علیرضا کوهپایی

Today, vaccination is effective in preventing COVID-19. This study aims to determine the factors affecting the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by older adults in Qom, Iran, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).

In this correlational study, 200 older people were selected from a retirement center in Qom using a random sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic form and a TPB-based questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software.

The mean age of the participants was 62.8±5.8 years; 80.1% were male, and 49.7% had received the booster dose of vaccines. There was a significant positive relationship between intention to receive the vaccine and vaccination behavior (β=0.597, P<0.05). Also, the fear of vaccine side effects (β=-0.162, P<0.05), attitude (β=0.356, P<0.05), and perceived behavioral control (β=0.171, P< 0.05) had a significant relationship with the intention to receive the vaccine. The fitness indexes of the model showed its good fit, and the TPB-based model could predict 34% of the changes in receiving COVID-19 vaccines. 

Attitude, fear of vaccine side effects, and behavioral control are the factors affecting the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines by the elderly in Qom City. The results can be useful in developing educational programs to increase the rate of vaccination among older people.

Spiritual health has a positive effect on the way of interaction, organizational belonging, and job commitment of people. Therefore, it is expected that in sensitive jobs, such as pharmacy and prescribing medicine for patients, errors will be reduced and patient safety will be improved. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and job performance among pharmacists and pharmacy staff in Qom Province in 2017-2018.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 140 staff of pharmacies in Qom. The performance measurement tool was Paterson’s occupational performance questionnaire. Along with demographic information, the state of spiritual health was also evaluated using an authentic Iranian questionnaire. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The mean age and work experience of the participants were 31.05±8.3 and 7.94±7.4 years, respectively. The total score of occupational performance and spiritual health was obtained as 70±10 and 211.9±23.6, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant relationship between spiritual health and job performance (P<0.01).
Considering the existence of a relationship between the spiritual health of personnel and job performance, it can be concluded that by improving the level of the spiritual health of the personnel working in the pharmacy, the effectiveness factors of organizational behavior will improve. It is recommended that more research be done in the field of job performance improvement.

Brucellosis is a common disease worldwide. Family-centered empowerment model is a model for empowering patients to modify high-risk behaviors. Given the wide range of health and economic complications caused by the prevalence of brucellosis in society, we sought to evaluate the effect of this model in modifying the high-risk behaviors of patients with brucellosis.

The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study that examined 88 patients with Brucellosis in Arak County in 2021. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire based on the family-centered empowerment model in six constructs, namely knowledge, attitude, perceived severity, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and behavior at two stages before and two months after the educational intervention. Independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05 were used to analyze the data.

The mean of patients' age was 42.19±19.79. The results of the paired t-test indicated that the mean scores of knowledge (P<0.001), attitude (P<0.001), perceived severity (P<0.001), self-esteem (P<0.001), self-efficacy (P<0.001), and behavior (P<0.001) significantly increased in the intervention group after education. but changes in mean scores of knowledge (P=0.71), attitude (P= 0.53), perceived severity (P=0.26), self-esteem (P=0.18), self-efficacy (P=0.21), and behavior (P=0.41) were not significant in the control group.

The results indicated that educational intervention based on the family-centered empowerment model could be effective in increasing knowledge, thereby improving Brucellosis prevention behaviors.

Despite the quantitative growth of higher education, it had no proportional growth in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and quality. Therefore, academic centers should monitor their performance quality, and accordingly take action for the improvement of their status and standardization. The purpose of this study was to identify strengths and weaknesses of the Department of occupational health and safety Engineering based on the data of internal evaluation in 2018.
 
This study was carried out as a descriptive - analytical cross - sectional study. Required information was collected from the department head, faculty members, all students, graduates, and officials and administrative personnel of the faculty using observation, interview, and valid questionnaires and checklist. There were 14 factors, 96 criteria, and 266 markers in this study. Score of 1 to 1.66 was considered as undesirable, 1.67 to 2.32 as relatively desirable, and 2.33 to 3 as desirable. The data were analyzed by descriptive and one way ANOVA tests.
 
In this study, the overall status of the department was desirable with the score of 2.39. Eight factors were desirable and the rest were relatively desirable. Among which, mission and educational goals factor had the highest score (2.85) the library factor had the lowest score (1.95).
 
Based on the results of this study, the status of the department was evaluated as desirable. Thus, desirable total score does not mean that there is no need for sustainable development or improvement of the current conditions, and It seems that there is a need for improvement in factors, such as attempt to update the courses to meet the need of the labor market as well as standardization of educational spaces.

The chemical pollution in industries has make an unacceptable risk for the human health. For the risk assessment of the human exposure, it is necessary to be considered the material dangers based on the consumption rate, dose, toxic properties, and evaluation of potential effects on the human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the semi-quantitative risk of the occupational exposure to chemical contaminants among workers of the industrial wastewater unit in an oil refinery as a model to predict the exposure.  This descriptive-analytic study was performed in the industrial wastewater unit of Abadan oil refinery in 2016. After the similar exposure groups (SEGs) were determined and information were collected, fourteen materials were measured by the short-time personal sampling and real-time monitoring methods using the ION- First Check. The exposure rate of workers to chemical contaminants was determined using the Industrial Hygiene Statistics software (IHS) based on the results of the sampling and analysis. At the first, the Exposure Rate (ER) and then the Hazard Rate (HR) were calculated to determine the exposure risk level. Based on the results of this study, pools were cleaned four times per day and fourteen hours per week by workers. The results showed that weekly exposure of workers to ethylene oxide (16.7 ppm), nitrobenzene (16 ppm), and nitrogen dioxide (15 ppm) had the highest values, respectively. Lowest values of the exposure were related to the carbon monoxide (2.8 ppm) and carbon disulfide (1.5 ppm), respectively. Benzene (12.5), ethylene oxide (10), acrolein (10), nitro benzene (7.5), hydrogen sulfide (7.5), hydrogen peroxide (7.5) and aniline (6) had the highest risk level, respectively. The results of the present study showed that workers of the industrial wastewater unit have a very high risk level of the exposure to chemical contaminants. Therefore, the prioritization of control measures such as new wastewater treatment methods using the semi-quantitative health risk assessment is one of the most important ways to prevent and decrease the exposure of workers to contaminants.

Printing industry with a high level of financial turnover is known as a main industry all around the world. Different hazardous factors, such as ergonomics, can be found in this industry. On the other hand, there are a variety of methods to assess ergonomic issues at the workplaces. Present study is aimed to analysis operational workers’ postures and to compare the results and concurrent validity of LUBA based on RULA results, in a printing and publication company in Qom, 2014.
This study considered all operational workers in a printing industry (n=80) in ten various jobs. Rapid upper limb assessment and postural loading on the upper body assessmenthave been applied to assess conditions. Gathered data was analyzed by Spearman and Kappa (P All workers were aged more than 36 years old and had 15-20 years’ work experience. Results of both methods depicted that most of postures were at the second action category and needed more studies. Correlation and agreements between postures were significant (P0.05).
Results illustrated acceptable correlation between different parts and reasonable agreement between wrists, elbow and shoulder’s postures, but neck’s posture and action categories agreements were not good. In addition, analyses illustrated that concurrent validity of LUBA is not acceptable in this industry. However, more researches are recommended.

One of the most important applications of psychological research is problem solving in the safety challenges field. Based on the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in mental health and prevention of unsafe behaviors, and to promote workforce's health, this study aimed to survey relationship between emotional intelligence with general health and safety behavior (BS) in an industry, in 2014.
In a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, all operational employees working at a publication industry were included. Demographics, Goldberg general health-28, and Bradberry-Greaves questionnaires and a safety behavior checklist were tools to gather data. Statistical analysis of Pearson correlation was used to data evaluation by SPSS V22.
Mean EI test score was calculated which was equal to 122.2±15.7. Also, total score of staff's general health was reported as 50.4±10.4. 646 out 800 of behaviors that were assessed in present study were safe (80.8%). There was a significant relationship between EI (self-management component) and general health with correlation coefficient equal to -0.3. Also, depression with correlation coefficient equal to -0.334 was related to EI significantly (PThe findings of this study collectively indicated that subjects had not an acceptable situation for mental factors such as depression. However the results confirmed an essential role of EI in perceiving general health and preventing employees of negative behaviors. Based on this fact that education can improve EI, design an integrated package for EI development of employees was recommended strongly.

Safety culture as an indicator of safety performance in organizations has a key role on formation of employee’s safety behavior. Therefore, assessment of the safety culture as well as identification of its related factors can play an important role in reducing accidents in the workplace. This study was implemented to assess the safety culture and determine its related demographic and occupational variables among workers in the various industries of Qom Province, Iran.
This cross-sectional, analytical, descriptive study was conducted on 289 workers in various industries of Qom Province. The data collection tools used consisted of a demographic characteristics form and the Safety Culture Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression models in SPSS software.
Findings: The Mean ± SD score of the safety culture was 3.30 ± 0.73. The highest score was obtained in the dimension of cooperation and collaboration (3.53 ± 0.45) and the lowest score was reported in the environmental and safety priority dimension (3.06 ± 0.86). Size of the industry, work history, smoking, and working hours per day had a significant correlation with safety culture, and explained 19.9% of the safety culture variation (P > 0.01).
Due to the correlation between studied variables and safety culture as well as the influence of safety culture on safety performance and accidents, these variables are factors that influence the occurrence of accidents directly or indirectly. Thus, it is necessary that the role of these factors be considered in accident prevention programs and decision making for safety promotion.

TOPSIS as a method in Multi criteria decision making (MCDM) helps decision maker(s) to organize and analyze problems, and to rank alternatives. In this paper, the ergonomic risks factors which may influence health are addressed in a manufacturing company in 2014. Then TOPSIS method is applied to select the different halls that are prioritized in terms of action level and ergonomic conditions.
This cross-sectional study was done as a descriptive-analytic procedure. It considers conditions in seven halls and 13 tasks were included. Required Information gathered by the demographic questionnaire and ART method for repetitive task assessment. Also TOPSIS as a suitable multi criteria decision making instrument was used to prioritization of company halls. SPSS V20 and MATLAB are used to compute the variables.
The total exposure score based on the ART method equals to 30.07±12.43 were calculated. Data analysis from ART illustrated that 179 cases (74.6% of tasks) were in the high level of risk area and 13.8% were in the medium level of risk. ART-TOPSIS results revealed that Leher hall has been placed in the top lists of action level and degradation hall in the end of this list.
obtained results showed that the TOPSIS method can be used to ergonomic and human factor engineering challenges successfully. It seems that, macro and micro ergonomic solution presentation besides employee's collaboration, based on the scientific decision-making procedures (with employer's cooperation motivation), can leads to effectiveness in health level enhancement of industrial setting increasingly.

Today, occupational accidents impose many direct and indirect costs on communities. In order to prevent the occurrence of work-related accidents, it is necessary that environmental factors be considered along with personal factors, such as safety Locus of control (SLOC). The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between safety locus of control and occupational accidents in two manufacturing companies in Qom province in 2015.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 163 workers who participated in the census. The tools used for data collection were valid questionnaire for SLOC and demographic questionnaire, and accidents were stated as self-report. Data were analyzed using t-, one-way ANOVA, and Poisson regression statistical tests.
Among all workers, 52.8% were female and others were male. The average age of the workers was 29.8±6.6 years. A total of 37 (22.8%) workers had experienced occupational accident. Also, score of SLOC was 39.1±6.7. Among the demographic variables, there was no significant relationship between work history and number of occupational accidents (p=0.06), but there was a significant relationship between external control (one of the SLOC subscales) and occupational accidents (p Based on the findings, subjects who perceive positive or negative events as consequences of their own behavior, and attribute them to chance, fate, and uncontrollable environmental factors, experience more occupational accidents compared to other people. Hence, paying attention to psychological and cognitive factors in work environments should be a priority for managers and decision makers of the industry.

Objectives Noise pollution in urban areas is known as one of the main problems. In order to prevent its damaging effects, it is essential to measure it in towns. This study aimed to determine the noise pollution indicators in Qom, Iran.
Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at selected 12 stations in the city based on the traffic density. This study was done in autumn and winter 2013. The sound Level was measured by Sound Meter (CEL-320). Also, in each station according to ISO 1996, the equivalent sound level for 15 minutes, was measured for 7 days and 27 times per day. At the same time, passing vehicles were counted. Finally, noise polllution level (NPL) and traffic noise index (TNI) indices were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS V18. One-sample t test was used for comparing mean equivalent sound level with standard value. The significant level was considered at 0.05.
Results The results showed that the average equivalent sound level in all stations were higher than allowable limit. The maximum and minimum levels were recorded in Motahari Square station as 92.6 dB and Bazaar crossroad as 50.1 dB, respectively (PConclusion According to findings, in order to control traffic noise pollution, necessary corrective measures must be considered as soon as possible.

Musculoskeletal disorders and injuries are known as a global occupational challenge. These injuries are more are concentrated in the upper limb. There are several methods to assess this kind of disorders, each of which have different efficiencies for various jobs based on their strengths and weaknesses. This study aimed to assess the validity of LUBA method in order to evaluate risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in a printing industry in Qom province, 2014.
In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all operational workers (n=94) were investigated in 2014. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to collect data on musculoskeletal disorders. We also used LUBA method to analyze postures in four different parts of the body (neck, shoulder, elbow, and wrist). The obtained data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and Kappa agreement tests.
Lumbar region of back with 35.1% prevalence had the most problems. The results of LUBA method showed that most postures were located at the second corrective action level, and need further studies. Agreement between assessment of shoulder posture and its disorders was significant (p0.05).
According to the results of this study on reliability and predictive validity of the LUBA method in printing industry, it can be concluded that this method is not a reliable method for posture assessment; however, further and more comprehensive studies are recommended.

Transportation and driving have key roles to social life and work, in today’s world. Regard to high needs to concentration and attention and also total health, physical and mental, of drivers, the present study has been conducted aimed to survey the relationship between occupational stress and musculoskeletal disorders among trucks and trailers drivers, 2014-15.
173 divers participated in this cross-sectional and analytical research. Researchers used three questionnaires to gather data: Demographic, Body map and drivers stress inventory (DSI). Also, analyses have been done utilizing SPSS V20.
Studied drivers were 43.61±9.25 years old. Their work experience was 18.92 years as mean (±9.62).146 ones (%88.5) experienced musculoskeletal pain at one part of their body, at least. Average of occupational stress score was measured 247.87 with 18.57 as standard deviation. Occupational stress differentiation between participants with and without musculoskeletal problems analyzed and it was most significant about tights, hands, and right elbow (p Respect to his results, truck driving as a job, in Iran from view point of stress and based on DSI tool, is in medium degree. In addition, stress is correlated with musculoskeletal pain prevalence. Development and applying drivers’ occupational stress management plan all around the country can lead to safer roads, fatal crashes reduction, and increase in drivers’ health.

Occupational accident in ports with enormous transports and handling materials is probable, although preventable. Scientific documents have been reported a direct and strong relation between human personality, psychological factors, safety perceptions and accidents in industries and organizations. Present study (2014) has been designed in a port was located in the south of Iran to assess job burnout and safety climate components which are effective on occupational accidents.
All workers of an active company (n=60) in an Iranian south ports were included in the present cross-sectional study. Job burnout and safety climate were assessed by Maslach and Vinodkumar questionnaires, respectively. In addition, Demographic data and occupational accidents were survived applying a self-reporting questionnaire. Data was analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation and ANOVA, using SPSS V20.
The age was 31.58±5.71 and also, work experience was 7.75±4.78 years. Regard to outcomes of analysis, job burnout score was calculated as 76.17±8.9 and safety climate was determined equals to 188.7±23.07. There were significant differences (p The results indicate a relation between job burnout, safety climate and occupational accident. Therefore, it is important to prevent and manage burnout through some specific actions like occupational software and hardware redesign approaches. Applying an Integrating macroergonomics and safety climate model in a socio-technical system framework for safety climate improvement was recommended to manage workplace condition and accident prevention.

Although many studies have been performed on occupational and industrial musculoskeletal disorders in Iran, small scale industries have been less studied and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to perform an ergonomic assessment of handicraft workers in Isfahan, Iran, using the Assessment of Repetitive Tasks (ART) tool in 2015.
This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on 100 handicraft workers, who were selected using convenience sampling. The study tools consisted of demographic questionnaire (researcher-made), Body map (BM) Questionnaire, and the ART tool. Data were analyzed using t-test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software.
Findings: Workers’ ages ranged from 18 to 80 years and their mean ± SD work experience was 12.57 ± 14.38 years. The BM Questionnaire illustrated that 74% of participants had work-related pain in at least one of their limbs. A significant relation was observed between the number of painful limbs, and age and work experience (P Handicraft workers, especially with aging, are at a high risk of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (ULMSDs). Therefore, the implementation of interventions to improve workstation designs, hand tools design, and work hours and work-rest regimes, and provide training on correct methods of performing activities are recommended.

Despite the comfort and relative prosperity that has brought to mankind by modern technologies, some risks and threats is also created. These risks and hazardous factors must be assessed and controlled using systematic risk assessment and management techniques. In order to analysis the system hazards, several techniques and methods have been developed which each one has their own strengths and weaknesses. One of the hazard analysis techniques which is categorized as qualitative techniques and inductively identify and analyze the system hazards is called Functional Hazard Analysis (FuHA). The primary purpose of the FuHA is to identify and mitigate hazards resulting from the malfunction or incorrect operation of system functions and can lead to occurrence an undesirable event. In this study, the functional hazards of an industrial unit were analyzed using FuHA technique. By implementing FuHA techniques in under study industrial unit, 17 functional failures were identified and In general, according to the severity of the different consequences of detected faults, 60 functional hazards were identified which seven cases, unacceptable, 17 cases, undesirable and 36 cases acceptable but needs revision was evaluated. The results of this study showed that FuHA technique has a good ability to identify and analyze the functional hazards of system and sub-system, particularly software subsystems.

Among the different jobs and activities, the construction industry is one of the most dangerous activities in the world. In recent years occupational accidents Statistics of the construction industry were higher than from other industries. WHO emphasizes that workers exposed to occupational stress, experience low motivation and quality of life, lower efficiency and productivity as well as lower health and safety in the workplaces. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of occupational stress and its relation with occupational accidents among workers in a construction industry. These cross-sectional studies were designed on 150 of the 450 employees working in a construction industry. Data gathering was done by a demographic form and questionnaire about stress. After the data entry into SPSS software, analysis was done by descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression. This study showed that the scope of job stress scores were between 50 and 148, and an average of 94 with a standard deviation of 15. Based on the obtained data, it is revealed that the stress level was inappropriate. Also for accident was found that 33% of workers had history workplace accidents. Among them 13% and 18% had experienced minor and major severity. According to the results of statistical analysis, there was no significant correlation between the seven subscales of stress with history of accidents, accident severity, marital status, number of children, education level, occupation, regular exercise and smoking (P> 0.05), but there was significant correlation between the type of job and the rest times (P <0.05). In summary the subjects stress was evaluated undesirable. So the challenge of job stress should be considered as a priority in the occupational health services. Also according to the results, the importance and the positive role of the training about principles and standards of occupational safety and health should not be forgotten for the studied workers.

Physical and mental health of workers is one of the important factors affecting their job performance. The number of fatal occupational accidents in our country is high. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental health and safety behaviors, occupational accidents and demographic variables in a publishing industry in one of the central provinces of Iran, 2014.
In this cross-sectional study all operational employees (98 persons) were included. Researchers developed a demographics questionnaire, Goldberg general health-28, safety behavior checklist and self-reported accidents were tools to gather the required data. Statistical analysis such as independent T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation were used for data evaluation by SPSS V20.
All workers were men and Mean of age was 41.79 also its standard deviation was 6.77. Studied personnel have been experienced occupational accident in a range of 0-5 cases. As well as, 80.75% of total observed behaviors (800) were safe. The mean score of GHQ test equals to 50.38±10.39 that was over the cut point (23). There was no significant relationship between mental health with safety behaviors (p>0.05). Also, significant level of its correlation with occupational accident was calculated as 0.08.
Workers mental health status was unacceptable. Although, work condition based on the occupational accident and safety behavior has not showed caution situation, but the ABC model (Activators-Behaviors-Consequences) can help to promote personnel behaviors and control accidents.

As women are main pillars of family and society, thus attention to different aspects of their occupational health should have special status. In this study, physical and mental health of women working in various organizations of Qom, in 2014, were discussed. This cross-sectional study has been developed among 157 females working in nine organization/industry categories. Applied tools included a demographic, and standardized GHQ-28 questionnaires. Statistical analysis has been done using T, ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. Average ages of participants were (28.73±5.48) years old. 53.5% of subjects were married. Regards to organization type, 25% of samples were belonged to administrative jobs approximately. Findings depicted that social dysfunction had highest (6.41±3.02) and depression had lowest (3.25±3.74) scores. Women's total general health score was calculated 21.13±11.43. Difference of general health score among organizations and industries was significant (p<0.05) also, general health score difference among married and single people was not significant (p>0.05). Based on the obtained results, mean score of general health illustrated that female workers of the province were in the caution border line status regard to studied sub-scales by the questionnaire and need to attention and a change in workplace conditions. Therefore, employers should make a reduction in occupational risks in the workplace.

Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on workplace mental health promotion. On the other hand, mental disorders can effectively change individuals and their job. This study was conducted with the aim of assessment and comparison of workers’ mental health and its components among different industries in Qom Province. This study was performed as a descriptive cross-sectional study on the mental health level in workers of industries in Qom province, 2014-2015. Information were collected from 379 workers (seven industries of Qom Province). The study tools were demographic questionnaire and Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation statistical tests. In this investigation, the age of the workers ranged from16-62 years with the mean of 33.58±10.06 years. Social dysfunction and depression symptoms, respectively had the highest (5.97) and lowest (2.42) mean scores. The score of GHQ score was 17.78±9.84. Of these subjects, 30.4% were in undesirable condition in anxiety and sleep disorders, and 40.2% in social function. Also, There was a significant difference between single and married workers in terms of subclasses of general health psychological distress (p<0.05). Furthermore, the correlation between GHQ-28 subscales and total scale was satisfactory and ranged between 0.59 and 0.86 (p<0.05(. According to the results of this study, although overall level of general health subscales of the worker was not at undesirable level, the findings showed mental disorders among the workers.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a method to systematically identify the failures of systems, subsystems and their components in the different operational processes. The study aimed to identify the failures modes and assess their potential effects on other systems, subsystems and other system components in the electronic unit of combined cycle power plants by FMEA. Based on our design in the first step, a team of experts was formed to identify the potential failures as well as determining their Occurrences (O), severities (S), and capabilities of failure detection (Detectability) (D) leading to their interaction as Risk Priority Number (RPN) in electronics unit. Then, administrative or engineering control measures or Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) were proposed to diminish the high risk failures to lower ones. Obtained data were analyzed with Excel software based on related procedures and guidelines finally. Results showed numbers of potential risks identified in this unit were 37 cases of which 68% were unacceptable level and 32% of those were at acceptable levels. Among these risks, the highest risk of electrocution when replacing coal generators and electrocution caused accidentally energized wires went to an abandoned area of unit with RPN equals to 300. Considering electrocution to the high risk score units, Engineering and management control measures to reduce the risk of accidents caused by Electrocution should has been considered in order to achieve optimum results and reducing the risk to acceptable levels.

The Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is a semi-quantitative risk assessment method which builds upon process hazard analysis techniques like HAZOP. It applies Safety Integrity Level (SIL) approach towards process hazards which determine the total amount of risk reduction level required according to corporate risk acceptable level. LOPA also estimates the required Safety Integrity Level (SIL) for the Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) without more time-consuming techniques such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Besides its ability to be self-documented, it is a powerful analytical tool for assessing the adequacy of process protection layers. Therefore, risk reduction efforts focus towards impact events with the highest risks and provide a rational basis to allocate risk reduction resources efficiently. This paper briefly describes the LOPA methodology, and applies it into a drum in a Methanol production process as a case study. At the end the required Independent Protection Layers (IPL) of the drum is suggested.

Patient safety is one of the most important components of the health care quality. One of the factors affecting patient safety is the patient safety climate. Present study aimed to assess patient safety culture among nurses in a hospital in Qom province base on demographic characteristics. This is a cross sectional and descriptive-analytical study which was carried out on 106 nurses in 2014. Researcher developed demographic questionnaire along with patient safety culture were used as tools for gathering data. The data were analyzed by SPSS V20 using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Participant had 35.15 and 10.33 as mean and SD of years of old, respectively. Findings revealed that the average of safety climate of patient in the studied statistical population is about 70.15±7.23. In addition, there is no significant difference between education levels and also between groups of work shifts (p<0.05). On the other hand, other demographic factors were not deferent (P>0.05). Despite the fact that studied hospital had acceptable level of patient safety culture, it is critical to pay attention to continuous improvement in the scope of staffs and patients safety to achieve main goals of organization. It should be considered that culture improvement and reaching to transcendental levels is a time-consuming process.

Job satisfaction and high levels of general health in workers can lead to their better performance, the reduction of workplace accidents and ultimately the improved productivity of the organization. The present study was therefore conducted to assess the relationship between these variables and the incidence of workplace accidents in medium-scale industries in 2014-15.: The entire population of workers in three medium-scale industries (n=163) entered the study. Data collection was conducted using Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire containing items on age, gender and the number of workplace accidents. The data obtained were then analyzed in SPSS-20 using the multiple-linear and the Poisson regression models. The general health scores obtained by the participants ranged from 4 to 68 and had a mean and standard deviation of 25.87±13.085. The job satisfaction scores obtained ranged from 31 to 100 and had a mean and standard deviation of 63.45±11.462. The Poisson regression model showed that the level of education, age, physical symptoms and anxiety and insomnia had a significant relationship with the rate of accidents (P<0.05). The model also showed a significant relationship between job satisfaction and general health (=-0.417 and P =0.001). The general health of the study participants can be said to be unacceptable and their job satisfaction to be medium. Devising plans for controlling and improving psychological and psycho-social factors such as job satisfaction is essential for workplace decision-makers, particularly in small and medium-scale industries. These plans can facilitate the achievement of higher health and safety levels in workers.