غلامرضا نورمحمدی

Neglecting the important principle of prevention and paying great attention to treatment, along with environmental pollution and mechanized society, makes it necessary to extract indicators of residues reduction in the innocents method as perfect humans. This article tries to explain the indicators of reducing harmful substances in innocents school.The research method is to refer to the library sources, which have been extracted by rereading the traditions and lives of the innocents and followed in a historical and analytical way.The results of the analysis and combination of the collected data show that there were 6 indicators in innocents method.Using clean and moderate air, utilization of halal and undefiled nutrition, maintaining balance in eating and drinking, ocompliance with digestion measures, proper sleep, vitality and dynamism along with observance of cleanliness are the indicators of reducing residues in innocents method.

One of the most important causes of disease in today's societies is food waste, the cleaning of which is different in each medical school. This research has tried to analyze the life style of Imams (peace be upon them) in relation to the cleaning of such wastes. Despite the efforts of various researchers in the medical history of innocents, the present problem is a new and practical issue that the primary territory of waste production and behavioral measures corresponding to its cleaning have been investigated and extracted with a descriptive analytical method and documentary approach. The findings of the research indicate that the actions of Imams (a.s.) to clean food waste under three axes; Attention to reducing the amount of waste, attention to not stopping waste in the process of digesting and expelling waste on time has been summed up. By choosing a lofty and pleasant ideal, Masooman (pbuh) considered any worldly pleasures such as eating as a means of life, and for this reason, besides preventing the creation of excess waste without any internal dissatisfaction, he made the mind aware of various obstacles to digest and expel waste, including They have managed occupations and restrictions. The prominent advantage of the mentioned method, in addition to aligning with reason and nature, is controlling the needs of the body and balancing it with the power of faith, which is considered an exercise for self-improvement in order to achieve a virtuous life

The axiological basics of nutrition ethics are propositions extracted from Islamic texts that show the concept and place of values in nutrition ethics, the types of values, their precedence and characteristics, and a general and comprehensive picture of desirable values. They present the ethics of nutrition. The purpose of this research is to introduce the axiological basics of nutrition ethics from Islamic perspective. The main question of this research is: What are the axiological basics of nutrition ethics from Islamic perspective? By collecting data from libraries and using first-hand religious sources and analyzing them, the present research came to the conclusion that the axiological basics of nutrition ethics are: axiological realism in nutrition style; Paying attention to the difference between intrinsic values and other values in nutrition; separation of instrumental values from the ultimate ones; absolute and fixed values, transtemporality and translocality of values; provability of real values in nutrition; the moral values of nutrition based on objective facts; the relationship between voluntary and conscious act of eating and its result; and dividing nutritional benefits into spiritual and material ones.

The difference of belief or attitude in the basics and values can cause changes in the behavior of the medical staff and be effective in providing their healthcare services. In general, from the point of view of different schools, some characteristics and indicators are values and some are anti-values.According to the perspective of humanism, we see changes in these values and anti-values over time because it is the product of human thought and reason and has the ability to be deleted, modified or changed. From the point of view of Islam, in line with the system of human excellence and evolution, fixed value and anti-value indicators have been introduced and emphasis has been placed on the promotion of two types of material and spiritual values.The medical staff and people who deal with human life and soul need to have sufficient knowledge of these values so that they can preserve human honor and dignity in their profession and not violate it. Therefore, it is necessary to present a correct picture of the high value of a person and his high position in the religion of Islam, so that the staffs in charge of medical services can perform health activities in an optimal and appropriate manner and do not cause the slightest harm to the existence of a person and his dignity. In the examination of the teachings of Islam, it was found that three important values regarding the human position are significant, which have practical effects for the medical staffs: 1. The value of human life; 2. The value of the human body; 3. The value of human dignity.

The prevailing thinking and common perception of "health" is focused on the physical dimension and less attention is paid to the interaction between spirituality and physical health, while "health" is manifested in all material and spiritual aspects, because man is a truth consisting of body and soul. In Islamic anthropology, the relationship between different dimensions in human existence has been considered structurally and the relationship between material and spiritual dimensions of health and the effect of each on the other has been considered. Today, although medicine has implicitly accepted the need to transcend the transcendent concepts and meanings of spirituality, such as prayer therapy, into its full scope, it has not been fully accepted as it should be in a religion-based health system. Examining the teachings of Islam, it was found that there are many spiritual solutions that affect physical health. Piety and prayer were studied as important strategies on physical health and the role of these strategies on physical health was expressed.

The prevailing view in other health systems is rational analogy with experience, but in the "comprehensive health system of Islam" since its source is the Qurchr('39')an and traditions, the method of this system should be the same as the revelatory method and the method of narration with ijtihad method that is common in inference of jurisprudential decrees. That is, just as, for example, the science of principles is used in understanding verses and traditions in the field of jurisprudence, this science should also be used in understanding verses and traditions in the field of health. Of course, along with this ijtihad, experience is definitely used, but experience is not a criterion for determining the accuracy of verses and traditions, but experience is to apply the subject and understand the wisdom of verses and hadiths. Therefore, contrary to the common experiences in which trial and error is done to check the accuracy and precision of a hypothesis, in interpreting verses and traditions, accuracy and signification are determined by ijtihad method and based on Islamic epistemology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the method and logic of research in the "comprehensive health system of Islam" according to religious sources.

The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. By examining religious sources and comparative study of the existing research method in the current health system with the "Comprehensive Health System Of Islam" was examined.

Health is a multifaceted subject, it means that it can be studied in two realm of medical sciences and religious sciences. Therefore, in order to accurately explain the multifaceted issue of "health", we need interdisciplinary studies. The accepted interdisciplinary research method and logic in the "Comprehensive Health System Of Islam" is the application of a modern method of inference.

The aim of the present study was to compare comparative "bloating" in the fetus with physical changes in the fetus.

The study method in this research is descriptive and analytical which has been done by referring to religious and scientific texts and the obtained information has been categorized and analyzed.

"Bloating of the soul", in addition to causing spiritual change in the fetus, also causes physical changes in it. There are two criteria for determining the time of "bloating": 1. The apparent development of the fetus before "bloating". 2. The movement of the fetus in the mother’s womb after "bloating". According to the narrations, the jurists have announced the probable time of "swelling of the soul" between 4 and 5 months. The achievements of embryology show that the fetus in this period of time has reached a relative evolution in appearance and signs of the emergence of the five senses and memory and voluntary movements have been discovered in the fetus.

The results showed that in the period of 4 to 5 months, which is announced in the narrations for "bloating", the fetus develops and has the necessary physical quorum for "bloating".

According to the decree of some jurists, pure alcohol is not considered an example of intoxicants and if it is not derived from alcohol or other impurities, it can be used in the production process of food products. It is necessary to determine the allowable amount of alcohol used in the production of food products to know what percentage or amount of alcohol in food products can turn them intoxicating. The aim of this study was to explain the permissible amount of alcohol consumption in food products to calculate the Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) and its relationship with the amount of alcohol consumed, to determine the minimum volume of alcohol that causes drunkenness.

This research has been done with the method of library studies and in a descriptive-analytical way, which has obtained the necessary information by referring to religious and scientific texts and has been analyzed.

Findings show that whenever the level of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) reaches 0.02%, the first signs of drunkenness become mildly apparent. The lowest amount of alcohol that can cause such a level of drunkenness in the case of the weakest people in relation to the effects of alcohol is the consumption of 8 ml of alcohol in less than an hour. Less than this amount cannot cause drunkenness, so it can be considered as the allowable amount of alcohol in food products.

Considering the influence of "health" on the values of each society, the importance of paying attention to these values in designing health model of that society is determined.Although there are some common values to "health" in different societies, this commonality doesn’t eliminate our need to provide a "health" model appropriate to Islam principles.

The study method is descriptive-analytical with library approach and data analysis.

Based on Islamic epistemology and ontology, the astronomical model of "health"-according to a system of Earth's rotation and orbit-can be presented based on two types of relationships: -Longitudinal and transverse relationship:Sometimes there is a longitudinal relationship(cause-effect) between the health dimensions.This relationship determines the originality of these dimensions in relation to each other.There is a"longitudinal"relationship between"spiritual health"and other health dimensions, meaning "spiritual health" is more original.Other health dimensions are "transversely"related to each other and are on the same level. According to Earth's rotation, the moon (transverse dimension of "health")revolves around the earth(spiritual health). -The relationship between the world and the hereafter: in Islam viewpoint, according to the future of human life, direction of movement of all aspects of worldly health, it must be towards achieving the otherworldly health. So the main movement in this model is Earth's orbit: worldly health -the planet(spiritual health) and its moons(other dimensions of worldly health)-move towards the star(otherworldly health).

Although the new model has similarities with the existing ones, but has features such as the area of health realm, conjunction of health dimensions with each other and the leveling of health dimensions.

Every human has a special temperament and human temperament is different. Human temperament is affected by factors and affects some factors. One of the things that is affected by human temperament is human ethics and behaviors. In this article, how this affect is examined and analyzed from the perspective of religion (verses, traditions), philosophy, ethics and medicine.

The method of this study is descriptive and analytical which is done by referring to religious and scientific texts and the obtained information is classified and analyzed.

Some factors affect ethics in an acquired way and some in a non-acquired way. Temperament is one of the acquired and non-acquired factors that affect ethics, because temperament is divided into natural and acquired types. The way temperaments affect ethics is sometimes in the form of positive effects and sometimes in the form of negative effects

To talk about health and its dimensions has caught the attention of scholars and experts of dietetics and medicine. Scientific advances and modern technologies have well approved the tie of a set of factors to health. Due to the conscientious empirical and reveled reasons, the pattern of nutrition wields its influence on man’s body and soul and thus it forms the foundation of a happy life along with creativity and perseverance. In this regard, the faithful lifestyle has tied the pattern of nutrition with monotheistic values and approach and thus prepares the ground for man’s psychical health and perfection.  In their research, the authors have aimed to study the role of nutrition in sanity in the framework of Islamic lifestyle. The required data are collected from references of tradition and exegesis. As to the analysis of data and to answer the questions, they made use of referential-semantic analysis method. Findings show that careful choice of healthy diet pattern based on reveled teachings wields positive influence on health indexes such as: peace, abstention from anger and irritation, prevention of depression, being good-tempered and well-conditioned. Furthermore, the confirmation of soul-body relation and the necessity to meet bodily needs along with psychical needs sanitation sanity and taking heed of the special value of nutrition in the Islamic lifestyle are other findings of this research.

"Health" is one of the broadest issues in the field of thought human. Given the connection between "health" and all fields of human life, it can be considered as an immense subject. Islam as an Intellectual and practical school has a special look at the issue of "health". The type of insight that every person or society has on the issue of "health" will play a significant role in formatting lifestyle and directing them to their lifestyle. Whatever this look is more accurate, a smoother bed will be provided for human desirability. This paper examines the monotheistic insight of "Islam" in the field of health with a new attitude and examines two main parts of the benefits and effects of belief and applied.

The method of this study is descriptive and analytical, which is done by referring to religious and scientific texts and the obtained information is categorized and analyzed.  

Islam based on its own worldview and anthropology presents a special description of "health" that is significant in two fields of physics and metaphysics. "Health" in Islamic attitude had both a divine origin, and moves toward divine destination.

The purpose of human "health" is divine and metaphysical. Human should seek the goal of their "health" in their spiritual dimensions (in the approach to the source of "health", that is, God). If a human places his life in this direction, he will achieve the true meaning of his life.

Introduction & Objective:
Ethics, as affected by factors, affects some affairs also. One of those affected by it, is human temperament as a physical subject. How to influence ethics on temperament is a positive and sometimes negative effect. In the paper, it is tried to study the way in which it affected the human temperament as mentioned in the Quranic verses and traditions as well as the views given by philosophers, scholars of ethics and medical sciences. In addition, the effect of some ethical states on the types of temperament will also be examined. Given that specialist research has not been done so far, people often do not consider the cause and the way of treating many physical illnesses and disorders that are caused by ethical issues and problems. This highlights the need to study the issue. The method of study in this research is descriptive and analytical based on library approach. The obtained information has been categorized and analyzed. This research will show that moral excellence leads to positive effects, ie, the creation of moderation in temperament, and in the face of misunderstandings and ethical problems, also causes negative effects.

The numerous uses of "alcohol and alcoholic products" have caused it one of the issues facing people and medical sciences, which requires jurisprudential review. From the jurisprudential point of view, everything that is intoxicating is Najis and Haram. But the issue of iscar or lack of iscar of alcohol is a matter of dispute among Shi'a jurisprudents. Although some of this disagreement stems from the differences of jurisprudential principles and is inevitable, others are due to insufficient knowledge of the nature of alcohol. In this research, it has been attempted to explain the nature of alcohols from the jurisprudential theological point of view and its relation to the two jurisprudential titles of "Khamr" and "Mosker". The method of study in this research is descriptive and analytical, which is done by referring to religious and scientific texts and the information obtained is categorized and analyzed. alcohol is out of the question of religious evidence of Khamr and Mosker and they do not apply to any of the religious concepts of "khamr" or "Mosker".

Health is one of God's most important blessings; it is one of the necessities of life. Spirituality is the heart of Islam. It has four aspects namely verbal (philosophical), Islamic law (judicial), behavioral (values), and historical (social) aspects. Islamic spiritual health parameters are explained in this context. Group discussions and library studies were used to study and address various spiritual health topics in Persian. The results of this study provides an appropriate framework as a basis for further studies on Islamic spiritual health which upon completion can form the foundation for further research on this important topic.

Modern medical ethics, in particular the principle of Non-Maleficent, advises the medical staff to avoid any harm to the patient. Islamic jurists, using religious texts and sources, have introduced rules that are applicable in many areas of life. Among these rules, is the rule Non-Harm, that in this article to review this rule and its applications in medicine. In addition to discussions of the documents, a better understanding of the words "Darar" and "Dirar" and deny or forbid the word "La" at the beginning of the base document, is one of the major issues and disputes. Organ transplants, family planning and birth control, responsibility to protect the health, need to see a doctor for treatment, civil responsibility for doctors in the treatment, responsibility for custodians of society for the control of AIDS, are the problems affecting today's health systems that the rule of No Harm is flowing in them.

Language is very important in that it is the main means of communicaon between human beings. The first impression one receives in a communicaon with someone concerns a concepon of his or her speech— contents of his uerances poinng to his or her character and atudes. According to the Quran, God observes politeness in his verbal communicaons with the prophets, angels, believers, and even unbelievers. And the Quran asks believers to speak nicely with others and avoid bad, impolite words (even when they talk to an unbeliever). The Quran has suggested styles for how to speak, such as: resolute speech (al-qawl al-sadīd), commonly accepted speech (al-qawl al-mẚrūf), so speech (al-qawl al-layyin), eloquent speech (al-qawl al-balīgh), respecul speech (al-qawl al-karīm), and the best speech (al-qawl al-aḥsan). The speech should also be, according to the Quran, well-argued, clear, pleasant, to the point, and nice. In this paper, we classify the models of speech according to the Quran and its exegeses, in addion to hadiths. The classificaons include: family (the way parents should talk with their children and vice versa), society (the way teachers should speak with their pupils and vice versa, the way governmental officials should speak with people, the way people should speak with one another, speeches in military situaons, in propagaons, etc.).

The Holy Quran has employed implicit words for fertility. Man’s sperm or seminal fluid has been cited as one of the many factors of fertility. This point brought about many assumptions that ‘sperm’ is the only factor behind fertility. However, with due research, one understands that the Quran points at fertility of both man and woman alike. Most of the previous commentators, who knew nothing of physiology, fertility and woman’s physiological condition on fecundity, would ascribe the dominant medical theories of their time to the Quran but the new exegetes have reformed such interpretations. The Holy Quran has employed various terms for fertility and formation of genes. To have a precise understanding of the subject, one has to study the following five terms: absolute fluid, spilt or blended fluid, less or weak fluid, semen and mixed fluid. Studying such terms in the light of the new medical sciences would better reveal the scientific miracle of the Quran.

Today, the discussion of interdisciplinary humanities has led to a close relationship between various disciplines of science. This is the sphere where the relationships, realms, methods, strategies, functions, profits and… are discussed. In the meantime, recognition of the related sources of these sciences will pave the way for achieving the objectives. In this article, the writer pays attention to one of these scientific fields, which is sourcology of the Quran and health [hygiene]. Thus, he with introducing the related written books and articles and … tries to pave the background for the researchers to deduce scientific and exegetic examples from the Divine Book.