on Behavioral Intention to use Blockchain. The findings of this research indicate that the activity of Iran's tourism industry, using blockchain as a communication platform to pay for services, has a positive and effective effect on foreign tourists.

Given the climate change and the need to protect the environment, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to adopt a new mechanism for the equitable allocation of scarce water resources and the resulting benefits among stakeholders. This study used a Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) framework in order to analyze water management under water scarcity and drought conditions in Qarehsou River Basin of Golestan province of Iran. The required data were collected through a survey research and completing the questionnaires in the cropping year of 2017-2018. Loehman stability index was used to investigate the willingness of stakeholders to participate in coalition and the determination of stability. The results showed achieving full cooperation would increase the total benefit of basin. The study of the stability index showed that in general, the grand coalition based on Nash-Harsanyi was more stable than the Shapley value and Nucleolus in drought scenarios. As a result, the cooperation between stakeholders should be increased in the form of basin coordination councils to protect the ecosystem and preserve the economic interests of basin in conditions of water scarcity. The CGT solutions and power index examined demonstrate the importance of combining the strategic behavior of stakeholders in designing acceptable and sustainable policies to reduce the effects of drought in the basin. Therefore, it is recommended to apply Nash-Harsanyi solution to redistribute the benefits of cooperation between stakeholders in the basin; in other words, the distribution of cooperative benefits between stakeholders is based on relative weights, which is calculated based on the maximum demand of water users in the non-cooperative model within a cooperative theory.

Research Problem:

 At present, the treasure of our traditional arts is being forgotten. Unfortunately, Iranian traditional architecture, as a repository of immortal and influential memories on our Cultural structure, social innate values and beliefs, is no exception. In such circumstances, it is necessary to address the issue of psyche and mental function and explore its role in the permanence of art. It is obvious that the manifestation of the psyche in art and other original human creations happens through symbols. Among the versified symbols, in the human sciences and art, archetypal allegories are attributed to the modern critical literature and Swiss psychologist- and the founder of psychoanalytical method- Carl Gustav Jung. Jung believed that some parts of architecture are the result of projecting the inner state of the architect. However, the expression of Jung archetypes is limitless, a number of them, such as Persona and Shadows, play a key and crucial role in regulating the human psychological personality. Since Carl Gustav Jung and many other phenomenologists -such as Gaston Bachelard- have emphasized the correlation between psyche and architecture, and its followed by "house", the present study seeks to discovers and interprets the essence of these archetypes in the context of architecture of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran, during the Qajar era, by explaining and descripting the concepts of Persona and Shadow archetypes.This article aims to inspect the relationship between the traditional house of the central plateau of  Iran, during the Qajar era, and the archetypes of Persona and Shadow in the discourse between architecture and psychoanalysis.

Research Questions:

 which archetypal themes of Persona and shadow are found in the architectural components of the traditional houses of the central plateau of Iran during the Qajar era?

The current research is a mixed research method with a predominance of qualitative paradigm and phenomenological attitude. The qualitative content analysis is applied in combination with inductive and deductive approach. In order to confirm the research findings, quantitative method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and one-sample T-test are used.

The results show that there are common implications in recognizing Persona and exterior elements (including walls, materials, Badgir, entrance) and Shadow and internal elements (including the central courtyard and its belonging components as surrounding walls, corridor, the cellar and the basement) in the traditional houses in the central plateau of Iran, during the Qajar era. In addition, a number of common grounds such as communication with society, pseud individuality, protection, secrecy, impenetrability, homogeneity with the outside, the outer side ,and immutability have been found between Persona and architectural components of the aforementioned traditional houses. In the same way, the concepts such being inward, concealment, being two-sided (positive and negative coexistence), and contradiction to the outer side correspond to the Shadow.

This study determines the amount of irrigation water saved as a result of the subsidy policy to adapt from flood to drip irrigation. We developed a positive mathematical programming model (PMP) to evaluate the effect of economic incentives on farmers’ decisions to choose the type of irrigation technology, cropping pattern, and "water use" and "water consumption" in rural Garkan Shomali district, which is part of the Najafabad aquifer. We collected data through farm surveys, desk research, and expert interviews. The results showed that a reduction in the financial costs of converting flood irrigation into drip irrigation can lead to farmers investing in this technology. In the current water allocation scenario, the subsidy policy increases the water consumption of drip-irrigated crops by 28%, of which 19% is non-consumed water before subsidy payment and the rest is related to the reduction of furrow-irrigated lands. Also, under non-volumetric water delivery conditions, the operating costs reduce and the net income of the farms increases because of the increase in efficiency and the development of the area under cultivation, which increases water consumption while the water use is constant. In the volumetric water delivery scenario, with the increase in subsidies, the net income of the farms will increase without developing the area under cultivation and only because of the increased yield. Therefore, subsidy policy increases irrigation efficiency at both the farm and regional levels and is an effective tool for dealing with drought conditions.

The concept of nature, despite its simple, clear and comprehensible appearance, is a mysterious and complicated concept and has traveled a long and winding path throughout history until today. "Nature (physis) in Greek culture is designed and understood in relation to Logos, Eros, Cosmos, Chaos, Tragedy, Mimesis, Poiesis, Techne, Praxis, Dialectic and Paideia. Various fields of studies of mythology, history, culture, society, economy and politics, philosophy, art and literature, and many sciences, according to their perceptions of nature; They plan and formulate their affairs and phenomena and how they face each other.The representation of nature in all fields of human knowledge has always been based on conceptual and metaphorical dual oppositions about nature: transcendence /immanent, dynamic /static, mechanical /organic,theological /materialistic, deterministic /occasionalistic and animate /inanimate. Considering the opinions of German, French, English and American philosophers and thinkers in the last decades of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, it can be safely said that the most obvious and complex view of nature was formed in the great flow of romanticism. The concept of nature in the school of romanticism is a multi-layered and deep concept. Reducing the movement, rather the great revolution of romanticism to a literary and artistic school, on the one hand and highlighting characteristics such as reaction, opposition to rationalism, enlightenment and civilization, praise of melancholy and suffering and disease; On the other hand, it has caused the suppression of valuable aspects of romanticism, which are now showing themselves in the process of "the return of the repressed" - according to Ernesto Laclau-.Our approach in this research is philosophical and political. Our attempt was to bring these two types of encounters together in the fundamental concept of nature, that is, in addition to the aesthetic aspects of nature, we intend to indicate the philosophical foundations and political contexts of the focalization of nature and its relation to other concepts of romanticism including individuality, subjectivity and anti-capitalism orientation. The results of the research show that romanticism has intelligently attracted various parts of the opinions of philosophers and thinkers, which it saw as compatible with its essence and orientation, and with the idea of "romanticizing the world" and "understanding the world as a work of art"  was looking for solutions to problems that covered all philosophical, epistemological, ethical, aesthetic and political fields.

Continental Philosophy, through dialogues with German Idealism and Romanticism, and in accordance with Subjectivism, Criticism, Traditionalism, Historicism, and Anti-authoritarianism, has influenced many literary theories, especially phenomenology and hermeneutics. Although continental and analytical philosophies have influenced other literary theories, the present article contends that in the conflict between the ‘continental’ and ‘analytical’ approaches, continental philosophy is characterized by ‘taste’ and ‘literary’ insights as well as uncertainty, multiplicity of methods, and even antagonism. The method exhibits radical differences with natural sciences (Positivism), Existentialism, and subject orientation, and it can be regarded as a much more suitable medium for the development and application of reader-response theories. Therefore, in the present article, while enumerating the common features of continental literature and philosophy, we will show that the relation between philosophy and literary theory, often formed through continental approaches and reader-centered theories, are visibly compatible with this approach. We will also discuss that in addition to the political and academic origins that played a role in the emergence of schools such as Constance, numerous drawbacks in Enlightenment philosophy, including the failure of rationality, the undesirable consequences of Capitalism, the gradual disappearance of Christian values, have profoundly influenced the formation of reader-response theories.

The position of start-up businesses in the economy and their role in solving countries' problems is becoming more prominent day by day. Some countries, aware of the importance of this issue, have been able to create a suitable ecosystem for the development of this type of business. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the obstacles facing start-ups in the agricultural sector and to provide solutions for their development. In terms of approach, the current research is mixed and sequential-exploratory. The statistical population in the qualitative section included those owners of start-ups in the field of agriculture who had experience and education related to the subject. This research was done in three stages: 1) Analyzing the current business situation of agricultural startups in Iran, 2) Identifying and prioritizing obstacles and limitations of startups, 3) Identifying and prioritizing solutions for the growth of startups. I see. According to the results, the main source of income for startups was from the sale of products. The majority of startup owners stated that they started their business with personal capital and did not get help from government support. The most important obstacle was related to the ruling laws and regulations. The government nature of the domestic markets, the difficulty of accessing primary data from the market, and the lack of transparency of the capital market were among the obstacles that made the risk of entering such businesses difficult.

Many problems are encountered in the implementation of new irrigation systems with government subsidy, and the issuance of licenses is not an exception to this rule. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to identify optimal solutions for the process of issuing permits for the implementation of these systems. The statistical population of the research consisted of the applicants who registered their application in the five selected provinces of Hamedan, Fars, Zanjan, Khorasan-Razavi, and Kermanshah during 2019-2021 (N1=150) and the corresponding experts working on licensing new irrigation systems (N2=100). The research method was focus group and in-depth structured interviews. According to the results, the most important problems in the licensing process included: failure to perform work in a suitable and integrated system, the differences in the process of carrying out the project in different provinces, lack of familiarity and insufficient initial justification for the applicants, strictness and delay in determining the assignment of inquiries, and existence of some redundant and eliminable steps during the process. Based on this, the most important proposed solutions are: carrying out all process steps in a smart and integrated system, providing consultation to the applicant at the stage of filing and justification by reviewing the applicant's documents and facilities, removing unnecessary items in the process, paying the subsidy dynamically, applying an intelligent monitoring system with active feedback for all stages and all actors in the plan, and determining the time frame for each action. Within the system, the most important authorities to solve these problems are the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and Agricultural Jihad Organizations of the provinces; and the external responsible authorities are mainly Plan and Budget Organization, banks, and the agricultural engineering system.

The present study is designed to optimize the process of issuing agricultural licenses in the field of heavy livestock. The statistical population of the research consists of two parts: applicants and experts. In the applicant’s section, 100 people who had applied for and obtained licenses in the provinces between 1997 and 1999 were selected, and in the expert’s section, 100 representatives of the key agencies involved were selected. Were. The research method for this study was the focus group. The work was based on group meetings and structured interviews. In this method, first, the current status of the process of issuing heavy livestock licenses, obstacles and problems from the applicants 'point of view, were identified, and then the favorable conditions from the experts' point of view were introduced, and finally solutions to the problems were counted. According to the results, the main problems were: 1) Issuance of licenses in different provinces does not have a fixed procedure 2) The registration process is done without a preliminary check to qualify. 3) The window system is not a smart unit. 4) There is no transparency in laws and regulations. 5) The institutions involved are not compatible with each other and with the single window system. 6) Expert visits are frequent and unnecessary. Some of the suggested solutions are: 1) Talent identification of different areas for agricultural activities before registering the application in the system. 2) Perform all steps in the intelligent system and in an integrated manner.

In recent years, climate change and global warming, by reducing rainfall and higher temperature, have increased the frequency and severity of drought and water scarcity in various parts of the world, including Iran. The study of the annual discharge of rivers located in Qarahsu basin (Golestan province) showed that this basin has also faced drought in recent years and since most of the water required of Miankaleh wetland is supplied from Qarahsu River, so Water abstraction for agricultural, urban and industrial uses will have a major impact on the ecosystem of Miankaleh wetland. Given that agriculture is the main economic activity in the Golestan province and also it is the largest consumer of water and food security providers in the region Therefore, reducing irrigation water consumption can provide the extra water needed to protect the wetland. In order to sustainable supply water required of Miankaleh wetland in Gorgan Gulf, and preventing to dry the wetland, and using area's capacity in food security, attending to water resources management is very important in Qarehsou river Basin and Gorgan Gulf (Miankaleh wetland).

In this paper, a hydro-economic river basin model was used to water optimal allocation of Qarehsou River among water users in the basin (including irrigation activities, urban, industrial, and fishery uses, and environment) and protecting the Miankaleh wetland ecosystem (Gorgan Gulf). The empirical river basin model includes three reduce forms of hydrological components, regional optimization components, and environmental components and can make the integrated linkage between hydrologic, economic, institutional, and environmental components. This model also simulates demand nodes' behavior under different drought scenarios. The linkage between the three model components allows a rigorous evaluation of the quantitative impacts of drought on water availability in the river basin under study, the effects on the users’ behaviors, and the private and social-economic benefits and costs of water use. The hydrological model of the river basin is based on the principles of water mass balance, which determine the volume of water availability in the different river reaches. This water available can be used for economic activities after taking into account the environmental restrictions for economic activities. In the economic component, the economic benefits of water demand are maximized by using water demand functions subject to technical and resource constraints. In the environmental component, we maximize the benefits that environmental characteristics provide for society and compare them with the benefits of other applications.

The results showed, in the current condition, the allocation and consumption of water have not been optimal between nodes in the Qarehsou river basin. In the normal water supply scenario, also total water sources decreased to protect Miankaleh wetland in suitable condition, but the area under cultivation of the most crops increases, which increases water resources consumption in this sector, and finally, the net benefits of the agriculture sector has grown positively. Also, by allocating 18 million cubic meters of water to the wetland, because of optimal water allocation, urban water consumption, and annual gross benefit increase, too. In drought conditions, because of water shortage due to climate change and reduction headwater and surface flows to preserve the wetland, water consumption reduced by all nodes, especially irrigation node. Agricultures can prevent from reducing excessive of their income by changing in cultivation pattern, deficit planting crops with less water, etc. Under droughtconditions and water scarcity, although the amount of water available is reduced to all applicant nodes compared to baseline conditions, but it improves the economic benefits of stakeholders, especially the environment sector.Increasing groundwater extraction and decreasing surface water (due to drought and wetland water supply from headwater flow), although Qarehsou river basin has faced water scarcity problem, due to the optimal distribution of water between water demand nodes based on the economic-hydrological model used by changing the cultivation pattern and the use of drought-tolerant crops, the amount of water entering the Miankaleh wetland has increased in normal and drought scenarios and as a result has increased the gross environmental benefits of Qarehsou basin. Therefore, it is recommended to protect the Miankaleh wetland and increase its ecological function, reduce the water allocated value to irrigation sector, and to increase the farmers economy efficiency, optimal cultivation pattern, and applying deficit irrigation strategies promote by agricultural jihad experts in province, and in drought conditions is used suitable strategies for drought to improve water resources management.

Interdisciplinary studies and psychoanalytic criticism have recently opened up new horizons for researchers. The Thousand and One Nights has been evaluated in various ways so far, but what has been overlooked is the psychoanalytical dimension of the stories. The context of the “Story of King Shahryar and His Brother Shah Zaman” illustrates a problem unique to civilization, whose examination can provide the readers with insight into latent meanings. Although Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, used to read the works of poets and writers, including fantastic and suprarealist stories and claimed that he and those writers were both inspired by the same origin, albeit in two different ways (Shariat Kashani, 2014: 13), psychoanalytic criticism does not have the prominent place it deserves in contemporary literature, or is harshly criticized by those who do not support theorists such as Freud, Lacan, and others. The analytical power of psychoanalysis and its amenity to interpretation led us to decipher the core story of The Thousand and One Nights according to Lacan’s theories. Despite their difficulty, Lacan’s theories contain neither the misunderstandings around Freud’s concepts nor the sense of superiority one finds in Jung’s antirealist and mystical psychology. This paper deals with the origins of the story of Shahryar and his brother Shah Zaman from a Lacanian perspective.
 

Fort the purposes of this study, data were collected using a questionnaire on crop rotations in Isfahan Province alongside field observations and commonly used indices. It was found that the rotations common in all the three cold, temperate, and warm climatic zones identified in the province were often short-termed with two or three crops grown. The temperate zone, however, is characterized by 30 dominant types of rotation. Land use efficiencies of 43-98%, 60-95%, and 50-81% were recorded for the temperate, warm and cold zones, respectively. Production efficiency in the rotations was found to have declined to levels below 40 kg per rotation day depending on the type of crop grown, cultivation of small grains such as wheat and barley or certain oilseeds such as rapeseed and safflower, and fallow periods allowed between rotations. The presence of high-yield forage crops (such as fodder corn), especially when combined with tuberous crops (such as sugar beet) and summer crops (such as watermelon and honeydew melon), was found to increase the production efficiency of the rotations (sometimes to more than 200 kg day-1 in the temperate zone). Water productivity in crop rotations across the three zones rarely ever exceeded 6 kg m-3. Crop diversification in the rotations, therefore, seems to be the most urgent measure that should be taken in the three climatic zones. Finally, more extensive cultivation of tuberous crops in the temperate and warm zones as well as wider growth of pulses in the cold zones seem not only to be feasible but also economically rewarding.

In this article we intend to bring joy and happiness form the perspective of the eighth method of references and punishments of ibn sina the great scientist of Islamic iran and the world ( science- philosophy and logic- medicine and wisdom) with the poems of rumi the great poet of iran and the world lets examine and compare him as a mystic and thoughtful scholar in Islamic thought and hafez the great lyric poet of the eighth century. Given the importance of the issue and the influence of all three nobles in the discussion of Islamic science philosophy and mysticism research in this regard is essential. Assuming that ibn sina mystical language in the eighth method is significantly similar to rumi language in divan shams and masnavi and hafez lyric poems in his divan we answer the important question of how rumi and hafez language in their poems with ibn sina about pleasure and happiness? We came to this conclusion by bringing documents form the eighth method of ibn sina allusions and punishments and rumi poems in divan shams and masnavi and lyric poems form hafez divan rumi poems are mentioned in two great works and hafez lyric poems have significant similarities with the concepts of the eighth method of allusions and punishments about pleasure and happiness and its synonyms.