فاطمه بزازان

Today, most of the environmental issues and risks can be considered a local, regional, national and even global issue due to its dependence on macro-social issues such as economy, culture, development, politics and material and spiritual aspects of human life. Unfortunately, it can be said that the world has witnessed the destruction of its environment in recent years. Examining the interaction and relationship between economic and environmental activities is also one of the essential issues. In order to achieve the above goal in this study, the role and position of the carbon tax on economic sectors, especially the energy sector, was investigated based on the linkage indicators based on the extended iput output method based on the input output tables of 2015. According to the results of the general linkage indices, with the effect of carbon tax on the energy sector, this sector has a suitable link with Iran's economy, but it does not have a suitable position in comparison with other economic sectors. Regarding the forward links, it has shown a weak link in relation to the whole economy, and its diffusion and sensitivity indicators, as a whole, have not had the ability to create movement and economic development in the national economy. The impact and effectiveness of the energy sector in Iran's economy has been practically insignificant.

Economic prosperity (recession) means that the GDP increases (decreases) between two consecutive periods. One of the important approaches in examining economic prosperity and recession is the use of the capital matrix. This matrix is a suitable solution for providing the analysis of calculable general equilibrium patterns such as the dynamic input-output model. However, the main problem in the country is the lack of regional capital matrix statistical data. Therefore, it is practically impossible to check economic prosperity and recession at the regional level. The aim of the current research is to provide a non-statistical solution based on the theoretical foundations of the data to estimate the regional capital matrix from the national capital matrix. The results show that as the time interval increases, the estimated capital formation value of the region will be closer to the real capital formation value of the sector. This is truer in sectors that are inherently more disruptive. On the other hand, the results show that the most capital productions are related to industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, most capital purchases are related to industry, services and real estate sectors. On the other hand, the analysis of the regional capital matrix shows economic prosperity in 2015 for Isfahan province.

In this article, we introduce three types of input-output tables and modify a central bank table from 2016 to illustrate the transition from the first generation of statistical bases to the second generation, which meets the new international trade theory’s database requirements. The third type of table is critical and is considered the starting point for such changes. Given the lack of such a table in Iran, this article offers three challenges, followed by three critical questions: first, what can be done if official compilers do not attempt to develop such an input-output table soon? Second, which of the two types of tables has more statistical errors than the modified tables? Third, which of the two input-output tables is better for measuring value-added content in gross exports? The central bank's most recent SUT and intermediate import utilization data from 2016 are utilized to investigate three questions. The data show that: calculating the third type of table can solve this lack of statistics. In comparison to the second table, the third table exhibits fewer statistical mistakes. Finally, the third type of table outperforms the second in terms of quantifying value-added content in gross exports.

The lack of statistical data at the regional level has led to the expansion of non-statistical methods for the regionalization of national input-output tables. The main idea of the current research is the regionalization of national dynamic input-output tables using the extension of the Charm method. This research using this non-statistical method provides an estimate of the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level, and finally, with the help of the numerical index of capital productivity and the Williamson’ capital index and comparing it with the relative advantage index, it measures the capacity of capital formation. Part of it is in Isfahan province. The results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province has the lowest numerical index of capital productivity and the highest balanced diffusion effects of capital and the highest comparative advantage in 2015.

One of the most efficient methods for examining intra-regional economic capacities is the use of intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix. In Iran, due to the lack of sufficient statistical data, no attempt has been made to estimate the sectoral capital matrix in the regional level. The purpose of the current research is to regionalize the national dynamic input-output table with the help of expanding the CHARM non-statistical method and estimating the intra-regional and inter-regional capital matrix; to provide an analysis of the capital capacity of different economic sectors in the region with the help of these matrices. In the current research, among all the non-statistical regionalization methods of the national input-output tables, the Charm approach has been selected in accordance with the regional data. The reason for choosing Charm method is the existence of Cross Hauling in Isfahan province. One of the problems of Charm's method is the placement of national and regional technology coefficients. This simplifying assumption causes the intermediate demand within the region to increase and therefore the added value, which is estimated as a residual; it will be very small or even negative. For this purpose, the current research will regionalize the matrix of national technology coefficients with the help of spatial coefficients; to solve the problem. By estimating the regional capital matrix, an analysis of the final productivity of the sector's capital factor and inter-sector capital distribution will be presented, and the results of these sectors will be compared with the indicators of comparative advantage of the sector. Finally, the research questions will be answered:
Which effect will the adjustment of the national technology coefficients have on the added value of the province?
What is the capital matrix of the sector in Isfahan province?
Which sector in Isfahan province has the highest numerical index of capital productivity?
Which economic sectors in Isfahan province have more distribution of capital formation?
What are the economic sectors with the greatest comparative advantage in Isfahan province?

At first, it is necessary to estimate the national capital matrix with the help of available data and simplifying assumptions. By estimating the national dynamic input-output table, we will have an estimate of the regional dynamic input-output table with the help of the extension of Charm method. To solve the problem of equality of national and regional technology coefficients, by multiplying the diagonal matrix of spatial coefficients in the matrix of national technology coefficients, we will obtain the spatial technology matrix of the region, and by multiplying this estimated matrix in the resulting diagonal matrix, we will obtain the regional technology matrix. Therefore, smaller regional coefficients will be estimated.
On the other hand, to estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the difference ratio of the region's output in two periods is used to the same amount at the national level. In this case, the intra-regional capital matrix is estimated. A time interval of one year is considered. The reason for choosing this time interval is that the country's budget is one year and a huge part of the inter-sectoral investment in the region is done by the central government. To estimate the intra-regional capital matrix, the spatial ratio of the region's capital asset ownership to the entire country is used. Finally, by subtracting the national capital matrix from the intra-regional capital matrix, we will get an estimate of the correct inter-regional capital matrix. Finally, with the estimation of the capital matrix, the assessment of the capital formation capacity of the intra-regional sector of Isfahan province is carried out with the help of single-factor productivity analysis of capital and the Williamson index of capital and the estimation of the relative advantage index.

In the case that the coefficients of national technology are equal to regional technology, the added value is negatively estimated in four sectors, agriculture, mining, water and electricity, gas and construction. This is despite the fact that in the proposed method of the current research, these positive values are estimated. According to the capital matrix, the most productions were related to the industry, construction and agriculture sectors. Also, the most capital purchases were related to industry, services and real estate sectors. The highest level of sector productivity is related to the communication, mining and transportation sectors. One of the reasons for the increase in user productivity((L↑)/K ) of the sector is compared to other economic sectors. According to Wilsamson's index, the industrial sector, as a supply sector, has distributed its produced capital goods in a more balanced way among the demand sectors. Three sectors, industry, transportation and real estate, have the greatest comparative advantage according to both indicators. But none of the sectors has a high relative advantage.

In summary, the results show that the industry sector with the largest share of output from the total output of the province had low productivity in 2015. Meanwhile, according to Williamson's index, this sector has the most balanced emission effects with other economic sectors, and the results of the previous link also confirm this. Also, based on the RCA and SRCA indices, this sector has a comparative advantage. Therefore, paying attention to new investment in this sector and improving production technology can have good effects on the sector itself and ultimately on other economic sectors in the region.

Human demand for natural resources is surpassing the Earth’s biocapacity and regenerative capacity, leading to environmental degradation. Accurate research is essential to investigate and predict these changes more precisely. The ecological footprint serves as a suitable index for tracking human demand, resource recovery capacity, and waste absorption in the environment. The concept aims to offer a land-based measure that estimates the impact of consumption on the environment in the land area required to fulfill consumption. The dynamic input–output approach represents a novel method for measuring the ecological footprint, predicting land use based on economic growth rates. Pioneering the dynamic ecological footprint calculation using real-world data, the current study calculated Iran’s ecological footprint by relying on 1395/2016 input-output tables from the Central Bank in three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services. The per-capita ecological footprint for Iran was determined to be 0.42 hectares with an 8% planned economic growth rate. If the ecological footprint continues to grow at the same rate, it is estimated that Iran’s land biocapacity will be depleted by the year 1412/2033. Considering a growth rate of 6.4% (excluding oil) in the year 1395/2016, this scenario is anticipated to occur by the year 1417/2038.

Two methods, the hypothetical extraction method and the conventional method, are used for measuring value added in trade. The former has three general steps in which the sum of the domestic value added (DVA) share and the vertical specialization (VS) share of gross exports is equal at the macroeconomic level, but not at the activity level. The latter, however, not only guarantees the macro level but can also be extended to the level of economic activities. Moreover, while the former has attracted the attention of researchers in Iran, the latter has been neglected. The main objective of this article is to fill this gap following the main question: Does the application of these two methods in measuring value added in trade have the same or different results? For this purpose, the latest input-output table of 2016 is used. The overall results show that, at the macro level, the results of the two methods are the same. Secondly, the results of the two methods show a different picture at the activity level, so that in the hypothetical extraction method the sum of DVA and VS at the activity level is greater or smaller than one, which makes the interpretation of the results and policy analysis difficult, whereas in the conventional method provides unique ratio, which makes the interpretation of the results and policy analysis possible at the activity level.

Providing analysis using regional input-output tables is a way to understand regional economy and sector policies. Due to the lack of regional data collection by upstream institutions in Iran, non-statistical methods for estimating regional input-output tables have been of interest. The CHARM method is one of the conventional methods of regionalization of national input-output tables in the conditions of simultaneous bilateral trade. But one of the problems of the CHARM method is the assumption of the equality of national and regional technology coefficients. Despite this assumption, the regional difference is practically ignored. This research is trying to prevent the underestimation of provincial added value by regionalizing the coefficients of the national technology and including regional differences in the analysis. Also, in the following, the sections with the most posterior and anterior links will be identified. The results show that the added value of Isfahan province and other provinces of the country are closer to reality in the adjusted state. Also, the industrial sector of Isfahan province has the most backward and forward linkages in the adjusted state.

Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.

Environmental crises caused by the combustion of energy carriers require efficient economic policies, and carbon dioxide taxation is one of the policies that policymakers have always feared about its distributional effects. therefore, the main purpose of this study is to study the distributive effect of carbon taxation in Iran. The study was conducted using the SAM-based multiplier approach in the first stage and then the structural path analysis in the framework of SAM-based. In the experimental part, in order to operationalize the model, the social accounting matrix of 2011 of the Parliamentary Research Center and the tax rate of eighty thousand Rials per ton have been used as a statistical basis. The results show that among the economic sectors, electricity pays the highest taxes due to high consumption of petroleum products, and households are directly and indirectly affected by the tax situation. They contribute directly to the tax in proportion to the consumption of fossil fuels directly, as well as to the consumption of goods produced indirectly from fossil fuels. The results showed that high-income households in rural and urban areas, and urban households will bear more tax burden and the cost-of-living index of households will increase by 2.8% with the above tax. The results showed, the service, agriculture and food sectors indirectly play an important role in the cost-of-living index of households. In examining the structural path analysis, to the household cost of living index, the direct paths of polluting sectors are more important than the indirect paths.

Economic growth and development require greater use of human, physical, and natural resources to increase production and per-capita income. In fact, environmental degradation has been the primary product of man’s efforts to secure improved standards of living for the growing number of people. The extent of environmental degradation is linked to human population size and the quantity of natural resources available per person. Rapid population growth, intensification of agriculture, uncontrolled growth of urbanization, and industrialization play important roles in resource depletion, waste production and environmental degradation. The increasing population and growing affluence have resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption and, thus, the environmental effects like ground water and surface water contamination, air pollution and global warming. All of them are of growing concern due to the increasing levels of consumption. The many problems that are now evident emphasize the urgent need to reassess the status of environmental resources. Based on the evidence, definitive plans must be developed to improve environmental management now and for the future.
The importance of non-renewable energy is not only because energy is an input of production and its consumption facilitates the production but also because it is a major source of carbon emission, leading to environmental degradation. In fact, the increased use of energy, especially from carbon-related sources, is associated with a rising level of carbon emission, which is harmful to environment and human health. Then, one of the major problems of mankind is to combine the energy consumption and to have respect for environment. The present paper is an attempt to study the effects of increased production on energy consumption and the energy content of goods and services of different economic sectors in Yazd Province. Therefore, the energy footprint index is briefly introduced and, according to the theoretical framework, the fossil energy contents of the economic sectors in the province are calculated for 2011.

Considering that the main objective of the present study is to assess and calculate the use of energy in different economic sectors of Yazd Province and since there are interrelationships between economic activities and energy consumption, we use the energy footprint indexes for domestic and foreign trade, i.e., exports and imports, and a regional input-output model to calculate the energy contents of goods and services of various economic sectors in the province. To this end, in the present study, the Industry-Specific FLQ (SFLQ) method is used based on the national input-output table of 2011 to compute the input-output table of Yazd Province in 20 sectors defined by the Statistical Center of Iran.

Information on the domestic energy footprint at the level of economic sectors in Yazd Province shows that the sectors "Other services", "Manufacture of fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment" and "Other food, beverage and tobacco" have the highest share of the fossil energy content in the final domestic demand of the province. Also, the study of the content of fossil energy in the export of goods and services shows that, in 2011, the amount of fossil energy exported through goods and services out of the province was 699,979,025 tons. The findings indicate that the "other services" and "manufacturing of metal fabricated products except machinery and equipment" sectors have the most traces of the export energy. Also, some sectors, such as "construction" and "transportation", have a small share in the export energy footprint due to their export value and low increasing coefficients. From the sum of the values of each section in the matrix of the energy footprint for imported intermediate and final goods, 20% of the total energy footprint of the imported goods and services is related to the final import energy footprint, and the remaining share belongs to the intermediate import energy footprint. The "building" and "transportation" sectors have the highest fossil energy content, respectively. The sections "Manufacture, repair and installation of computer products and manufacture and repair of electrical appliances" are in the last ranks due to their lower import values and lower energy increasing coefficients. Finally, the trade balance of energy footprint was calculated, which showed a difference between the exports and imports of virtual energy at the level of economic sectors. Although comparative and competitive advantages should be considered in exports and imports, the importance of virtual energy in competitive advantages has been ignored in the country. Therefore, virtual energy should be considered in the production of goods and services to get their competitive advantages known to the outside world. The findings indicate that Yazd Province is an importer of net fossil fuels. In other words, only seven sectors have a trade surplus of fossil energy content.

Despite the special importance of energy content (energy footprint), the number of national studies conducted in this field is very small. The energy footprint index at the macro level is less accurate than its measurement at the sectoral level. The results of the research indicate that Yazd Province is a net importer of net fossil fuels. In other words, only seven sections including "crude oil, natural gas and other mines", "other food, beverage and tobacco products", "manufacture of rubber and plastic products", "manufacture of non-metallic mineral products", "manufacture of fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment", "manufacture, repair and installation of subsidized products and manufacture and repair of electrical appliances", and "other services" have a positive energy footprint trade balance. The findings related to the trade deficit of fossil energy contents in most economic sectors of the province indicate that the industrial and production activities over there are at a low level. In other words, the trade deficit of the province proves that the structure of the province's economy depends on the outside world.

The Multi-Regional Input-Output Table (MRIO) provides comprehensive information on the economic statistics of regions, with help of which economic structure of regions and economic relations among them are determined. Since regional tables and statistics data of inter-regional trade, which are necessary for the construction of multi-regional output tables, are not created by official institutions in Iran, using non-survey methods in regional Input-output literature is the only solution. The main aim of this paper is to provide a nine-zone Input-output table based on the CHARM method in Iran, and to estimate interregional trade. Regional accounts and the national statistical Input-output table in 2011 of Iran’s Statistical Center, have been used as statistical bases. The results of this study indicate that the total value of Interregional trade in Iran is 1000679 billion rials. The highest volume of interregional trade belongs to Khuzestan region is 337658, and the region of southern Alborz with a volume of 242225 and the lowest volume is related to the Azarbaijan region with a volume of 38,283 billion Rials. The largest volume of interregional trade of Iran is in the crude oil and natural gas sector, and then services. The highest volume of interregional trade in the Shomal, Azerbaijani, South-Eastern and Zagros regions are in the agricultural sector, Khuzestan region in the crude oil and natural gas sector, Fars region in the construction of petroleum products and chemicals, the south Alborze and Khorasan regions are in the service sector And the Central region in the manufacturing of metals and electronic and metal products.

Tourism has not been a growing sector in Iran in recent decades due to political conflicts with the west. Still, there is hope that it grows after lifting the economic and monetary sanctions and may bring both political and economic stability and more foreign tourists to Iran. This paper aims to study the distributional impact of foreign tourist spending in Iran using structural path analysis (SPA) within the SAM framework. The primary databases are the 2011 SAM and foreign tourism spending in 2018. According to the SAM multiplier results, high-income groups benefit significantly from foreign tourists spending and generates more inequality between ten deciles of urban and rural household income groups. Moreover, the SPA approach results indicate that most of the paths affecting household income pass through production factors. Evaluating production factors reveal that mixed-income has a significant contributor to intermediate paths., Its share in global influence for higher-income groups is significantly greater than middle- and low-income groups. Global influence also reveals that compensation of employees for lower household income groups would be affected sharply.

In today’s world, tourism is the industry of the century and has a progressive perspective. An industry with high potential in creating new jobs which has a significant role in economic growth and reducing poverty and it is always pointed that tourism can generate income and save developing countries from having single product economy. Meanwhile the sustainability of the industry and its revenue and finding an appropriate model to represent the factors affecting the tourism income are of great concern. Among all the factors which have been considered in previous papers in this field, the innovation has been neglected while it is a key driver in all tourism-related sectors to survive and grow especially in the industries with the aspect of competitiveness. The innovation can increase the revenue by building competitive advantage and positively affecting the competitiveness and enhancing the productivity. So this study focuses on the effect of the innovation on tourism income in D8 Islamic countries in the period 2010 - 2017. The results confirm the positive and statistically significant effect of innovation on tourism income and considering it in the model, even the other factors such as governance index, real exchange rate and trade openness can be dropped out of the model and yet, keeping GDP and infrastructures in the equation, the final model to estimate the tourism income is obtained.

Statistical facts show that Iran’s Social Security Organization (SSO) Pension System will face financial deficits soon. Therefore, a set of plan reforms, aimed at achieving financial stability, is needed. Reforms are also generally carried out at two levels of parametric and structural.

In this study, parametric reforms in terms of changes in retirement conditions and changes in pension indexation have been investigated. For this purpose, a population model for Iran has been drawn, and based on that the status of SSO members has been estimated from 2015 to 2090. Then, based on the available data, the financial stability status of the system is evaluated in two scenarios: either continuation of the existing situation or conducting the parametric reforms.

The results show that without reforms, the system’s deficit will increase over time and will reach more than 5.1 percent of GDP until 2050. In this situation, to keep the pension system stable, the contribution rate increased to 60.7% of wages, but if reforms were implemented, the deficit would be delayed until 2052.

Nonetheless another question raised, that is, how these reforms would affect retirees’ welfare. For this purpose, we define the Replacement Rate as an index which measured the welfare of retirees. The simulation shows that although the replacement rate for the whole system has decreased, but for the system members individually, the replacement rate has changed slightly, indicating that this type of reform has not had a significant effect on reducing the retirees’ welfare.

This study measures the impact of foreign tourism revenue on sectoral output growth and identifying its channels of economic impacts. For this purpose output multipliers and structural path analysis approaches in the social accounting matrix framework are employed. The most advantage of the structural path analysis is that provides a detailed technique of decomposing output multipliers and identifying a full network of path of economic influence from the origin sector to its ultimate destination. For this purpose main data bases are: the 2011 SAM of Parliament Research Center of Iran and the foreign inbound tourism revenue in 2017 in the absence of tourism satellite accounts in Iran.Results show foreign tourism revenue (28.2 thousands billion rials) has led to increased output of all economic sectors (62.1thousands billion rials), and total output multiplier is 2.31 unit, in which other services, wholesale and retail, and hotel sectors have received 13.71, 13.66, and 12.66 percent of the total output effects, respectively. The decomposition of output multiplier and structural path analysis results revealed that food, restaurant, road, rail and air transportation have the most direct paths and vice versa for the other related tourism sectors. Moreover, wholesale and retail, agriculture, road transportation, and other services play a significant role in influencing foreign tourists' incomes on the Iranian economy.

Regional policy requires the use of a suitable economic model. One of the common patterns in this field is the multi-region input-output model in which the national economy is subdivided into regions with different comparative advantages and on the basis of specific policies. Multi-regional input-output data preparation in Iran has always been one of the main challenges in using them to measure the impact of policymaking in regions. In this study, in order to overcome the above challenge, the hybrid Location Quotient - Gravity method is introduced for the first time in Iran and has been empirically prepared for three regions of Iran. In hybrid Location Quotient - Gravity Method for Providing trade data between regions, utilizes the most space-economy factors (supplier size, demand size, total economy size, and distance) simultaneously. In the Experimental section, in order to operate the above method are used the National Input -output Table of 2011 and the statistics of regional accounts of provinces that are divided into three regions: Tehran, oil-rich regions (including Khuzestan, Bushehr, Ilam, Kohkiloyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and Trans-region) and have been calculated using three regional data-output coefficients. The results show that coefficients are different in the three study areas. Meanwhile, Tehran province has the most spillover effects among the study areas and the rest economy has the most coefficient.

The environmental crises, caused by the increased energy consumption and the increasing trend of pollutants emissions resulted from energy carrier’s combustion in the world, is recognized as one of the most important challenges faced by governments in the 21st century. The CO2 taxation is considered as one of the CO2 emission reduction policies in one hand and increases government income on the other hand. Implementation of this policy has distributive effects that can help policymakers measure it. The present study aimed to investigate the distributive effects of CO2 taxation on urban and rural households’ incomes, using the environmental input-output approach. Main data bases in this study are: 2011 input-output table of Static Centre of Iran that is aggregated to 12 sectors due to statistical constraints on sectoral energy consumption. The second data base is consumption of petroleum products of economic was obtained from energy balanced sheet 2011. Rural and urban expenditure and incomes’ households are collected from 2011 Static Centre of Iran, This results show that the distributional effect of the carbon tax on rural household is progressive but for urban households not.

In this paper, we use the insights of the Real Business Cycles School, to calculate effects of different approaches to allocation of non-renewable (oil) resources’ revenues on Iran’s economic growth. We compare three different approaches, namely allocating the total revenue to the government, allocating some part of the revenue to the government and the rest to investing and allocating the revenue based on Hartwick lemma by using a General Equilibrium Model.The results show that to obtain the best results in terms of  economic growth, we should allocate the revenues based on Hartwick lemma. In another word, technical growth can cause suitable economic growth only if accumulation of capital can replace the non-renewable (energy) resource’s revenue.

Today, tourism is one of the world's highest booming economic sectors and it is such important in socio-economic development that economists have called it “invisible export”. Given the expanding role of tourism in economic prosperity and the existence of religious and historic sites in Khorasan Razavi province, especially the Imam Reza holy shrine, the impact of tourism on the economy of Khorasan Razavi province is studied in form of a two-region input-output model. For this purpose, input-output coefficients of Khorasan Razavi province and other areas of Iran have been calculated with the use of FLQ non-statistical method from the national input-output table of the year 2011. By calculating direct and increasing coefficients of production and employment in Khorasan Razavi province and the rest of the national economy, a two-region input-output model is presented here. The expenditures paid by domestic tourists staying in the province have been added to our model as export of this province. Our findings show that because of domestic tourists in year 2011, production and employment in this province have been increased 12/11 and 11/47 percent respectively. Moreover, The manufacturing sector in Khorasan Razavi did have the highest level of output impact from the arrival of domestic tourists. The tourism-related sectors, such as transportation and warehousing on the one hand, and wholesale and retail on the other hand were placed in the second and third rank respectively.

Multiregional economic models that present a set of regional economies in a continuous manner and show cross-regional interactions require calculating the export of each region to other regions and import of each region from other regions. In the process of survey inter-regional relations and creating multi-regional input-output, the missing link is the estimation of inter-regional trade. In this study Iran was divided into nine regions, and using the CHARM method and Gravity model with the aim of estimation  of regional and inter-regional trade, the total volume of trade between the two regions and the trade of each part of the region was calculated with other regions. Accordingly, the total volume of Iran’s interregional trade is 858.133 billion rials. The interregional trade about regions that are geographically located in the center of the country are higher than the non-central regions of the country, such that the highest volume of interregional trade is related to the Alborz Jonubi region with the volume of 173,637 billion Rials and the smallest volume of interregional trade related to the Azarbayjan area with the volume of 68.392 billion Rials. The largest volume of interregional trade, in the Costal-North area is in the agricultural sector, the Azerbaijan region is in the industrial sector, the Zagros region is in the agricultural sector, the Khuzestan region is in the mining sector, the Fars region is in the industrial sector, the Alborz region is in the service sector, the Central region is in the Industry sector, the South-East region is in the industry sector and in the Khorasan region is in the Service sector. In addition, the international trade of the regions was estimated by sector, and with combining the results of the regional and international trade estimates, policy recommendations were presented for each region.

The fiscal illusion is the source of distrust between the government and the people, which can affect the performance of the country's economy in the formal sector and affect the variables of macroeconomics such as government budget and tax revenues. The fiscal illusions of the state budget channel affect the economic growth of countries. This phenomenon is most likely to occur in countries where government incomes and expenditures are not fully recognized or controlled by taxpayers; as a result, they increase demand for goods and services and increase government spending. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Causes and results of fiscal illusion and Process it's in Iran during the years of 1978-2014. in this study, the fiscal illusions in the context of the model of LISRE software (Linear Structural Relationships) are specified and measured by the data given from the Central Bank and the Statistics Center of Iran during the years of 1978-2014. The results indicate that the most important determinant of the size of fiscal illusions in Iran is the tax burden that policymakers try to conceal by creating government debt illusions and illusions of private sector expenditures on public debt levels.

An interregional input-output analysis can illustrate the full picture of trade between regions at the economic sect oral levels. This analysis is due to the availability of an interregional input-output table (IRIO). Since the IRIO tables are not provided by an official institution in Iran, in the regional input-output literature, it is necessary to use no survey methods. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to estimate the trade between two major provinces, Tehran and Isfahan in order to prepare a two-region IRIO table that the sum of which is not the national economy. This table can measure not only the trade between the regions but also prepare the international trade in the above areas. The main data bases of the research are: The National Statistical Input-Output Table of 1390, and the regional accounts of Tehran and Isfahan provinces at the level of 72 economic sectors from the Statistical Center of Iran, which have been aggregated in to 9 sectors to describe the results. Findings indicate that, Isfahan province’s imports from Tehran is 5 times of Tehran province’s imports from Isfahan. The greatest value of sect oral import of the two regions belongs to other manufacturing sectors. The value of total trade between Tehran and Esfahan is 546 and 551 trillion rails respectively. The highest international sect oral imports and exports of the provinces of Tehran and Isfahan are related to the manufacture of various chemicals, metals, minerals, machinery, equipment and tools sector and other manufactures. The calculation of the import coefficient shows that the highest import coefficient of Tehran province from Isfahan is 0.039 and the highest import coefficient of Isfahan province from Tehran is 2.439 and both are in the section "other manufacture" of industry.

Energy-intensive industries in Iran are responsible for a significant share of energy consumption, especially oil products. Therefore, there is a major focus on promoting energy efficiency in such industries. Energy efficiency improvement results in rebound and backfire effects. In this paper we estimate the effects of fuels, electricity and energy efficiency improvement in energy intensive industries based on computational general equilibrium model. Simulation is done for six scenarios, including 3. 1% efficiency improvement of electricity, fuels and energy for energy intensive industries and all sectors of economy. Results show that the rebound effects in chemical and basic metal industries are considerable (For instance, there are rebound effects of 79%, 94% and 92% in the last third scenarios in chemical industry). In addition, efficiency improvement will result in production cost decrease. Chemical and non- metallic mineral industries experiencing the most decreases of production cost around 0. 9% and 0. 6%, respectively.
JEL Classification: C68، Q41، Q43

Today, pollution has become one of the main challenges for governing countries. So that countries, in addition to set the related policies and practices within its borders, they looking for solutions to this problem in the international organization. To achieve a persistent growth with environmental protection in a developing country like Iran needs to pay more attention to energy intensity and the greenhouse gas emission. This study aimed to determine the investment priorities subject to minimizing the carbon dioxide emissions and maximizing economic growth. In this order, output multipliers of each sector, and direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of each sector production process, are calculated by using domestic social accounting matrix in 1390. The results show although foods, agriculture, construction, metal products have high output multipliers, emit lower carbon dioxide.

The content of the book "Resistance Economics, from theory to practice" includes theoretical foundations and challenges in the field of resilient economy, the conditions for its realization and its achievements. In this regard, using a 6-loop management model, a theoretical and practical review of the resistance economy has been studied.Model loops include: leadership and management, decrease dependencies, modifying structures, infrastructure development, people-centered and communications and global interactions.The structure of the book is news and sermon and economic analysis has not been used. The lack of use of up-to-date statistics, measuring instruments in economics, and inadequate analysis of the structure of the Iranian economy, are its shortcomings. In general, the book can be used to gain general information on the Resistance Economics and the problems of the Iranian economy.However, in the field of economic analysis, especially the subject of literature and the scientific tools used, there are many deficiencies.