علیرضا کاکاوند

Mindfulness can be effective in reducing mind wandering and internet addiction. The present study aimed to predict Internet addiction based on mindfulness with the mediation of mind wandering in students of the second secondary school in Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research was all the secondary school students in Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022, from which 200 were selected by non-random sampling method. Research instruments included the demographic questionnaire, "Internet Addiction Test", "Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire" and "Mind Wandering Questionnaire". The validity of the instruments was measured using content validity using a qualitative method and reliability using the internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS .26 and Amos. 24.

The mindfulness negatively and significantly predicts Internet addiction (β=-0.148, P=0.001). Mind wandering positively and significantly predicts Internet addiction (β=0.393, P=0.001). Mindfulness negatively and significantly predicts Internet addiction through the mediation of mind wandering (β=-0.085, P=0.001).

Mindfulness, with the mediation of mind wandering, predicts Internet addiction in high school students in Tehran. Therefore, it is suggested that health counselors and psychologists reduce their mind wandering and internet addiction by holding mindfulness courses for high school students.

Children with behavioral disorders display severe and socially unacceptable patterns of behavior. A persistent pattern of impulsive, defiant, and hostile behavior marks oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). In children, ODD can significantly disrupt family dynamics, particularly marital relationships. Marital intimacy, a crucial aspect of these relationships, encompasses the emotional bond, effective communication, and physical affection shared between partners. Besides marital intimacy, the emotional regulation of parents, especially mothers, is another critical factor in these families. Family cohesion is another influential element in this population and relationships. Also, family cohesion significantly influences parent–child relationship dynamics. The parent–child relationship, a distinct and vital bond, serves as the cornerstone of a child's social and behavioral development, profoundly impacting their overall well–being. This study sought to establish a structural model that investigates the relationship between family cohesion, maternal emotional regulation difficulties, and marital intimacy among mothers of children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, with a specific emphasis on the mediating role of parent–child interaction.

This descriptive–correlational study utilized structural equation modeling to investigate the research questions. The study population comprised mothers of children diagnosed with ODD who were enrolled in schools located in districts 10 and 11 of Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. The selection of districts 11 and 12 was based on the approval and recommendation of the Central Department of Education of Tehran. These two districts were chosen from among the educational districts in Tehran. Following this selection, screening and selecting specific schools within districts 11 and 12 commenced. A convenience sample of 202 mothers was selected from schools in these two districts. The sample size was determined based on the rule of the number of observed variables, requiring 10 samples per variable. Given the 14 identified variables in the model, the sample size 202 slightly exceeded the minimum requirement. The study utilized the Child–Parent Relationship Scale (Driscoll & Pianta, 2011), the Family Organized Cohesiveness Questionnaire (Fisher et al., 1992), Marital Intimacy Scale (Walker & Thompson, 1983), and Emotional Regulation Difficulty Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 29. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The findings revealed that family cohesion (p<0.001, β=0.55) and emotional regulation difficulty (p<0.001, β=–0.18) significantly impacted marital intimacy. Additionally, the study confirmed the significant mediating role of the parent–child relationship in the indirect relationship between family cohesion (p<0.001, β=0.238) and emotional regulation difficulty (p<0.001, β=–0.168) with marital intimacy. Furthermore, the model fit indices indicated a good fit between the structural model and the research data (χ2/df=2.055, RMSEA=0.072, IFI=0.956, CFI=0.957, PNFI=0.673, PCFI=0.710, GFI=0.923).

The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering causal and influential factors, such as the parent–child relationship, emotional regulation difficulties, and family cohesion when developing therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing marital intimacy among mothers of children with the oppositional defiant disorder.

Today, the use of smartphones has increased dramatically among teenage girls. Experts believe that this excessive use of smartphones can cause body image and eating disorders in adolescent girls. The emergence of social networks such as Facebook and Instagram may have increased body image dissatisfaction through social comparison. The media are a potent and influential tool in guiding women towards eating disorders and body dissatisfaction. Media advertising, especially advertising related to the beauty and slimming industry, can promote unhealthy ideals about body weight and shape. These ads usually show images of skinny and make–up bodies as beauty models and increase anxiety in people. This concern may lead to unhealthy ideals about body weight and shape, which can lead to disturbed body image and eating disorders. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between smartphone addiction, body image, and eating disorders in female adolescents.

The current research design was analytical and used correlational models. The statistical population of this research comprised all teenage girls aged 15 and 18, living in the 18th district of Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. Of them, 200 were selected by convenience sampling. According to Julie Pallant's formula, the sample size is N>50+8m, where m is the number of predictor variables, and N is the minimum sample size. Considering that there were three predictor variables in this research, the minimum suitable sample size was 74. To increase the validity of the test and control the possible dropout of subjects, the sample size was increased to 200 female teenagers studying in four high schools and conservatories. The secondary high school girls of the second year were determined in the 18th district of Tehran. They were selected using a non–random sampling method, and they completed the study questionnaires in the spring of 2023. The inclusion criteria were as follows: access to the online questionnaires, being in the age range of teenagers (15 to 18 years old), being in the target area, and answering the questions consciously. The exclusion criteria were not being satisfied with participating in the research, not completing all the questions in the questionnaire, and the occurrence of any physical or mental problems for the participants. The participants responded to the Cell Phone Addiction Scale (Koo, 2009), the Body Image Questionnaire (Fisher, 1970), and the Nutrition Attitude Questionnaire (Garner et al., 1982). Data analysis was done using multiple linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficient at a significant level of 0.05 in SPSS software version 26.

The findings showed that tolerance of deprivation (β= –0.232, p<0.001), life disturbance (β= –0.311, p<0.001), and insistence (β=–0.354, p<0.001) predicted body image disorder in adolescent girls. Also, tolerance of deprivation (β = 0.225, p = 0.05), life disorder (β=0.314, p<0.001), and insistence (β=0.224, p=0.04) predicted eating disorders in adolescent girls. In addition, 62% of the variance of body image disorder and 44% of the variance of eating disorder were explained based on the components of smartphone addiction (deprivation tolerance, life disorder, compulsion–insistence).

The results of the present study determined that smartphone addiction and its components (tolerance of deprivation, life disorder, compulsion–insistence) are predictors of body image and eating disorders in adolescent girls.

Considering the psychological consequences of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and parents and its significant impact on the quality of  parent-child relationship, the present study aimed to assess  the effect of filial therapy on maternal sensitivity and parental stress of preschool children with emotional and behavioral problems in District 10 of Tehran during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This applied quasi-experimental research was conducted based on a pre-test-post-test control group design with a follow-up. The statistical population of the present study included the mothers of preschool children with emotional and behavioral problems in the 10th district of Tehran in 2022. A total of 41 people were selected by convenience sampling method. A number of 21 cases were randomly placed in the experimental group and 20 subjects were allocated to the control group. Thereafter, the mothers of the experimental group participated in Filial Therapy training sessions, and the mothers of the control group were waiting to receive the intervention. Both groups were evaluated three times: pre-test, post-test, at follow-up (one month after the end of the intervention) with the Behavior Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 1991), maternal care quality questionnaire (Ghanbari et al., 2012), and the parental stress index questionnaire (Abidin, 1992). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the findings.

The results demonstrated that maternal sensitivity of the experimental group increased compared to the control group, and the level of parental stress decreased(except in the relationship with spouse subscale in the parent domain).

Filial therapy can be used as one of the upcoming interventions during crises, such as COVID-19, to improve parent-child relationship and reduce parental tension.

The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of experiential avoidance in predicting psychological distress based on childhood trauma in college students. The present research method was the descriptive-correlation type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the students of the Islamic Azad University, Saveh branch in the academic year 2022-2023, and 250 of them were selected as a statistical sample using a non-random and purposeful sampling method. To collect information from Bond et al's Acceptance and Action Questionnaires-II (AAQ-II, 2011), Lovibond & Lovibond's Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS, 1995), and Bernstein and Fink's Childhood Trauma Questionnaire- Short Form (CTQ-SF, 1998) was used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and structural equation modeling. Based on the research findings, the proposed model was a good fit. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between childhood trauma and experiential avoidance with psychological distress (P<0.01). It was also found that experiential avoidance has a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological distress (P<0.01). Therefore, it is suggested to investigate and evaluate the history of childhood trauma and experiential avoidance in the implementation of prevention and treatment programs.

This study aims to examine the mediating effect of marital intimacy on the association between Affective control and marital adjustment. The study employs a correlation-based approach utilizing path analysis modelling. The population being studied consisted of all married individuals residing in Karaj city. A total of 220 couples were chosen as research participants through an internet survey employing the convenience sampling method. The data were obtained utilizing three questionnaires: the Affective Control Scale (Williams et al., 1997), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), and the Marital Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1989). The data was analyzed using the path analysis method with the assistance of AMOS software. The study's findings suggest an indirect relationship between the regulation of emotions and the level of marital adjustment in couples. This relationship is mediated by marital intimacy, as evidenced by the significant beta coefficient of -0.26 (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the study demonstrated the significant impact of affect control (β=-0.39, P=0.001) and marital intimacy (β=0.61, P=0.001) on marital adjustment. Couples that demonstrated emotional regulation skills had heightened levels of intimacy in their relationship, leading to increased frequency and quality of intimate interactions. That is, the heightened level of intimacy contributed to the improvement of marital adjustment. When developing psychological interventions to enhance marital adjustment, it is crucial to consider significant elements, including affective control and intimacy.

Considering the importance of Internalization and Externalization problems in predicting high-risk behaviors and the important role of maternal sensitivity and general health of mothers in the formation of children's behavioral system, the present study aims to compare general health and maternal sensitivity in preschool children with Internalization and Externalization symptoms and normal ones were conducted.

The current research was a retrospective. The statistical population of the present study is the mothers of preschool children with Internalization and Externalization symptoms in the 10th district of Tehran who were studying in 1402. With the available sampling method, 30 mothers of children with Internalization and Externalization symptoms were compared with 30 mothers of normal children. Both groups were evaluated with the Behavior Checklist (Achenbach and Rescorla, 1991), maternal care quality questionnaire (Ghanbari et al. , 2011) and general health questionnaire (Goldberg et al., 1979). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) were used to analyze the findings.

The results showed; Maternal sensitivity and general health of mothers of preschool children with Internalization and Externalization symptoms are significantly different from mothers of normal children.

The general health status of mothers with children with Internalization and Externalization Symptoms is more unfavorable than mothers of normal children. In addition, lower maternal sensitivity is considered a threat to children's mental health

The purpose of the research was to investigate the relationship between the perception of the quality of attachment and social anxiety of adolescents with the mediating role of spiritual well-being. The current research mothod was a correlational of structural equation modelling. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers studying in secondary schools of Mazandaran province of Iran in the academic year of 2022-2023, A sample of 300 students who were selected as available method and completed questionnaires of attachment to parents and peers, spiritual well-being and adolescent social anxiety. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between adolescents' social anxiety and the quality of attachment perception with the mediation of spiritual well-being. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the perception of attachment quality and spiritual well-being and between spiritual well-being and social anxiety of adolescents. Also, the direct effect of perception of attachment quality on social anxiety of adolescents was confirmed. According to the results, it is suggested that psychologists, in therapeutic interventions for social anxiety disorder in adolescents, pay special attention to the role of influencing variables, including the perception of the quality of attachment and spiritual well-being.

Van Deurzen, an existential psychotherapist, identifies self-reflection and self-discovery as the core components of existential therapy through her examination of its various aspects. She posits that humans, distinct from other creatures, possess a fluid and dynamic identity. This, according to her, allows individuals to determine their own existence and identity. Mulla Sadra, on the other hand, acknowledging the fluidity and dynamism of human identity, proposes that human existence extends beyond this world, encompassing multiple worlds and levels of existence, and within each world, individuals find a corresponding level of existence, so that through their own free will, humans determine their position in this system of existence. By elevating their existence to the level of rational existence, they can transform themselves into a rational world akin to the objective world. This paper aims to demonstrate, based on the views of these two thinkers on human beings’ fluid and dynamic existence, the self-determining nature of the human self, the place of self-discovery in existential therapy, and Sadra's perspective on self-discovery, that Sadra’s view can potentially serve as the foundation for an existential therapy within Iranian-Islamic culture.

This study explores the mediating role of parental stress in the association between mindful parenting and behavioural problems in preschool children’s mother. Mindful parenting, characterized by non-judgmental awareness and presence in the parent-child relationship, is hypothesized to have a direct impact on children's behaviour.

The statistical population for this study comprised preschool children’s mother in the city of Qazvin during the academic years 2023-2024, with a sample of 220 children selected through convenience sampling method.  The measurement instruments employed in this study were McCaffrey et al.'s Mindful Parenting Questionnaire (2015), Abidin's Parental Stress Questionnaire (1995), and Shahim and Yousefi's Behavioural Problems Questionnaire (2018). Path analysis and Amos 24 software were used to analyse the causal model.

The findings of this study demonstrated an excellent model-data fit. Furthermore, the results indicated a direct and statistically significant association between mindful parenting and children's behavioural problems, as well as highlighting the mediating role of parental stress in the relationship between mindful parenting and children's behavioural problems.

When developing psychological interventions for the management and treatment of children's behavioural issues, particular consideration should be given to the influence of mindful parenting and parental stress. Therapists should also prioritize the design and implementation of appropriate monitoring and control programs for these behavioural problems while taking into account these variables

The purpose of the current research was to compare the personality traits, ambiguity tolerance and life expectancy of people satisfied and dissatisfied with the corona vaccine injection.

The current research was of comparative causal type. The statistical population of the present study included all vaccinated people in Karaj city. Among the statistical population, and according to Cochran’s formula, 306 people were selected using available sampling method. The data collection tools were Neo Personality Questionnaire, Snyder et al.’s Life Expectancy Questionnaire and McLean’s Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between ambiguity tolerance, factorial thinking subscales of life expectancy and neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits in the satisfied and dissatisfied groups of corona vaccination.

According to the results, it can be concluded that psychological factors can be effective in the level of satisfaction with vaccination and paying attention to these factors in epidemics such as the corona epidemic can help health professionals to encourage people to inject vaccines.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between competence perception and academic self-efficacy in third grade elementary school children with the mediating role of academic motivation.

The present research method is correlation of structural equation modeling and population of the present study included the first-grade elementary students of Qazvin city in 2022-2023. Based on the theory of Tabachnick and Fidell (2001), they considered the sufficient minimum sample size 200 for structural equation modeling. Therefore, 223 participants were selected through available sampling method. The research instruments included Harter's competence perception questionnaires (1982), Morgan Jing's academic self-efficacy (1988) and Harter's motivation for academic progress (1980). To analyze the model, structural equation modeling method and AMOS 24 software were used.

The results showed that academic motivation mediated the relationship between students' perception of competence and academic self-efficacy. Also, the results of the research indicated that the direct relationship between competence perceptions and academic self-efficacy and academic motivation, as well as the direct relationship between academic motivation and academic self-efficacy of students, is statistically significant.

The current results have provided a valuable idea for researchers and educators about issues related to academic self-efficacy for students and have supported the importance of the perception of competence and academic motivation in relation to academic self-efficacy of students.

This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of family emotional atmosphere on the association between communication patterns and distress tolerance in married women. The study employed a correlational design and utilized path analysis. The research sample comprised 217 married women residing in Tehran in the year 1400, who were selected using convenience sampling methodology. The research instruments included the Couple's Communication Patterns, the Family Emotional Atmosphere, and Distress Tolerance. The results of the path analysis revealed a statistically significant association between communication patterns and distress tolerance, with the emotional atmosphere of the family serving as a mediator in this relationship. The mediating role of family emotional atmosphere is found to be significant in the relationship between non-reciprocal constructive relationship and distress tolerance (P=0.22, β=0.001) and the relationship between mutual avoidance and distress tolerance (P=0.001, β=-0.19). The research findings suggest an idea for implementing an intervention targeting contributing and causal factors, specifically communication patterns and the emotional atmosphere within families, which impact the distress tolerance of married women.

Distress tolerance is increasingly playing an essential role in the onset and continuing of psychological trauma and prevention and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance with the mediating role of self-esteem in female students.

This research method was fundamental in terms of purpose, and the data collection method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The study population included all ninth-grade female students in District 3 of Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022. The voluntary sampling method selected 220 students as the research sample. A Family Performance Questionnaire (Epstein et al., 1983), Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (Gaher and Simmons, 2005), and Self-Esteem Questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965) were used to collect data. Structural equation modeling was performed using Amos24 software.

The findings showed that the structural model of the research has a good fit. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between family functioning and self-esteem (t = 9.02 and β = 0.63) and between self-esteem and distress tolerance (t= 6.30 and β= 0.58), but there was no direct relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance (t= 1.96 and β= 0.15). The results also showed an indirect relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance.

According to the results, there is a relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance of female students due to their self-esteem. Special attention to causal factors is suggested in formulating psychological interventions to increase the distress tolerance of female students.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between emotional self-regulation and online games addiction in students.

the present study statistic population included the second grade elementary students of Qazvin city In 2022-2023, and 218 of them were selected through available sampling. The measurement instruments included the emotional self-regulation questionnaire of Larsen and Prizmike (2004), the loneliness questionnaire of Russell et al. (1980) and the online game addiction questionnaire of Wang and Chang (2002). Path analysis was used to analyze the casual model and the results showed a perfect fit of the model with the data.

the results showed a direct and significant effect between emotional self-regulation (p<0.01 and β=0.39) and loneliness (p<0.01 and β=0.57) with online games addiction. Also, the analysis of the mediator's role showed that the feeling of loneliness plays mediator role in the relationship between emotional self-regulation and online games addiction.

In formulating psychological interventions to control and treat online games addiction in students, special attention should be paid to the role of emotional self-regulation and loneliness.

In today’s digital world, there seems to be a thin line between technology use and abuse. There are many people who have extreme internet habits and abnormal moral behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and internet addiction of students in Qazvin province.               

The research method was correlation. The statistical population of all undergraduate and postgraduate students of Qazvin province universities in 2019, among them a sample of 270 students was selected by cluster random sampling method. The research tools were Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (1972), Young Internet Addiction (2011) and Moral Intelligence of Lennick and Kiel (2011). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including demographic indicators and inferential statistics, including path analysis pattern and Sobel test.

The results showed that moral intelligence has a mediating role between students' perceived parenting styles and their internet addiction. This means that moral intelligence has a significant inverse relationship with authoritarian and negligent parenting styles and Internet addiction, and has a significant positive relationship with authoritative parenting style and lack of internet addiction. Also, the proposed model had the desired fit to determine the relationship between the research variables.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that training and promoting moral intelligence can be used as a prevention method or even a treatment method in the form of CBT techniques for internet addiction.

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination and self-control in the link between perceived stress and mobile phone addiction during the COVID-19 epidemic. The present study was conducted using a correlational method and a structural equation modeling approach.The statistical population of the study included Tehran province college students which 230 people were selected voluntarily and answered the online scales include Depression-Anxiety-Stress, Smartphone Addiction, Ruminative Responses and Self-Control. The results the structural equation model showed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, perceived stress predicts the students addiction to cell phone positively. Rumination plays a mediator role between perceived stress and cell phone addiction. Moreover, self-control moderates the effect of the mediator role between perceived stress on rumination, and effect of rumination on cell phone addiction. This study focuses on the importance of rumination and self-control in understanding a probable association between perceived stress and cell phone addiction, that can be used to develop the interventions to reduce the problematic behavior among the students the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on referential thinking and emotional exhaustion of female nurses. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and control group with a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population includes all the female nurses of Imam Khomeini Hospital (RA) in 1400, the total number of which was n=973. The research sample was 40 people and they were selected purposefully. Among the research sample, 20 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 20 people in the two intervention groups. The experimental group received the intervention during 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected using the referential thinking questionnaire (PTQ), and job burnout (MBI) and analyzed by the variance analysis method with repeated measurements. The main effect of the group for referential thinking (P>0.05, F=95.4) and emotional exhaustion (P>0.05, F=13.9) are significant; That is, there is a difference between the two groups in terms of the mean of referential thinking and emotional fatigue. In referential thinking, the main effect of the three stages of measurement (P < 0.05, F = 14.5) and emotional fatigue also (P < 0.05, F 7.37) =) is significant. It can be concluded that this intervention was able to reduce the referential thinking and emotional fatigue of nurses to a great extent.

 Dialysis is a stressful process and causes depression in more than half of patients under hemodialysis. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of metacognitive therapy on depression and post-traumatic growth of patients under hemodialysis.

 The present study was a clinical trial with a pre-test and post-test and a three-month follow-up. This study was conducted on 36 patients (18 in each of the control and intervention groups) referred to Imam Ali (AS) and Shahid Rajaei Hospital in Karaj city in 2020. In this study, patients were included in the study by using the convenience sampling method with random assignment. For the intervention group, eight sessions 60-minute of metacognitive therapy were held individually and face-to-face in the wards of dialysis in the two hospitals. Beck depression questionnaire and post-traumatic growth questionnaire were used to collect data in this study. Then the data were analyzed using the covariance analysis method in SPSS version 23 with a significance level of less than 0.05.

 The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that there are significant differences between the intervention and control groups in the post-test and follow-up stages (p<0.001) in the intervention group in terms of reducing depression symptoms (F=342.17) and in growth after an accident (F=267.44) in the post-test stage, there are significant differences, which were not observed in the control group.

 Based on the findings of this study, metacognitive therapy using techniques such as postponing worry, challenging beliefs related to risk, and stopping the inhibition of avoidance behaviors, has good clinical efficacy in improving depression symptoms and post-traumatic growth in patients under hemodialysis.  In addition, it is suggested to carry out wider metacognitive therapy studies as an effective intervention method to improve depression and post-traumatic growth of patients under hemodialysis.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, most students experienced problems such as home quarantine, being away from school, online classes, and the fear and anxiety of contracting Covid-19. Anxiety may be directly linked to disrupted sleeping habits and cell phone overuse. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between anxiety level, cell phone addiction, and declined sleep quality in elementary school students during the Covid-19 pandemic.

This correlational study was conducted using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. In total, 210 male fifth-grade elementary school students of District 19 of Tehran Province, Iran in the academic year 2021-2022 were selected by convenience sampling. The participants responded to the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (2003), Owens’ Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (2000), and Koo HY’s cell phone addiction scale (2009). To test the research hypothesis, hierarchical multiple regression and SPSS version 26 were used.

The obtained results indicated a positive significant correlation between anxiety and cell phone addiction and between the anxiety and sleep quality of the students. Further, sleep quality can better explain students’ anxiety compared to cell phone addiction.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, increased anxiety levels in children lead to poor sleep quality, while also increasing their tendency to use smartphones. Therefore, child psychologists must pay special attention to the destructive effects of anxiety and its negative consequences, such as declined sleep quality and cell phone dependency.

Domestic violence has been one of the most common social harms throughout human history, and due to its widespread effect, the pathology and treatment of this phenomenon has always been the focus of therapists. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological distress and immunoglobulin A concentration in women victims of domestic violence.

The present semi-experimental study conducted in 2019 used a pre-test-post-test method with a control group. The statistical population included women who were victims of domestic violence referring to the Family Court, Health House, Warm House and Counseling Centers in Alborz, Karaj Province, and 40 people were randomly selected from among these people by available sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups. Data were collected by domestic violence questionnaire, psychological distress and immunoglobulin concentration level test in three stages and one-month follow-up for both groups. In the experimental group, the cognitive-behavioral protocol focused on trauma was implemented during 8 sessions (one 90-minute session per week). The collected data were analyzed using statistical tests of analysis of covariance and repeated measures analysis.

The findings indicated that cognitive behavioral therapy focused on trauma between the two groups for the components of depression F=35.62 at the 0.001 level, anxiety F=32.38 at the level of 0.001, and stress F=25.96 at the 0.001 level. The level of 0.001 psychological distress has created a significant difference at the level of 0.001, F = 11.85.

Based on the results obtained from the present research, it can be acknowledged that the revised protocol of cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on trauma reduces psychological distress and increases immunoglobulin A in women who are victims of domestic violence.

Considering the change in people's life patternsaround the world and according to the prediction of the WorldHealth Organization, it seems that by 2025, coronary heartdisease will not only be the main cause of human death anddisability, but in the long run, with its debilitating nature, Itcreates some limitations in a person's life. The purpose of thisstudy was to investigate the effectiveness of Beshiari-basedstress reduction program on depression, ataxia, and bloodpressure in cardiovascular patients.

The current study was a quasiexperimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with acontrol group with baseline measurements after theintervention and 3-month follow-up. The statistical populationincluded all cardiovascular patients referred to Imam Reza(AS) hospital in Amol city between September and Decemberof 2018. 24 patients were selected as a sample based onpurpose-based sampling and randomly assigned to twoexperimental and control groups (12 people). The tools of thisresearch were the researcher's demographic questionnaire(2018), Beck's depression questionnaire (1990) and the stressreduction program protocol based on commitment andcommitment (Kabat Zain, 2012). Data analysis was done usinganalysis of variance with repeated measures.

Beshiari-based stress reduction program had asignificant effect on reducing depression, alexithymia andblood pressure (p<0.001).

Patients who participated in Beshiari-based stressreduction program sessions, their depression, ataxia, and bloodpressure decreased.

Domestic violence is one of the social issues as old as a society and, due to its extensive scope of impact, it has always drawn the attention of therapists in terms of treatment and pathology.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress and the quality of life among female victims of domestic violence.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of female victims of domestic violence, who were referred to the court, health centers, homeless shelters, and counseling centers in Karaj, Alborz province in 2020, of which 40 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included the Psychological Distress and Quality of Life questionnaire. The subjects in the experimental group received the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral protocol in eight 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-20.

The findings indicated that the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy caused significant differences between the two groups in psychological distress (F=64.87) at the significance level of 0.001, quality of life - mental health (F=121.19) at the level of 0.001, and quality of life - physical health (F=108.27) at the significance level of 0.001.

Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy can reduce psychological distress, and increase the quality of life in female victims of domestic violence. It, as a preventive program, can also be applied in support, health, and treatment centers and increase the efficiency of female victims of domestic violence.

Today, smoking and the problems of obesity or weight loss are one of the major concerns of the World Health Organization, especially in children and adolescents. This study aimed to predict the attitudes toward cigarette smoking and concern about weight and diet based on self-compassion with the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural pressure.

The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of teenage secondary school girls in Alborz province in the 97-98 academic year. Among them, 300 individuals were selected by multistage random sampling method. The instruments used were the attitudes toward smoking scale (Shore & et al, 2000), the worry over weight and diet questionnaire (Kagan & Squires, 1984), the self-compassion questionnaire (Neff 2003) and the perceived socio-cultural pressure questionnaire (Stice & bearman, 2001). Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method using SPSS24 and AMOS24 software.

The results showed that the proposed model best fitted the data. According to the results, perceived socio-cultural pressure has a mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion with attitudes toward smoking and concern about weight and diet. Also, self-compassion is not directly related with attitudes toward smoking (P<0.05, β= -0/0083) and concern about weight and diet (P<0.05, β=0.002) but is directly related to perceived socio-cultural pressure (P<0.05, β=0.222). Perceived socio-cultural pressure is not directly related to attitudes toward smoking (P< 0.05, β=0.074) but is directly related to the concern about weight and diet (P<0.05, β=0.139). Also, the indirect effect of self-compassion (P<0.05) was confirmed by perceived socio-cultural pressure on concerns about weight and diet. While the results showed that there was no significant indirect relationship between self-compassion and perceived socio-cultural pressure with attitudes toward cigarette smoking. A significant indirect effect of self-compassion (P<0.05) was confirmed by perceived socio-cultural pressure on the attitudes toward smoking and concern about weight and diet.

The results showed that high self-compassion female students had less concern about their weight and diet and perceived less socio-cultural pressure. Therefore, it is recommended to develop treatment programs based on compassion to prevent problems related to concerns about weight and diet for students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fit of the model of the relationship between mindfulness and positive thinking through the mediation of emotional regulation and self-compassion in students. The study population included all students studying in Qazvin universities, from which 200 students were selected using the available sampling method. Participants in the study responded to four scales include the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire: Bayer et al, Automatic thoughts Questionnaire- positive: Ingram and Wisnicky, cognitive emotion regulation Questionnaire: Garnefski et al and Self-Compassion Questionnaire: Nef. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of fitness indices indicated the fit of the proposed model. The path coefficients of the proposed model showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between mindfulness and cognitive emotion regulation, between mindfulness and positive thinking, between mindfulness and self-compassion