فاطمه دولتی

Population and its various dimensions have always been a concern for policymakers and experts. Natural population growth is the result of birth and death rates, while migration and mobility have a significant impact on the increase or decrease of demographic changes. Marginalization and the establishment of informal settlements, increasing land and housing prices, environmental degradation, indiscriminate use of groundwater, reduction of per capita green space, traffic and air pollution, urban waste generation and improper disposal, soil erosion, and industrial pollution are among the challenges and conflicts that arise from population growth and concentration in the country's metropolises. Based on the research methodology, this study follows a descriptive-analytical approach. According to the theoretical framework, all components were examined at the global and national levels with a focus on Iran, and the necessary information was collected to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the research. The ranking and prioritization model and Lorenz curve algorithm were used for screening and prioritization. First, the collected data were analyzed using Excel software and then transformed into numerical charts using the Lorenz curve. The research findings indicate that simultaneous with population growth and concentration in metropolises, development and progress have not occurred in parallel, and various differences and conflicts have emerged among different social classes and levels due to overcrowding, population movements, and development disparities in cities and metropolises.

Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, which appeared in late 2019, can have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. Studies in different parts of the world indicate the importance of cardiac troponin as a predictor in coronary heart disease patients. Heart damage occurs frequently in Coronavirus 2 infection and is associated with a high risk of mortality in these patients. In people with Covid-19, various biomarkers are screened to assess the patient's condition and assess the severity of the disease. Measurement of serum troponin levels is of great importance. Increased troponin levels in the blood of these patients could indicate heart damage and indicate a high mortality rate in future patients.

 The drug resistance mutations are key elements in the failure of long-term treatment of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The mutation in the YMDD motif in the P gene of HBV is the most critical factor in antiviral drug (especially lamivudine) resistance. This study aimed to assess the YMDD motif and other polymerase gene mutations in individuals with HBV/HIV coinfection.

 All enrolled patients were under lamivudine treatment. Blood samples were collected from 37 HBV/HIV-positive patients, and DNA was extracted. The P gene was amplified by the PCR method with appropriate primers. The PCR products for detecting mutations in the P gene were sent to the Macrogen. To investigate the P gene mutations, the obtained sequences were compared with the polymerase gene of the HBV standard sequence in the GeneBank (accession number AB033559).

 The mean age of the patients was 34.1±5.7 years, of which 59.5% were male, and 40.5% were female. Of all patients, 56% were drug abusers, 35% had risky sexual behavior, 56% had prison history, and 33% had addicted wives. The 37 extracted samples were sequenced successfully. Among the studied samples (n =37), 28 patients had simultaneous mutations of YIDD and FLMAQ, 1 patient had YINN and FLIPH and 1 patient had YIDD and FSLAQ.

 In summary, drug-resistant variants were detectable in most coinfected patients with chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) and HIV. As a result of mutations, therapeutic strategies sometimes are not effective. Therefore, recognition and monitoring of drug resistance mutations are critical.