غلامرضا حیدری

Maize (Zea mays L.) ranks first in terms of forage production among forage plants by producing about 490 million tons of fresh and silage forage in the world. Chemical fertilizers are used to increase crop yields and provide human food, but reduce soil organic matter content and, in the long run, pose a serious environmental risk, resulting in contamination of arable soils and surface and groundwater. Organic manures reduce the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers by producing humus and increasing the activity of the soil microbial community. Utilization of non-chemical resources such as farmyard manure in combination with chemical fertilizers can lead to soil fertility and increase yield and crop quality because combined fertilizer systems can provide most of the plant's nutritional needs by increasing the absorption efficiency of nutrients in crops. Considering the importance of organic manures and their combination with chemical fertilizers, this experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effects of different levels of poultry manure, chemical fertilizer, and their combination on yield, yield components, and maize forage quality.

The research was carried out in the research farm of Kurdistan University located in Dehgolan County, Kurdistan Province, Iran in the crop year 2017-2018. The experiment was performed in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of pelleted poultry manure in combination with chemical fertilizers: Figure 2. T1: no fertilizer (control), T2: 1250 kg of poultry manure + zero kg of recommended chemical fertilizer, T3: 1250 kg of poultry manure + 25% of the recommended chemical fertilizer, T4: 1250 kg of poultry manure + 50% recommended chemical fertilizer, T5: 2500 kg of poultry manure + zero kg of recommended chemical fertilizer, T6: 2500 kg of poultry manure + 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer, T7: 2500 kg of poultry manure + 50% Recommended chemical fertilizer, T8: 5000 kg of poultry manure + 0 kg of recommended chemical fertilizer, T9: 5000 kg of poultry manure + 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer, T10: 5000 kg of poultry manure + 50% of chemical fertilizer Recommended, T11: 100% recommended chemical fertilizer. In this experiment, traits such as plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological and grain yield, seed nitrogen, starch, oil contents and forage quality were measured.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the plant height, grain yield, biological yield, grain nitrogen, starch and oil contents, and oil yield were affected by fertilizer treatments at a probability level of 1%. The index harvest of maize was significant at the level of 5% probability. The number of plants per square meter and 1000-seed weight were not affected by fertilizer treatment. The highest plant height (241.2 cm), number of ears per plant (1.2 ears), 1000-seed weight (26.99 g.m-2), seed yield (12.76 tons per hectare) and biological yield (26.42 tons per hectare) were observed in the treatment of 5000 kg of plated chicken manure + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer. The highest percentage of fodder silage protein (12.58%) and silage ash (10.32%) was observed in the treatment of 2500 kg of plated chicken manure + 50% of the recommended chemical fertilizer. The highest percentage of insoluble fibers in neutral detergent was observed in the T6 and T8 treatments, and the lowest percentage of insoluble fibers in neutral detergents was observed in the T10 treatment. The highest and lowest percentages of insoluble fibers in acidic detergent were in the T2, T4, and T3 treatments, respectively. According to the results of the present experiment, the combination of chemical fertilizer with different amounts of chicken manure has reduced the consumption of chemical fertilizers, and in addition to saving on the consumption of fertilizer and the resulting costs, the harmful effects on the environment have also been reduced, and the condition of the soil in terms of fertility in the long term, the percentage of soil organic matter will improve.

 The results of the experiment showed that combined fertilizer treatments were superior compared to pure chemical fertilizer and pure poultry manure treatments, improved the yield and yield components of maize and caused a reduction in chemical fertilizers consumption. Chemical fertilizer treatment provided acceptable yield only at high levels.

This study evaluates the data literacy status of Razi University students.

The research, employing a survey-based approach, targeted all Razi University students for the 2022–2023 academic year (N = 11,080). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table, a stratified random sample of 371 students was selected. Data were collected via the Data Literacy Questionnaire by Waili, Sinnamon, & Kopak (2022), and analyzed using inferential and descriptive statistics.

Findlings: 

The data literacy levels of students were below average. Among the dimensions assessed, data usage had the highest proficiency, whereas data management was the weakest. Data literacy correlated significantly with educational level and age but showed no significant association with gender, academic term, field of study, or faculty.

The findings reveal inadequate data literacy among students, underscoring the need for educational interventions such as targeted programs and seminars. Universities should prioritize improving these skills, while students must actively seek to enhance their competencies.

Value: 

This study provides actionable insights for universities to design programs aimed at strengthening students’ data literacy, fostering analytical capabilities in data-intensive disciplines.

A decline in soil organic matter is a key facet of soil degradation, leading to the loss of soil fertility and the capacity to produce crops. The intensive use of synthetic inorganic inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, has resulted in soil organic matter depletion, groundwater contamination, air pollution, and reduced production quality in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, sustainable techniques, such as organic fertilizers and natural inputs, are becoming increasingly important to enhance soil organic matter and plant yield in sustainable agricultural systems. The use of organic fertilizers and soil amendment like biochar and wood vinegar can significantly improve soil organic matter. Much of the world's interest in biochar stems from the worsening condition of agricultural soils and the depletion of water resources. Additionally, biochar has attracted researchers’ interest mainly due to its long-term soil carbon sequestration potential, role in greenhouse gas mitigation, phytoremediation, and ability to improve soil fertility. Biochar and wood vinegar can be made from various biomass materials/residues such as wood waste, crop and refinery residues, animal manures, and municipal wastes. Biofertilizers also play a vital role in sustainable agriculture systems. Mycorrhiza is one of the most important biofertilizers. Mycorrhizal associations help plants obtain water and nutrients in dry and nutrient-poor conditions by increasing the root surface area for water and nutrient uptake. Castor bean (Ricinus commonis L.) is a valuable annual herb belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family. It is an important oilseed crop widely used in industry and medicine today. Numerous studies have underlined the beneficial effects of organic fertilizers on soil fertility and crop yield. However, no study has evaluated the impact of organic fertilizer, biochar, wood vinegar, and mycorrhiza on Ricinus commonis L. This research aims to discover the main effects and interactions of these treatments on the quantitative and qualitative traits of Ricinus commonis L. The field experiment was conducted at the Research Field at the University of Kurdistan (35° 19' N, 47° 18' E) during 2022 growing season. The research was designed as a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatment included five fertilizer types: control, organic fertilizer (800 kg ha-1), biochar (3000 kg ha-1), wood vinegar (90 kg ha-1) and chemical fertilizer (urea 200 kg ha-1, and TSP 100 kg ha-1). Additionally, two mycorrhiza levels (Rhizophagus irregularis) were tested: no-inoculation and inoculation. Each experimental plot consisted of six rows, each 6 meters long and spaced 75 cm apart. The seeds were sown on 10 May 2020. Agronomic traits such as plant height, number of capsules per plant, and 1000-seed weight were randomly measured from five plants at full maturity in each plot. In the center rows of each plot, 2.25 m2 of area was harvested at the end of each growing season to evaluate biological and seed yield. Other studied traits included harvest index, seed oil content, seed oil yield, and the nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium concentration of the seeds. The results showed that the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation on the plant height, capsules number per plant, seed number per plant, and 1000-seed weight was significant. Furthermore, the fertilizer impact on the mentioned traits except of 1000-seed weight was significant. Organic fertilizer, biochar, wood vinegar, and chemical fertilizer significantly increased the capsules number per plant. The highest number of capsules per plant and seed number per plant belonged to the organic fertilizer. Mycorrhiza inoculation enhanced the seed number per plant and 1000-seed weight by 16% and 23% compared to control, respectively. the interaction effects of different fertilizers and mycorrhiza inoculation improved the quantitative and qualitative traits of castor bean. The highest biological yield (3650.2 g/m2), seed oil content (50.5 %), and oil yield (588.3 g/m2) were observed in the integrated treatment of organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza inoculation. This treatment increased seed and biological yield by 36.5% and 24% compared to control, respectively. Mycorrhiza can enhance plant growth and yield by increasing the supply of phosphorus to the host plant. Mycorrhizal plants can absorb and accumulate several times more phosphate from the soil or solution than non-mycorrhizal plants. Organic fertilizer and biochar positively affected the morphological characteristics. Biochar reduces water consumption and improves soil properties under drought conditions. Compared to other amendment materials, biochar has the benefit of a large surface area and pore spaces, allowing it to absorb and retain water. The highest seed nitrogen and potassium content was observed in the organic fertilizer treatment. Organic fertilizers may promote root development by retaining more water and nutrients in the soil, secreting more plant hormones, and increasing the amount of inorganic material such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium that plants can absorb. Therefore, it can be said that the integrated application of organic and biofertilizers not only improve the quantitative and qualitative traits of Ricinus commonis L. but also could be a key strategy in sustainable agricultural systems by reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

Aligned with the goals of sustainable development, sustainable energy has emerged as one of the most critical challenges in the global energy system. Energy transition studies, rooted in a socio-technical approach, have been developed accordingly. The energy transition process requires attention to technological evolution and social elements such as governance, institutions, laws and policies, and societal and cultural factors. These developments aim to prepare countries for advancing toward the objectives of the energy triangle. The energy triangle seeks to balance the goals of economic growth and development, energy security and access, and environmental sustainability. In recent years, numerous policy documents have been developed in Iran regarding the macro policies of the electricity industry. This study analyzes the content of these documents through a deductive approach, aligned with the objectives of the energy triangle. The findings indicate that the policies lack effectiveness, with insufficient horizontal and vertical coordination and imbalance in policy objectives. Additionally, the efficiency of these policies was assessed by calculating relevant indicators for each dimension of the energy triangle. The results highlight the suboptimal performance of Iran's electricity industry in this regard. These findings underscore the necessity of reforming the trajectory of Iran's electricity industry. Such a transformation necessitates a socio-technical transition within the industry.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a member of Amaranthaceae family. This plant is annual and has seeds with high nutritional value. Quinoa seeds contain a high percentage of protein and essential amino acids, which are low in other plants. Using high-efficiency irrigation systems such as drip irrigation system, increasing water productivity and modifying the cultivation pattern and using alternative low-consumption plants are among the effective solutions for saving water consumption and sustainable development in the agricultural sector. The use of vermicompost, which is obtained as a result of the continuous and slow passage of organic materials through the digestive system of surface earthworm species and the removal of these materials from the worm's body, is a sustainable solution to maintain production and improve fertility. The soil is especially in arid and semi-arid areas that face a lack of soil organic matter.

This experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in the research farm of University of Kurdistan located in Dehgolan in 1400. The experimental factors included 4 levels of irrigation equal to 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa plant were assigned to main plots and 4 levels of vermicompost fertilizer equal to zero, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare were assigned to sub plots. The irrigation method used in this experiment was drip-strip irrigation system. In this study, the irrigation cycle was considered constant and equal to seven days. The distance between irrigation strips in each plot was equal to 50 cm. The amount of irrigation water was measured by a volumetric meter installed on the main pipe. At the end of the growth period, by removing the marginal effect of two square meters from each plot, the aerial parts were harvested in order to obtain the seed yield. Nutrient elements in quinoa seeds include nitrogen by Kjeldahl titration method, phosphorus, potassium by flame diffusion method and with the help of film-photometer device, sodium and calcium and micronutrient elements such as zinc, iron, copper and manganese by absorption device. atomic, were measured.

The results of analysis of variance obtained from the data of this research showed that the interaction effect of different levels of irrigation × vermicompost on grain yield traits, concentration of nitrogen, calcium, zinc and iron elements was significant. However, the concentration of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium elements under the influence of independent effects of different levels of irrigation and vermicompost became significant at the probability level of 1%. The concentration of sodium and copper elements were significant only under the influence of different irrigation levels. The results showed that the highest grain yield (2374.51 kg.ha-1), zinc concentration (20.22 mg.kg-1) and iron concentration (400.92 mg.kg-1) in The treatment was 125% of plant water requirement and 15 tons of vermi-compost per hectare. Also, the highest concentration of elements phosphorus (0.35%), potassium (4.31%) and copper (4.63 mg.kg-1) was observed in the treatment of 125% of plant water requirement. The highest concentration of nitrogen (2.6%), sodium (1.37%) and manganese (55.61 mg.kg-1) of quinoa seeds was observed in the treatment of 50% of plant water requirement.

The results of the present experiment showed that the application of different levels of vermicompost increases the concentration of elements in quinoa seeds. Due to the fact that vermicompost-containing substrates have a high percentage of nutrients and the release of these elements is gradual, therefore plant nutrition is more efficient and the result is an increase in the concentration of seed elements. On the other hand, due to the positive effects of vermi-compost in improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increasing the maintenance of soil moisture at stress levels, it increases the concentration of quinoa seed elements compared to the treatment without the use of vermi-compost.

The world's energy system is in a transition phase, one of its main features is the emphasis on renewable energies. In Iran, despite the significant potential in the field of wind and solar power plants, there is a significant gap between the installed renewable capacities and the goals of policy documents. In this article, using grounded theory analysis, intervention and contextual conditions of the renewable have been investigated. Among the intervening conditions, we can mention the increase in the exchange rate, sanctions and reduction of foreign investment in the country, centralized management and subsidized atmosphere ruling the electricity industry, the financial situation of the Ministry of Energy.The contextual conditions include the lack of agreement on why and how to develop renewable energy in the country, the government's partial view of the energy sector instead of the national view, the lack of access Investors to low-cost financial resources, a supportive atmosphere in favor of the fossil sector, and failure of financial models in the field of renewable energy, the lack of a clear strategy in the field of renewable equipment manufacturing, and inappropriate culture. According to the aforementioned cases, the effectiveness of policies which are approved in the field of renewable energy has significantly declined. This will be the result of the small capacity of power plants, the lack of proper diversity in the country's energy portfolio, the lack of role of renewable energy in the country's energy supply, and social distrust towards participation in this field.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the promotion of university faculty members.
The issue of promoting university faculty members has been investigated and analyzed using a social and human approach, along with the method of scientific analysis. One of the key characteristics of the scientific analysis method, in addition to its interdisciplinary nature, is its methodical and systematic approach, emphasizing comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth in analyzing issues, phenomena, and events. These characteristics are typically utilized, sometimes unconsciously, in most methodical research. The distinction lies in the knowledge-cognitive analysis method, where they are consciously, methodically, and systematically applied to describe the coordinates of each of these three features.
In this article, besides addressing the promotion issue and outlining certain aspects of the scientific analysis method, the dimensions of promotion are explored in terms of three key characteristics: comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth. The importance of establishing and enhancing the conceptual framework of promotion is underscored. Furthermore, the implications and practical uses of this conceptual framework in analyzing and categorizing issues related to the promotion of professors in universities, as well as strategies for addressing contradictions and conflicts, are elucidated.
Here, only relatively limited cases of the coordinates of the scientific analysis method and what could be analyzed under the three characteristics of comprehensiveness, modernity, and depth have been pointed out. It has been shown how it can be done within the framework of this approach. This type of analysis achieved a new formulation of promotion and designed, created, and developed system whose managerial and technological consequences are effective and pioneering for all stakeholders in all components and dimensions of the promotion process.

To investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation on the yield and irrigation water efficiency of Quinoa, this experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in the research field of the University of Kurdistan located in Dehgolan in 2021. The experimental factors included four levels of irrigation water 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa crop and the variable included four levels of vermicompost fertilizer to 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons/ha, respectively. The irrigation method used in this experiment was a drip-strip irrigation system. The amount of irrigation water was measured by a volumetric meter installed on the main pipe. The highest yield of quinoa seed equaled 2375 kg/ha was observed in the treatment of 125% of the water requirement and 15 tons/ha of vermicompost and a biological yield of 5560 kg/ha in the treatment of 100% of the water requirement and 15 tons/ha vermicompost. The highest values of water consumption efficiency and water use efficiency were observed in the treatment of 50% water requirement. The application of 15 tons/ha vermicompost caused a significant increase in water use efficiency compared to the control treatment. The highest quinoa harvest index was observed in the treatment of 125% of the crop water requirement.

The purpose of this study was to examine the usage status of studying on virtual social networks among undergraduate students at Razi University.

The research utilized a descriptive and correlational method. The statistical population included all undergraduate students at Razi University in Kermanshah for the academic year 2020-2021, totaling 7774 individuals. A sample size of 366 people was determined using Cochran's formula.

Data analysis revealed that the utilization rate of virtual social networks by undergraduate students at Razi University is above average and at a high level. The research indicated that the use of virtual social networks positively and significantly impacts the academic and non-academic study habits of Razi University students.

The results suggest that social networks influence students' study habits, with challenges such as slow internet speed, high costs, printing issues, lack of familiarity with sites, and filtering obstacles. Virtual social networks offer benefits such as increased access to reading materials like newspapers, books, magazines, and various websites.

Value: 

This study aims to enhance students' study levels and improve their study habits, providing valuable insights for university officials.

Utilization of different plant nutrition systems in terms of optimal use of climatic factors, agricultural management and consumption of agricultural inputs can be an effective help to increase production and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Under such conditions, the use of organic manures can protect the environment and produce healthy agricultural products and provide better nutritional conditions for crops and have a favorable effect on plant growth. Organic manures are natural and safe products. Organic manures have positive effects on plant growth by increasing porosity and permeability, reducing soil bulk density and increasing soil water-holding capacity. The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers, as a correct and rational management system, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and preventing their harmful effects on surface and groundwater, can maintain the nutritional balance in plants and increase their yield. Recognizing the significance of integrating organic and chemical fertilizers in sustainable agriculture, this study was undertaken to examine the variations in yield and yield components of sunflower nuts. The investigation focused on the utilization of different levels of chemical fertilizers and pelleted poultry manures.

This experiment was performed as a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments in three replications in the research farm of University of Kurdistan in 2018. Experimental treatments including poultry manure in combination with chemical fertilizers including 1000 kg of poultry manure + zero chemical fertilizer, 1000 kg of poultry manure + 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 1000 kg of poultry manure + 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 2000 kg poultry manure + zero chemical fertilizer, 2000 kg poultry manure + 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 2000 kg poultry manure + 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 4000 kg poultry manure + zero chemical fertilizer, 4000 kg poultry manure + 25% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 4000 kg Poultry manure + 50% of recommended chemical fertilizer, 100% chemical fertilizer application (recommended) and no fertilizer application. In this experiment, traits such as plant height, head diameter, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, biological yield and grain yield were measured.

The experimental results highlighted the positive impact of combined poultry and chemical fertilizer treatments on both grain yield and yield components. This included an increase in the number of grains per head, maintaining a 1000-grain weight by enhancing the number of grains per head, boosting biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. Additionally, improvements were observed in grain quality, with elevated protein, oil, phosphorus, and potassium content in sunflower seeds. Notably, the most favorable outcomes in terms of grain yield were observed in plants treated with 4000 kg of poultry manure + 25% chemical fertilizer (1413 kg/ha-1), those without poultry manure + 100% chemical fertilizer (1411.2 kg/ha-1), and those treated with 4000 kg of poultry manure + 50% chemical fertilizer (1367.07 kg/ha-1). These treatments exhibited the highest grain yield, representing a substantial increase of 60.57%, 60.3%, and 54.55% compared to the control treatment (880 kg/ha-1). Treatments of 4000 kg poultry manure + 25% chemical fertilizer, no poultry manure + 100% chemical fertilizer and 4000 kg poultry manure + 50% chemical fertilizer had the highest percentage of harvest index, respectively. Treatments of 1000 kg poultry manure + 25% chemical fertilizer, 2000 kg poultry manure without chemical fertilizer, 1000 kg poultry manure without chemical fertilizer and also control treatment had the lowest percentage of harvest index. Treatment application of 1000 kg poultry manure + 25% chemical fertilizer (39.84%) had the highest percentage of seed oil, but there was no significant difference with other fertilizer treatments and only with control treatment (32.91%) had a significant difference. The highest amounts of grain protein, phosphorus and potassium were obtained from the combined treatment of 25% chemical fertilizer + 2000 kg of poultry manure.

In general, due to the negative effects of chemical fertilizers, the combined treatment of 4000 kg.ha-1 of poultry manure + 25% of the recommended chemical fertilizer with the highest grain yield was the best fertilizer treatment. From the results of this study, it is inferred that using organic and chemical fertilizers in sunflower cultivation, in addition to achieving acceptable yields and improving grain quality, can increase the efficiency of fertilizer application and use chemical fertilizers that have negative effects on the environment and environment. Crop systems have proven to shrink and move towards achieving sustainable agricultural goals.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of natural and organic fertilizers, compared to chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin.

Factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications at the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan during 2021 growing season. The first factor consisted of three levels of fertilizer (control, digested fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer) and the second factor included three concentrations of humic acid foliar application (0, 200, and 400 mg.L-1).

The digested fertilizer significantly increased plant height, capsules number per plant, seeds number per capsule, grain and biological yield, oil percentage and yield, and essential oil yield. These mentioned traits significantly increased with humic acid foliar application except for essential oil yield. The third level of humic acid had the most effect. The highest values of seed nitrogen and phosphorus content belonged to the integrated treatment of digested fertilizer and 400 mg.L-1 humic acid.

The digested fertilizer and humic acid (400 mg.L-1) improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin and they can be alternative inputs for chemical fertilizers.

Biofertilizers include one or more species of high-density soil organisms which are used in sustainable farms with the aim of increasing soil fertility and plant access to nutrients. This experiment was performed to evaluate yield and growth indices of maize at different sowing dates under the influence of mycorrhizal fungi.

The experiment was conducted in the research farm of Kurdistan University in 2017 as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included mycorrhizal fungi at four levels including (Funneliformis mossea), (Rhizophagus intraradices), (Funneliformis mossea + Rhizophagus intraradices) and without mycorrhiza (control) and sowing date at three levels (6, 16 and 26 July). In this experiment, growth indices and traits related to maize yield were measured.

The results showed that the highest leaf area index, growth rate and dry matter accumulation were obtained on 6 July sowing date and 26 July had the lowest values. The highest values of leaf area index and crop growth rate were related to Rhizophagus intraradices treatment. Application of mycorrhiza increased dry matter accumulation and as a result, maize yield compared to the control treatment. The interaction of mycorrhiza fungus and sowing date caused a significant increase in cob dry weight and biological yield.

The results showed that the combined treatment of 6 July planting date and Rhizophagus intraradices fungus was superior in terms of growth indices, cob and plant dry weight and biological yield.

In order to have the right energy policy to achieve the goals of sustainable development, we need to consider a diverse range of political, economic, social and environmental considerations. The main concern is that energy policy has been dominated by a technical / physical approach. This means ignoring and misinterpreting the human and social context of supply and demand in energy policy. In this study, we analyze the country's policy plans, how the social approach has been applied in energy policy. Hence, we identified the dimensions and components of the social approach and performed the analysis using the method of deductive and inductive qualitative content analysis. Findings showed that energy policy has a strong emphasis on the two areas of development projects management and consumption management. Although policy plans, has elements of a social approach, but in many cases, this approach has been neglected. The social approach has become more prominent in recent policies, and there is a relative tendency in the technical approach to the technical-social approach. This change can be seen not only in the content of the program but also in other upstream energy documents that have been approved during the program. The proposed research model is to apply a social approach based on the experience of programs and in the context of upstream documents and paradigm shifts that can be used in the seventh program as well as other related executive procedures.

The study aimed to assess adherence to scientific writing principles in Social Sciences dissertations at Razi University between 2013 and 2019 based on desirable research criteria.

This study is applied and utilized a descriptive-evaluative approach, examining 765 dissertations titles. A checklist was employed as the research measurement tool, validated for reliability and validity.

Findings indicated Economics and general psychology departments had the most dissertations. Adherence to content criteria was prominent in knowledge and information science, guidance and counseling, educational management-entrepreneurship, psychology, accounting, economics, sociology, and political science. Likewise, adherence to structural criteria was highest in guidance and counseling, psychology, knowledge and information science, educational management-entrepreneurship, accounting, economics, sociology, and political science. Dissertations' content primarily adhered to desirable criteria in the introductory section, research data, participants, and ethical considerations. Similarly, in the structure of dissertations, criteria were observed in presentation format, references-citation, and writing style.

The results indicated significant differences in research criteria among faculty groups, with thesis content being weaker than structure. However, overall, the dissertations demonstrated higher adherence to scientific writing principles than the average level.

This research introduces the term and concept of recorded knowledge history and the importance of studying and examining it with the aim of understanding the subject. What is the place of history in librarianship and information? Why the term Recorded knowledge history used for this field of study? What is the need for research in this field?

The method of this article is theoretical and analytical and terminology, etymology and historical analysis of the use of terms and concepts are used. This research is interdisciplinary.

The origin and roots of the Recorded knowledge History and related concepts have been obtained and the necessity of using the term Recorded knowledge history to name this field and the concept of the history of Recorded knowledge has been expressed using the opinions of thinkers. Also, the benefits and advantages of Recorded knowledge history are shown in this article. "Dabir" is a Sumerian word that originated in the Persian language from the Achaemenid period and was used in the form of DP, and DUb, meaning is tablet. The words, Divan aand Modavan derived from it. Therefore, the term "Modavan" means that it has ancient roots in the depths of history, and Recordeded Knowledge in the word means knowledge that is collected and written somewhere and preserved in some way.Discussion and

The origin of Recorded knowledge and related term is from Mesopotamian civilization and the words knowledge and civil are very old and deep-rooted terms and the Recorded knowledge history is an important field of cultural history that is studied in the field ofLIbrary and information science. This concept has been studied with other terms before and in this research the accessibility and maturity of the term written history has been discussed. The study of the Recorded knowledge History brings achievements for Library and information science and links with other sciences that deal with social and cultural studies. Examining this important part of human history acquaints young and popular scholars with an aspect of Library and information science and its attractions, and creates pleasure in readers.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicomposting and irrigation on the yield and quality of quinoa forage, this experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Kurdistan University located in Dehgolan in 1400. The experimental factors included 4 levels of irrigation equal to 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa plant and the sub-factor included 4 levels of vermicompost fertilizer equal to 0, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare respectively. The highest plant height (111.47 cm), grain yield (2374.51 kg/ha), biological yield (5415.84 kg/ha), and digestible dry matter (59.49 %) in the treatment of 125% of plant water requirement and 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost was observed. The highest amount of crude protein of forage (15.71%) forage ash (18.91%) and water use efficiency (0.53 kg/m3) was in the treatment of 15 tons of vermicompost per hectare. Therefore, by improving the environmental conditions through the application of vermicompost and the water consumption required by the quinoa plant, its yield and quality can be increased.

To identify trends and driving forces which are affecting the future of Iranian library catalogs based on knowledge society characteristics.

This is an applied study using desk research and survey. The expert panel consisted of 20 experts in the field of library catalogs with a brain storming method and then a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among the experts.

The results of research showed that the Iranian library catalogs are not associated with affecting trends on library catalogs based on the characteristics of the knowledge society. The driving forces categorized in two groups: internal (4 cases) and external (5 cases). Among the external driving forces, "smarting up library catalogs using new technologies" was identified as the most important driving force. Among the internal driving forces, "tendency to revise the library catalog structure", "role of the library as facilitator of access", "modifying and updating tools and standards" And "enrichment using tools such as content tables, discovery services, browsing capabilities, etc." have the most important driving forces.

Due to the unfavorable situation of affecting trends on Iranian library catalog, catalog specialists and policy makers in Iran should pay attention to the need of changing catalogs due to changes in trends and driving forces.

Existentialism is one of the most important philosophical and literary schools in the world, in which the human person is recognized as a conscious agent and in the experience of existence and also the touch of the meaning of existence, he directly faces the truth of existence, the emptiness of his life. understands Ontology or existentialism talks about man and his originality and emphasizes the priority of existence over nature and knows everything from that man. Also, examples such as human responsibility, human individuality, the vastness of the world, apprehension and anxiety, freedom, loneliness, isolation, and border situations are clear and obvious manifestations of the philosophical school of existentialism, which are found in contemporary poetry and in the poems of Akhwan. Third are also used. The Third Brotherhood lived in a period when existential thoughts influenced his works, and in fact, this poet's thought interacts with Sartre's thoughts. In this research, which was compiled using a descriptive-analytical and library method, it is possible to get an image of the school of existentialism in this poet's poetry and realize the mutual connection between her thoughts and Sartre.

Todays, because of the household sector consumption amount, the role of individual consumption behavior has been highlighted in energy policy. Although various tools has been designed to intervene energy consumption behavior, existence of some problems in energy management sector indicates that at the national level, understanding of behaviors and how to change and manage them has been pursued in an incomplete manner. This research, by adopting a qualitative approach and turning from focuse on factors affecting consumer behavior to behavior governance, aims to investigate how energy consumption behavior is managed. The process of data collection was done through individual interviews and focus group with electricity industry managers. The result of using thematic analysis, showed that there is two types of gaps within and between energy technical and behavioral policies, which warns the need to change in the current approach and reformulate policies in order to create integrity and balance in energy consumption behavior governance. Article emphasize the use of behavioral insights is not limited to the use of behavioral tools to solve problems; rather, it requires improvement of policy makers understanding of problems based on behavioral insights.

One of the most important elements in the emergence of artistic creativity is the use of color. In fact, color is one of the special elements that can reveal many secrets and achieve many hidden secrets through knowing its characteristics and effects. Poets, as aestheticians of the universe, have used colors in their poetic images and sometimes used them to explain the inexpressible concepts and symbolic space of their poems.In this research, which has been carried out using a library method, while presenting poetic evidence from the poems of Ferdowsi Toosi and Bashar Ben Bard as the studied poets who have used colors in some way, analyzing the methods and how they use color in literature, symbolism and rhetoric (especially of black and white color) in inducing the message to the audience.The results of the research show that black and white colors in these poems of Ferdowsi and Basharban have a high frequency compared to other colors. Ferdowsi and Bashar Ben Bard have made good use of the huge capacity of colors to convey their thoughts, intentions and messages in various social, cultural, religious and political fields in a real, ironic, symbolic and mythological space to their audience.

Nowadays importance of energy consumption behavior studies has been increased due to energy demand expanded and governance of sustainable development. This article reinvestigated the factors affecting the behavior of electricity consumption by adopting a qualitative approach and conducting 60 semi-structured interviews with citizens in different regions of the country and conducting a qualitative content analysis (including 3 main categories and 10 subcategories). We have achieved an analytical model starts from individual layer of behavior to social layer. The findings indicate energy consumption behavior in the country is the result of man-made factors as well as natural factors, and only paying attention to individual dimensions will not be effective in the policy of energy consumption behavior. it is necessary to create intervention policies that combine all dimensions. Based on the findings, 8 theoretical propositions has been formulated regarding the factors affecting the energy consumption in the country.

The purpose of this study is to show the position and strength of contraction and stretch in information combinations in Both the Information Society in general and particularly in the context of specialized knowledge and information science.

The depth and breadth of the subject areas can be studied from different perspectives. Explore a concept through combinations of this, and words that with syntagmatic and co-words, one of these techniques. This point of view, while the rest of the literature and researcher studies, are more exploratory mode.Necessity and innovation: the depth, scope and location of the combinations and their associated data can be, to a large extent on and follow-up. In this context, the present paper to shape innovative combinations of types of information has been reviewed and scrutinized. This study looked at data from internal and continuing concern and long, reflection, and a discovery about the status information.

Contraction and expansion of existing combinations, universalize these combinations, the analysis and the data as the center of gravity of these combinations, messages and implications for all aspects of theory and practice in knowledge and information science (information management and science) will be visible and many topics. 

This research aims to identify and analyze the relationship between the field of knowledge and information science with the problems of Kermanshah province from the professors' and graduates' viewpoints of this field.

The research approach is qualitative. Data analysis is done with the qualitative content analysis method. The studied samples were selected by purposive sampling method. Finally, 20 professors and graduates of the knowledge and information science field were interviewed.

The responses were categorized into three axes. The first axis was the knowledge and information science field and its dimensions, in which the interviewees' definitions of information were more in line with the traditional, engineering, and mathematical views and system-oriented approaches to information. information issues also were introduced mostly around books and libraries. The interviewees' opinions in the second axis, regarding Kermanshah province and its issues, were to have agricultural and tourism capacity for Kermanshah province which not using these capacities was introduced as one of the important issues of the province. The relationship between the knowledge and information science field and Kermanshah province and its issues were discussed in the third axis. Professors and experts emphasized on lack of applying of specialists' opinions of knowledge and information science field to solve the problems of the province.

The knowledge and information science field should be reviewed systematically and methodically in all aspects of identity, education, research, entrepreneurship, and foresight, considering the three important elements of depth, comprehensiveness, and modernity.In the development planning for the province, each area presents plans and programs in different formats, but in this planning, the information aspect has been neglected; and the professors and graduates of the knowledge and information science field do not have a plan and strategy in mind in a codified and coherent way.

“A” or “Alif” the first letter of Persian alphabet, a major vowel in Farsi, is the first letter of Abjad numeral system which represents number one in this system. Due to its special form and position as well as some unique features, letter “Alif” is one of the most abundantly used letters by Persian poets such as Sa’di, Hafez and their contemporaries to create original themes and elegant expressions.  This article written by descriptive-analytical and library methods deals with two structures of literary application of Alif to answer the question that how do Sa'di and his contemporaries use the rhetoric and literary contents of alphabetical letters in their poetry. The first structure includes poetic images, literary contents and interpretations based on the shape and feature of “Alif”, and the second structure consists of verb and nominative phrases resulting from this letter's shape and feature. By analysis of these two structures, it can be said that Sadi has used this letter much less than the others for making poetic contents. The presented contents by Sadi from the letter Alif have social and moral aspects and delicate literary and artistic points. In these contents, Molavi emphasises on explaining the internal and rhetoric thoughts with social and moral aspects, as he is the most… poems in this case by using the letter Alif. After Molavi, Sheikh Kamal Khojandi has created many literary works by using letter Alif. Other poems are Ohadi Maraqeie, Amirkhosro Dehlavi, Hafez, Khajavi Kermani, Seif Forghani and Araghi have noticed the application of letter Alif for creating contents.  

This study examines the extent to which graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz have personal knowledge management skills based on the model of Cheung and Tsui (2010) to provide solutions to improve and enhance their skills.

This research is of descriptive and analytical type and its survey method. Pabakhsh questionnaire (2016) was used. The research population is the master and doctoral students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz who started their studies in the academic year 2017-2018. The sample size was 351 according to Krejcie and Morgan table. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were performed to analyze the data using the SPSS statistical software.

Data analysis showed that the situation of graduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in terms of personal knowledge management skills is equal to an average of 3.50, which has been evaluated at a relatively desirable level according to the Likert scale. In other words, in "interpersonal knowledge transfer", "personal wisdom creation", "personal knowledge internalization" and "personal information management" are at a relatively desirable level. In addition, among the studied skills, graduate students had the most information in presentation skills and the least information retrieval and analysis.

Considering that the level of students' personal knowledge management skills was determined at a relatively desirable level, it is necessary to teach them the skills. Empowering them with such skills helps them make decisions, solve problems, increase efficiency, and achieve personal goals.