غلامرضا منشئی

The aim of this study was to construct, validate, authenticate and standardize the stigma scale in divorced women. Psychometrics method was used to perform the study. To do this, 275 people were selected by purposive sampling method after making a questionnaire to validate the stigma scale, among all divorced women aged 20 to 35 years in Shahrekord. Participants completed the researcher-made scales of Divorce Stigma, Rosenberg Self-Esteem (1965), Schwatzer (1995) General Self-Efficacy, and Gilbert (2004) Self-Criticism. To evaluate the validity of the scale in this study, exploratory factor analysis and convergent validity were used. Findings of Factor analysis showed that there are four factors in divorce stigma scale (perceived stigma, personal worthlessness, biased behavior and social departure); Which explains 81.23% of the variance of the instrument together. Moreover, its proper divergent and convergent validity were indicated by the correlations obtained between this scale and self-esteem scales (r = -0/19; p<0.05), general self-efficacy beliefs (r= -0/23; p<0.01), and self-critical scale (r= 0/55; p<0.01), Strong reliability of this scale was showed by Alpha 0.93 as a whole. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the stigma scale has sufficient validity and reliability.

A common issue during menopause is the decline in sexual desire and arousal, which can diminish women’s quality of life. Such disorders may also lead to reduced sexual satisfaction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of sexual satisfaction in the relationship between attachment styles and self-objectification with sexual desire/arousal disorder in postmenopausal women.

The applied, correlational-descriptive study was conducted in 2023. The statistical population consisted of all postmenopausal women with sexual desire/arousal disorders attending specialized sexual disorder clinics in Isfahan, Iran, for whom precise statistics were unavailable. A purposive sample of 250 postmenopausal women over 50 years old with a clinically confirmed diagnosis (via clinical psychologist interview and a score ≤3.3 on the female sexual function index) was selected. Participants completed Hazan and Shiver’s (1987) Attachment Style Questionnaire, Noll and Frederickson’s (1998) Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Larson et al.’s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (1998), and Rosen et al.’s (2008) Female Sexual Function Index. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with partial least squares (PLS) software.

The results indicated a significant direct effect of sexual satisfaction on sexual desire/arousal (t=7.45, β=0.446, P<0.001). Significant indirect effects were found for self-objectification (t=3.54, β=-0.11, P<0.05), secure attachment style (t=2.12, β=0.071, P<0.05), and ambivalent attachment style (t=4.11, β=-0.164, P<0.05) on sexual desire/arousal through sexual satisfaction. However, the indirect effect of avoidant attachment style via sexual satisfaction was not significant (t=0.931, β=0.03, P>0.05).

The findings suggested that sexual satisfaction could predict sexual desire/arousal disorder in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, secure and ambivalent styles, as well as self-objectification, could predict this disorder through the mediation of sexual satisfaction.

Excessive, ongoing anxiety and worry that are difficult to control and interfere with day-to-day activities may be a sign of generalized anxiety disorder. In recent years, digital techniques, such as virtual reality (VR) have been employed in tandem with more traditional psychological interventions. Therefore, the use of these interventions is a research and experimental necessity due to their cost-effectiveness along with traditional interventions.

The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of combined virtual reality and mindfulness therapy with short-term mindfulness intervention on cognitive flexibility in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

The research method was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study included all individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder referring to the clinics of the Psychological Services and Counseling Center of Region 3, the Counseling and Psychological Services Center of Welfare Organization of Region 6, and the Ariaz Counseling and Psychological Services of Region 6, Tehran, in the year 2022. The sample consisted of 45 individuals with generalized anxiety disorder selected purposively and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Pre-tests for all three participant groups were conducted using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (Spitzer et al., 2006) and the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), and the experimental groups received separate weekly interventions over 8 sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni's post hoc test and SPSS23 software.

The findings indicated that both experimental groups, the combined virtual reality and mindfulness therapy, and the short-term mindfulness intervention, showed significant differences compared to the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages in cognitive flexibility (p < 0.05). The results of Benferroni's post hoc tests showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental groups.

The results showed that combined virtual reality and mindfulness therapy along with short-term mindfulness intervention were effective in increasing cognitive flexibility.

The purpose of this study was to Comparison the effectiveness of Cognitive Processing Therapy and Emotion efficacy therapy on Trust in close Relationships, Interpersonal Forgiveness and Intimacy of women Injured by trauma Husbands Infidelity. The research method was quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest design with two-months follow-up. The statistical population was the women injured by trauma husband infidelity who referred to counseling centers in Isfahan city, The sample included 42 women Injured by trauma Husbands Infidelity in Isfahan who were selected using convenience sampling method, in two experimental group were randomly replaced (each group, n= 14). Two groups received 8 sessions,90 minutes of intervention for each treatment, Cognitive Processing Therapy by (Resick, et al, 2016) and Emotion Efficacy Therapy intervention by (McKay & West 2016), but the control group received no treatment. Data collection tools included Trust in close Relationships Questionnaire (Rempel & Holmes,1986), Interpersonal Forgiveness Questionnaire (Ehteshamzadeh, et al,2011) & Intimacy (Walker & Thompson,1983). The Data were analyzed using repeated measures mixed variance. In the quantitative findings section, it also showed that there is a difference between cognitive processing therapy and emotional efficacy therapy in improving variables, trust in interpersonal relationships, interpersonal forgiveness, and intimacy in women Injured by trauma Husbands Infidelity (p <0.01). Also, the results comparing the two treatment methods showed that the intervention of cognitive processing therapy was more effective than the treatment based on emotional efficacy in all research variables. The findings of the present research indicate that the present treatments can be used to reduce the problems of women Injured by trauma Husbands Infidelity

Current research was conducted with the aim of predicting extra-role behaviors through job commitment, organizational loyalty, stress perception, justice perception, conscientiousness and internal work motivation of faculty members of Wasit University in Iraq.

Research method was Correlational and statistical population included all faculty members of Wasit University in summer of 2024. From mentioned statistical population 250 people were selected through convenience sampling and a set of questionnaires included extra-role behaviors (Lee and Allen, 2002), perception of organizational justice (Colquitt, 2001), internal job motivation (Gagne et al., 2015). ), conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1992), Blau's (1993) job commitment, organizational loyalty (Kumar and Shekhar, 2012) and job stress (Cohen et al., 1964). Research data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis by stepwise method using SPSS version 25 software.

The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between job commitment, organizational loyalty, perception of justice, internal motivation, and conscientiousness with extra-role behaviors, and there is a significant negative relationship between the perception of job stress and extra-role behaviors (p<0.01). Moreover, results of multiple regression analysis by stepwise method revealed that, among all predictor variables during the three steps justice perception, internal motivation and organizational loyalty were able to explain 45% of the variance of extra-role behaviors.

Based on the findings of the present study, for the development of extra-role behaviors in academy members, it is necessary to pay attention to the necessary platforms for improving and increasing job commitment, organizational loyalty, perception of justice, internal motivation, conscientiousness and stress reduction. This should be taken into consideration by the policymakers of Iraqi higher education system.

Adolescence represents a critical stage in psychosocial development, during which an individual seeks to form their social identity, a process accompanied by concerns regarding appearance and body perception. This period is characterized by widespread changes, including heightened exposure to peer pressure and the significance of social acceptance. Consequently, concerns such as body image dissatisfaction and the fear of negative evaluation become more prevalent during this phase, potentially exerting a considerable influence on adolescent mental health. Consequently, there is a need to assess the efficacy of psychological interventions targeting this target group. Addressing these issues can prevent the development of more severe disorders in the future. This underscores the importance of preventive interventions during this period to avert the establishment of deleterious thought and behavioral patterns.The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the Healthy Body Image Package and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on the fear of negative evaluation in dissatisfied adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. The selection of adolescents allowed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of these interventions at a critical stage of development and the acquisition of results that can be useful in future clinical and educational interventions.

The present study employed a quasi-experimental design, incorporating a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, with a control group. The statistical population comprised 60 adolescents aged 12 to 15 from secondary schools in Isfahan, who were selected through purposive sampling method. Following the administration of a pre-test and the random assignment of participants to one of three groups, the Healthy Body Image Package (Akhtarian, Bahramipour Isfahani, & Manshaee, 2024), Cash Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Cash, 2010) were implemented over the course of eight sessions, each spanning 90 to 120 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention during this period.The 9-item subscale of the Body Area Segment Scale (BASS) (Cash, & et al., 1990) was utilized to measure body image dissatisfaction. The 12-item short form of the Larry (2021) questionnaire was employed to measure fear of negative evaluation. The resulting data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-26.

The findings indicate that in the within-group effect, the time factor (F=251.871, df=1.130, p<0.01) and the interaction of time and group (F=72.41 8, df=2.260, p<0.01) indicate a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) in the fear of negative evaluation based on time and the interaction of time with group (across three research groups). The results suggest that for the time factor and the interaction of time and group, 84.3 and 75.5 percent of the variance in the fear of negative evaluation was associated with the independent variable, respectively. Due to the substantial interaction of time with the group, a Bonferroni post hoc test was conducted to examine the pairwise difference. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (p < 0.01). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed between the Healthy Body Image Package and the Cash’s Package (p < 0.05).

The objective of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of the healthy body image package and cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing the fear of negative evaluation among adolescents with body image dissatisfaction. The findings indicated that the healthy body image package exhibited a more pronounced reduction in the scores of the fear of negative evaluation in adolescents when compared to the cognitive-behavioral therapy. This finding aligns with the outcomes of other studies that targeted the enhancement of self-esteem and the mitigation of perfectionism in adolescents (Akhtarian, Bahramipour Isfahani, & Manshaee, 2024). The present finding can be explained by the implementation of healthy body image education, which focuses on emotional techniques and skills. These techniques and skills include the teaching of self-compassion strategies in relation to the body and its functions, the teaching of strategies to deal with shame, and the strengthening of self-esteem. The implementation of these techniques and skills provides an opportunity for adolescents to improve their self-belief.The findings are also somewhat consistent with the research conducted by Rahmati and Barjali (2020) on the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral group therapy on emotion regulation in women with eating disorders, and with the study by Yu and Jia (2023) on the relationship between the treatment of body image problems and fear of negative evaluation. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in addressing fear of negative evaluation is attributable to its utilization of strategies and techniques aimed at the cessation of anxiety-intensifying thoughts and beliefs. In this treatment modality, the presence of negative thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors directed towards one's own body plays a pivotal role in the development of excessive sensitivity to the evaluations of others (Yue & Jia, 2023).It is recommended that education officials consider implementing measures to mitigate adolescents' fear of negative evaluation. This could be achieved by leveraging the expertise of specialists and engaging the services of psychologists specializing inbody image. By doing so, educators can foster an environment conducive to enhancing not only individual performance but also learning outcomes.

Academic buoyancy is crucial for students' performance and capability in university environments. This study aimed to determine the relationship between career aspirations and academic buoyancy, considering the mediating role of academic satisfaction among students at Wasit University in Iraq.

The research method was correlational, and the statistical population included all students enrolled at Wasit University, Iraq, during the spring and summer of 2024. From the mentioned population, 250 students were selected through convenience sampling and responded to three questionnaires: Career Aspirations (Danziger et al., 2008), Academic Buoyancy (Hosseinchari & Dehghanizadeh, 2012), and Academic Satisfaction (Ahmadi, 2009). The research data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling (SEM) through SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 25 software.

The results indicated that career aspirations have a significant relationship with both academic buoyancy and academic satisfaction (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Structural equation modeling results demonstrated that academic satisfaction is a full mediating variable in the relationship between career aspirations and academic buoyancy.

Based on the findings of the present study, policymakers in Iraq's higher education system should focus on the role of career aspirations and academic satisfaction in empowering students for greater academic buoyancy.

This study examines the differences in the effectiveness of a cognitive engagement training package versus a metacognitive strategy training package on academic procrastination among female students at Farhangian University. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all female students at Farhangian University in Kazeroon during the first semester of the 2019-2020 academic year, totaling 250 individuals. To compare the cognitive engagement and metacognitive strategy training packages, a purposive sampling method was used. Initially, the Academic Procrastination Questionnaire (Savari, 2011) was administered to 250 female students at Farhangian University in Kazeroon. From those scoring up to 48 on the academic procrastination scale, 45 individuals were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 in the cognitive engagement group and 15 in the metacognitive strategy group) and a control group (15 participants). In the posttest and follow-up stages, a significant difference was observed between the mean scores of academic procrastination in the control group compared to the metacognitive strategy training group (p < .001) and the cognitive engagement training group (p < .01). The impact of metacognitive training on reducing academic procrastination in the posttest and follow-up stages was 33.5% and 28.1%, respectively. The cognitive engagement training package reduced academic procrastination by 69.9% in the posttest and 66% in the follow-up stage. While both cognitive engagement and metacognitive training methods significantly reduced academic procrastination in the posttest phase, an increase in procrastination was observed during the follow-up phase in both groups. Comparing the two methods, cognitive engagement training was more effective than metacognitive strategy training in both the posttest and follow-up stages.

Academic self-efficacy is a crucial variable for the academic success of students. This study aimed to determine the relationship between career aspirations and academic self-efficacy, considering the moderating roles of educational justice and career decision-making self-efficacy among students in Wasit City, Iraq. The research employed a correlational design, and the statistical population consisted of students enrolled in universities in Wasit City, Iraq, during the spring and summer of 1403 (summer of 2024). From this population, 250 students were selected through convenience sampling and subsequently responded to three questionnaires: the Career Aspirations Questionnaire (Danziger et al., 2008), the Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Midgley et al., 2000), the Educational Justice Questionnaire (Golparvar, 2010), and the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Betz et al., 1996). The research data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis through SPSS version 26. The results indicated that among the eight components of career aspirations, educational justice only moderated the relationship between security and stability with academic self-efficacy, and career decision-making self-efficacy only moderated the relationship between technical and functional competence with academic self-efficacy (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Based on the findings of the present study, the roles of career aspirations, educational justice, and career decision-making self-efficacy should be considered in academic environments to enhance students' academic success.

The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of a combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness with a short-term mindfulness intervention on beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder. The research method was semi-experimental, involving two experimental groups and one control group, with a pre-test, post-test, and 45-day follow-up design. The statistical population of the study included all individuals exhibiting symptoms of panic disorder who were referred to counseling centers in regions 6 and 11 of Tehran in the year 1401. The research sample consisted of 45 individuals with panic disorder selected purposefully and randomly assigned to three groups (15 individuals in each group). The treatment groups, namely the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness, and the short-term mindfulness treatment, underwent 8 sessions. Data were collected using the Greenberg Fear Beliefs Questionnaire (1989) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Taylor and Cox, 1998) and analyzed using Multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS23 software. The results indicated that both treatments had a significant impact on reducing beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in the post-test and follow-up stages. However, the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness demonstrated greater effectiveness and stability in both stages (p<0.05). In conclusion, based on the findings of this study, psychologists and therapists can utilize both the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness, as well as short-term mindfulness treatment, in their psychological interventions to reduce beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder.

The aim of reaserch to determine of effect the commitment and acceptance therapy on health anxiety, emotional exhaustion and psychological flexibility of male doctors of Forensic Medicine Organization of Isfahan city. The research method was semi-experimental and its design was pre-test-post-test with a control group and a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population included all the men of the Forensic Medicine Organization of Isfahan, 220 people in the winter of 1400, who were randomly assigned to two groups (15 experimental people) and (15 control people) using the purposeful sampling method. The research tools included health anxiety questionnaire (Salkovskis, Varoek, 2002) emotional fatigue (chenet al, 2019), psychological flexibility (Dennis,Vander Wal, 2010). The experimental group was trained in commitment and acceptance therapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes. While the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done using mixed analysis of variance. The findings showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has an effect on health anxiety (illness, disease consequences and general health concerns), emotional exhaustion (depersonalization and personal inadequacy) and psychological flexibility (components of alternatives, control and alternatives to human behavior). Has it. As a result, the results showed that according to the problems caused by the medical profession in the doctors of the medical organization, the treatment law is based on commitment and acceptance of a suitable treatment approach to improve the mental conditions of people in order to reduce the level of health anxiety, emotional fatigue and increase psychological flexibility.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of bullying prevention training and social skills training on bullying behaviors and academic vitality of students. The current research was applied, with a semi-experimental method, a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research was all male students aged 12 to 15 years of the first secondary level of Isfahan city, 45 of whom were purposefully selected according to the entry criteria and divided into three groups (15 under bullying prevention training, 15 under social skills training and 15 people were assigned to the control group. The measurement tools were the Bullying Behavior Questionnaire of Splich and Hallett (2001) and the Academic Vitality Questionnaire of Dehghanizadeh and Hossein Chari (2011). Data analysis was done using SPSS23 software and by repeated measurement variance test. The findings showed that both bullying prevention training and social skills training improved bullying behaviors and academic vitality in male students of the first year of high school (p<0.001) and the effects of both trainings were stable until the follow-up stage (p<0.001). The research results showed that bullying prevention and social skills training programs can be used to reduce bullying behaviors and increase academic vitality in students.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is considered a serious problem in educational environments and has significant negative impacts on the psychological well-being of students. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on emotional-cognitive empathy of primary school students with ADHD experiencing bullying.

This semi-experimental study was conducted in 2023 using a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up over a six-month period in Isfahan city. A purposive sampling method was employed, and 54 boy students aged 9-11 years meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to three groups of 18 participants including child-centered mindfulness therapy (N=18), acceptance and commitment therapy (N=18), and a control group (N=18). Data were collected using the child and adolescent empathy questionnaire. Participants in the first group received child-centered mindfulness therapy in 10 60-minute sessions, conducted twice a week, while participants in the second experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy in 9 60-minute sessions, conducted twice a week. By the end of the study, 15 participants remained in each group. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests, utilizing SPSS software version 26.

The results indicated that both child-centered mindfulness therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy were effective in enhancing emotional empathy (p<0/05) and cognitive empathy (p<0/05).This effectiveness was also maintained at the follow-up stage (p< 0/05). However, no significant differences were observed between the effectiveness of the interventions (p>0/05).

The results of this study indicated that both child-centered mindfulness therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy significantly affected emotional and cognitive empathy in students with ADHD and can be utilized by therapists.

 Adolescents with body dissatisfaction require serious attention from therapeutic and educational communities. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Healthy Body Image Package (HBIP) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on beliefs about appearance in 12 to 15-year-old adolescents with body dissatisfaction.

 The research employed a quasi-experimental method with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases, including an intervention group and a control group. Sixty adolescents from Isfahan High School were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Body dissatisfaction was assessed using a 9-item scale from the 68-item Attitudes Towards Physical Appearance Questionnaire (Cash & Pruzinsky, 1990). The dependent variable, beliefs about appearance, was measured using a 20-item Appearance Beliefs Scale (Spangler, 1999). The intervention groups received either the HBIP or CBT in eight sessions (90 to 120 minutes each), while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test in SPSS-26.

 The results showed a significant difference in beliefs about appearance between the HBIP and CBT groups and the control group (P<0.01). However, no significant difference was found between the HBIP and CBT  groups.

 Therefore, considering the impact of both interventions on improving beliefs about appearance in adolescents with body dissatisfaction, the use of these treatments in adolescent psychology centers is recommended.

Eating disorders and obesity are serious health issues with poor treatment outcomes and high relapse rates despite established treatments. According to research evidence, virtual reality technology can improve the outcomes of current treatments and be used as an adjunct tool in their treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of virtual reality-based therapy for overweight individuals on trait-state anxiety and eating behavior in overweight individuals.

Methods and Materials: 

The research design was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, control group, and follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all visitors to weight loss clinics in Isfahan from 2021 to 2022, and the research sample of 30 overweight individuals was selected purposefully from the mentioned population based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1970) and the Eating Behavior Inventory (Van Strien et al, 1986). Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results indicated that virtual reality-based therapy for overweight individuals was effective in reducing trait-state anxiety and improving eating behavior. Furthermore, the effects were sustained at the follow-up stage. (p < 0.001).

Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that overweight individuals can interactively learn stress and anxiety management skills using virtual reality technologies and use these skills instead of uncontrollable eating behaviors in stressful situations

One of the common problems of menopause is the decrease in sexual ability and sexual dysfunction, which can reduce the quality of life of women. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of “Behavioral Activation Therapy” on sexual self-concept and intimacy in relationships of postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction.

The current research was of semi-experimental type with pre-test-post-test with control group and 45 days’ follow-up. The statistical population of the present study included all postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction who referred to specialized treatment centers in the field of sexual dysfunction located in Isfahan city in 2023. A statistical sample of specialized treatment centers in the field of sexual disorders in the city of Isfahan according to the convenience method, the number of 30 postmenopausal women over 50 years of age with sexual dysfunction diagnosed by a clinical psychologist's diagnostic interview and scoring less than 28 out of 36 points "Female Sexual Function Index" were selected by purposeful sampling. Then they were randomly assigned to “Behavioral Activation Therapy” and control groups (15 people in each group). Data collection was done with demographic questionnaire, "Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire" and "Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships". For the intervention group, 8 sessions 90-minute of “Behavioral Activation Therapy (2 sessions per week) were performed. After the completion of the intervention, a post-test and follow-up was conducted 45 days later. Data were analyzed in SPSS. 23.

There was a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group in the two variables of sexual self-concept and intimacy in relationships, in the post-test and follow-up stages. Therefore, the intervention was effective in improving sexual self-concept and intimacy in relationships of postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction (P<0.05).

“Behavioral Activation Therapy" improves sexual self-concept and intimacy in relationships in postmenopausal women with sexual dysfunction. It is suggested to use “Behavioral Activation Therapy" in health care centers and counseling centers to improve the psychological variables related to the sexual performance of postmenopausal women.

In recent years, innovative therapy methods to deal with generalized anxiety disorders have been highly considered. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of "Combined Virtual Reality and Mindfulness Therapy with “Short-Term Mindfulness” on worry and mindfulness in people with generalized anxiety disorder.

The method of the present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period of 2 months. The statistical population of the study included all the people diagnosed with generalized anxiety who referred to the Rokn psychological and Psychiatric services center, Tehran District 3 and Ariaz Psychological Services and counseling Center, Tehran District 6 in 2023, who were selected by the convenience method. The number of samples included (15 men and 30 women) of people suffering from generalized anxiety disorder who were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. The pre-test was conducted using the "Penn State Worry Questionnaire" and the "Toronto Mindfulness Scale". The content and form validity of the instruments were checked by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Then the first group underwent 8 sessions of 17 minutes weekly. A "Combined Virtual Reality and Mindfulness Therapy", the second group underwent 8 sessions of 17 minutes’ sessions of “Short-Term Mindfulness". After the completion of the intervention, a post-test and follow-up was conducted 2 months later. The data was analyzed in SPSS. 23.

"Combined Virtual Reality and Mindfulness Therapy" and “Short-Term Mindfulness” on worry (F=48.45, P<0.001) and mindfulness (F=61.42, P>0.001) has been effective. However, no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of 2 therapy methods in any 2 variables (P<0.05).

"Combined Virtual Reality and Mindfulness Therapy" and “Short-Term Mindfulness” is effective on worry and mindfulness. Therefore, it is suggested that the above methods can be used to reduce worry and increase mindfulness in people with generalized anxiety disorder.

internet addiction is a psychosocial disorder that has had a dramatic effect on the adolescent and young generation in expanding societies, and has important consequences such as emotional turmoil, emotion, aggression, psychosis, adverse interpersonal relationships. The present study aimed at the effectiveness of reality therapy based on the quality of life of adolescents with internet addiction on excitement and peer relationships.

Methods and Materials: 

In the qualitative stage, it was a phenomenological method, and 15 teenagers were selected and interviewed from among teenagers with Internet addiction under counseling in the counseling centers of Isfahan city. With Claizi's method, 9 main concepts and 33 secondary concepts were extracted and based on them, a reality therapy package based on quality of life was compiled. In the quantitative stage, it was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. 30 teenagers with internet addiction were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received reality therapy intervention based on quality of life during two months in ten sessions of 120 minutes. The questionnaires used included internet addiction, sensation seeking and relationships with peers.

The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that reality therapy based on quality of life has a significant effect on excitement seeking and relationships with their peers in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.001).

The results showed that quality of life-based reality therapy intervention of adolescents with internet addiction using the principles of quality of life and the theory of choice theory can be used as an effective intervention to improve excitement and relationships with their peers

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with the disorder in comparison to virtual reality exposure therapy. A quasi-experimental method was implemented, followed by a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up. The population consisted of all individuals who were referred to Nik Mehr Counseling and Psychological Services in Tehran during 2020 and 2021. Among them, 45 were selected through convenience sampling method, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and administered Madzli's Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire (1980). Subsequently, the subjects were subjected to cognitive-behavioral therapy for 12 sessions (2 forty-five-minute sessions per week for 6 weeks) and virtual reality exposure for 12 sessions (2 eight-minute sessions per week for 6 weeks). No intervention was administered to the control group. The data was analyzed in SPSS.23 software using a Bonferroni post hoc test and mixed analysis of variance. The results indicated that both therapies were efficacious (F=192; Eta=0.67; P<0001) in reducing obsession syndromes in individuals with the disorder. Additionally, the follow-up test demonstrated that there is no statistically significant difference in the efficacy of these two therapies on individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (P<0.05). According to the results, since there is no difference in the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, both can be applied to reduce obsession syndromes amongst people with the disorder.

One of the important issues in the higher education system is the ineffective behavior of university professors, which has received less attention and no comprehensive objective criteria has been designed to investigate it. The purpose of this study was to compile and validate a questionnaire to investigate the ineffective behaviors of university professors. 

This was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included faculty members of five universities in Tehran (Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Kharazmi, Allameh Tabatabai and Tarbiat Modares (in the academic year of 2019-2020. The research sample consisted of 123 teaching professors, who were selected by the purpose-based available sampling method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire of university professors' ineffective behaviors with 64 items in three factors; educational (3 components), research (4 components) and communication (5 components). The data were analyzed with the methods of content validity ratio, content validity index and exploratory factor analysis in SPSS and Smart-PLS software. 

The content validity ratio and content validity index for all three educational, research and communication factors and their components were above 0.80. The exploratory factor analysis of ineffective behaviors of university professors showed three factors, educational factor with 3 components, research factor with 4 components and communication factor with 5 components. A factor loading higher than 0.60, and Cronbach's and combined reliability higher than 0.70 were calculated. The calculated R2 for all factors and components was higher than 0.50 and the GOF index equal to 0.43 indicated the appropriate fit of the model. The model of inefficient behaviors was drawn in the modes of factor loading and t-test, based on which the inefficient behaviors of university professors had a significant effect on educational, research and communication factors and their components due to the t-statistic higher than 1.96. 

The questionnaire of the current research is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the ineffective behaviors of university professors. University administrators can use it to measure the level of ineffective behavior of professors under their supervision to design preventive or improvement programs.

The objective of the current study was to examine the efficacy of life therapy in reducing the perceived stress and increase psychological capital among female caregivers of the elderly in Ardestan. The research method was quasi-experimental, utilizing a control group, pretest, and posttest. The statistical population of the current research consisted of female caregivers of the elderly in the town of Ardestan during the first six months of 2020 who were responsible for an elderly member of their family. A total of 30 female caregivers of the elderly were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, each consisting of 15 women, using the available sampling method. Over the course of two months, the experimental group was subjected to eight sessions of quality of life therapy, each lasting seventy-five minutes. The pretest was administered prior to the intervention, and the posttest was administered subsequent to it. In this study, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (Cohen, Kamarck, Mermelstein, 1983) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) (Luthans, Avoliveand, 2007) were implemented. The data from the study were analyzed through Covariance via SPSS23 software. The results showed quality of life therapy has significant effect on the perceived stress (F=41.31; Eta=0.50; P<0001) and psychological capital (F=46.91; Eta=0.55; P<0001) in female caregivers of the elderly. According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that quality of life therapy can be employed as an effective therapy to reduce perceived stress and enhance psychological capital in female caregivers of the elderly. This can be achieved by training family members’ communication, members’ support and acceptance, and the replacement of irrational thoughts with rational thoughts.

This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of mindfulness training on caregiving stress and compassion fatigue in caregivers of heart transplant candidates.

The research method is semi-experimental and its design is pre-test-post-test with a control group and a 45-day follow-up phase. The statistical population included all male and female nurses in the heart transplant department of Shahid Chamran Hospital in Isfahan and Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran in 2020. For this purpose, 30 nurses working in the heart transplant department were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received caregiver-centered mindfulness interventions based on the Rozak package (2015) during 8 45-minute sessions and one session per week for 2 months. Meanwhile, the control group did not receive any intervention during the study. The measurement tools included the care pressure questionnaire (Novak and Guest, 1989) and the work quality questionnaire (Figley, 1990). Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.

The results indicate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on caregiving pressure and compassion fatigue in the post-test phase (p<0.05) and the effects of training in the follow-up phase (p<0.05) remained.

Based on the findings obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that mindfulness training can be used as an intervention method to reduce caregiving pressure and compassion fatigue in caregivers of heart transplant candidates.

The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorder.

Methods and Materials:

 The research employed a semi-experimental design with two experimental and control groups, utilizing pre-test, post-test, and a 45-day follow-up. The target population included all individuals exhibiting symptoms of panic disorder seeking counseling and psychotherapy services in Tehran during the years 1401-1402. The sample size consisted of 30 individuals diagnosed with panic disorder, selected purposively, and randomly assigned to the experimental (15 individuals) and the control groups (15 individuals). The experimental group underwent eight sessions of combined virtual reality and mindfulness-based therapy. Both groups answered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire in three phases (pre-test, post-test, and 45-day follow-up). The research data were analyzed using SPSS23 statistical software, employing mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent and dependent t-tests for analysis.

The results showed that the average scores of trait and state anxiety in the experimental group at post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group had a significant decrease (p<0.001). This means that the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness has been effective in reducing trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders.

Based on the results indicating the positive effect of the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders, therapists can utilize the combination of virtual reality and mindfulness packages for treating individuals with panic disorders.

General anxiety disorder is one of the types of anxiety disorders that can completely disrupt a person's life process.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of emotional efficiency therapy with Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Affective Capital and Meta Emotion in Women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

The research method was applied and semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the Women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Esfahan city in 2021, using Purposive sampling method, 45 people were randomly selected into three groups of treatment based on Emotion Efficacy Therapy (15 people), Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were replaced. The data collection tool was the Affective Capital Questionnaire and the Meta Emotion Questionnaire. Data analysis was analyzed through variance analysis of repeated measures using SPSS software version 23.

The results showed that there isnt a significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control group. Also, Emotional Efficiency Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy were both effective in reducing General anxiety disorder.

Based on the findings of the research, Emotion Efficacy Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy led to the reduced Generalized anxiety disorder by increasing Affective Capital and Positive Emotions, so it is suggested to use these methods along with other treatment methods to improve the quality of life of Women with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. 

Given the increasing number of obese patients worldwide, the economic costs and financial damages resulting from obesity, changing dietary behaviors, and cognitive patterns in overweight individuals seem essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body image, attitude towards Eating, and food cravings in overweight individuals.

The current research design was semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test with a control group and follow-up period. The statistical population included all attendees of weight loss clinics in Isfahan city from 2021 to 2022, and the research sample consisted of 45 obese individuals selected purposefully based on entry and exit criteria. They completed body image, eating attitudes, and food craving questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures analysis of variance and SPSS-23 software.

The results indicated that both cognitive-behavioral therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy were effective in improving body image, eating attitudes, and food cravings, with no significant difference between them. Furthermore, during the follow-up stage, the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on body image and food cravings were found to be more sustainable compared to mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (p < 0.01).

Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that cognitive-behavioral therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy focus on increasing awareness of behavioral patterns, triggering factors, and negative cognitive factors that may lead to eating disorders. Therefore, individuals can enhance the skills needed to cope with food cravings and modify ineffective cognitive and behavioral patterns based on these therapeutic approaches.