فاطمه سادات موسوی

One of the requirements of today's society is to pay attention to public culture. The state of a society's culture tells about the general state of that society from the degree of adherence and non-adherence of its people to the norms. From a sociological point of view, cultural norms include values, customs and laws. Considering that the words of Amir al-Mumenin, peace be upon him, pay more attention to the value dimension of public culture, in this research, we are trying to examine it in its social dimension and from its value aspect, by referring to Nahj al-Balaghe and extracting and analyzing related propositions. In response to the question of what criteria can be obtained from Nahj al-Balaghe to recognize the inappropriateness of culture in the social dimension, to criteria such as oppression, fault-finding, rumour-mongering, cultural backwardness, cutting off communication with others, offering to help others, reneging on promises, suspicion, flattery and talkativeness, As the criteria of impropriety and its lack of desirability in a religious society based on Islamic principles, by using the method of qualitative analysis of the content of propositions, we have come to the conclusion that some of the people's behaviors in the form of public culture are unjust according to the propositions of Nahj al-Balaghe and should be corrected.

Foot reflexology and auriculotherapy are two complementary treatments for pain relief. Considering that it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency and priorities in the use of complementary medicine methods. Therefore, this study was conducted in the aim of comparing the effect of auriculotherapy and foot reflexology on the sensory and emotional dimensions of pain and the use of painkillers after elective cesarean delivery.

This three-group randomized clinical-trial study was conducted on 101 pregnant women eligible for the study who had referred to Om al-Banin hospital in Mashhad for elective cesarean section using convenient sampling method. After selecting research units and randomly assigning women into 21 blocks of 6 using randomized block method, research units were divided into three groups of auriculotherapy, foot reflexology, and control. There were 36 people in each group. In the intervention groups, 2 to 3 hours after the operation, auriculotherapy was performed in one group and foot reflexology was performed for 20 minutes in the other group. In the control group, routine ward care was performed. In all three groups, if needed, the research units received painkillers (diclofenac suppository 100 mg) according to the hospital routine, and the number of painkillers consumed by the researcher was recorded up to 24 hours after the operation. Pain was assessed with the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, one and two hours after the intervention. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and chi-square tests, Fisher's exact test, one-way analysis of variance and analysis of variance with variable sizes. The significance level of P is less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The results showed that in the groups that the interventions were done after one and two hours, sensory dimension of pain was significantly lower than control group just in auriculotherapy group (p values respectively p=0.004 and P<0.001). Moreover, two hours after the interventions, affective dimension of pain was significantly lower than control group just in auriculotherapy group (p=0.008) But no significant difference was observed between the Foot reflexology and control group (P>0.05). The consumption of rectal diclofenac was statistically lower in the both intervention groups compared with control group (P<0.001). Postpartum hemorrhage for 2 hours after interventions were no difference in the three groups (P > 0.05).

Auriculotherapy and foot reflexology both can reduce consumption of analgesic. However, auriculotherapy is more effective in reducing sensory and affective dimensions of pain.

Infertility is a common global problem, approximately 40-50% of which is related to male infertility. Since complementary medications and alternative medicine are recently considered for the treatment of infertility, the current study was conducted with aim to assess the effect of carob on semen parameters and male infertility in human and animal experimental studies.
This systematic review study was performed based on PRISMA guidelines using Persian and English keywords and their possible combinations and search in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Medlib, Persian SID and Magiran databases, and Google Scholar search engine with keywords based on MeSh, including siliqua (carob), sperm, testis, male infertility, and semen without time limit until April 2023. The inclusion criteria were human and animal interventional studies conducted on men and male animals.
Out of a total of 176 studies, 14 animal studies and three human studies entered the study. The experimental animals included rats, roosters, rams, and dogs. The results of most studies indicated that carob improves sperm parameters such as concentration, progressive motility, morphology, viability, quality, and semen volume. However, the results are contradictory regarding its effect on antioxidant activity, oxidative stress index, and increasing fertility.
Carob plant is effective on some parameters of sperm and male fertility, although due to the insufficient number of articles in some cases and the existence of contradictions in the results of some other articles, it is not possible to give a definite opinion about this plant, therefore, to determine its definite effectiveness, it is recommended to design and perform more studies with a larger sample size and a more accurate method.

In recent years, an effective recycling process from smoked cigarette butts is the main challenge for decreasing the worldwide environmental pollution. Therefore, low-cost activated carbon fibers (ACFs) are synthesized by a carbonization/ activation process derived from smoked cigarette filters, in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) acts as the chemical activation agent. The KOH-treated filters were added to a tube oven and heated at various rates and held at 800 °C for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The effects of various synthesis procedures on surface morphology, microstructure, and porosity of the synthesized ACFs were investigated. The surface morphology and microstructural analysis of ACFs displayed that the porous spots and oxygen-containing groups (COOH, –OH, and C=O) are formed on the surfaces of fibers. The obtained results displayed that the synthesized ACFs have developed porous structures with fibrous shapes. The ACFs with maximum carbon yield, surface area, and total pore volume of 29.41 %, 855 m2/g, and 0.7431 cm3/g were synthesized at a KOH concentration of 10 g/l, a heating rate of 2 °C/min, and carbonization temperature of 800 °C. This study presented an engineering process for the production of ACFs through recycling smoked cigarette butts with chemical activation protocol.

Background & Aims:

The job performance of midwives largely determines the quality of healthcare services. Spiritual intelligence refers to a set of capabilities encompassing effective compatibility and problem-solving behaviors. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between midwives' spiritual intelligence and their clinical performance.

Materials & Methods:

This correlation study included 232 midwives working in the maternity wards of the hospitals and healthcare centers affiliated with the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The random sampling and stratified cluster sampling methods were adopted in the maternity wards and healthcare centers, respectively. The required data were collected using personal information forms, Badi’s Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire, and Hadizadeh’s Justified Performance scale for the direct observation of the midwives’ clinical performance. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. P< 0.05 was set as the significance level.

According to the results, the mean scores of the participants’ spiritual intelligence and clinical performance were 188.6±19.7 and 1.5±0.4, respectively. The Spearman correlation tests indicated no significant correlation between spiritual intelligence and the total clinical performance or its dimensions (namely communication, education, and caregiving) (P>0.05).

Important variables other than spiritual intelligence influence clinical performance. It appears that in the case of clinical performance of those dealing with human lives, the staff strive to improve the patients’ conditions under all circumstances and would never compromise their great responsibilities under any conditions.

This study explores the impact of flipped learning methods on student engagement in experimental science classes. The study analyzes various experimental studies that have examined the effects of flipped learning on student participation and interaction. The findings suggest that flipped learning significantly enhances student engagement by transforming traditional classroom roles, allowing students to prepare at home and participate actively during class. Factors such as age, gender, educational level, and the learning environment are identified as influential in the effectiveness of flipped learning. The review also compares flipped learning with traditional teaching methods, highlighting its advantages in fostering a more interactive and personalized learning experience. The study concludes with practical suggestions for implementing flipped learning in science classrooms and outlines potential areas for future research.

Sleep disorder is one of the most common problems in pre/postmenopausal women and many women use complementary drugs to relieve it. One of the most widely used methods of complementary medicine is the use of herbal medicine; Therefore, the present narrative review study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effect of herbal medicine on sleep disorder in pre/postmenopausal women.

In this narrative review study, the articles indexed in databases of Pubmed, Google scholar, SID, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched during 2000-2021 using the keywords based on MeSH such as herbal medicine, Complementary Therapies, sleep disorders, and menopause. The inclusion criteria included the insertion of search words in the title section and the articles' keywords in the clinical trials published in Persian and English. Sleep problem or sleep quality was considered as the main outcome of the study.

In this study, 29 clinical trials were reviewed. According to the results, except for 5 articles on soy, one article on red clover and one article on the combination of Hypericum perforatum, and chaste tree, other articles reported a positive and significant effect on improving sleep problems.

According to published articles in this field, it seems that valerian, red clover, and hypericum perforatum can be suggested in the treatment of menopausal sleep disorders. It is necessary to included more future studies to find more reliable results.

 Assessing educational needs and planning can be a positive step towards improving the quality of midwifery services. This study was conducted to determine the educational needs of midwives in line with responsive midwifery education in Qom, Iran.

 This exploratory mixed-method study consisted of two parts, a qualitative study (content analysis) with the aim of determining educational needs, and a quantitative study (description cross sectional method) with the aim of prioritize educational needs. Initially, the educational needs of midwifery students were determined based on experiences and views of midwives, instructors, and midwifery faculty members. In the same vein, participants were selected by purposeful sampling method. To collect data, a semi-structured questionnaire was used. Educational needs were extracted and categorized through qualitative content analysis. Then, using Delphi technique and relying on the opinions of the faculty members of the midwifery department, educational needs were prioritized. MAXQDA was used to manage data in qualitative section. Data description (mean scores and agreement rate) in quantitative study was conducted manually.

 Thirty nine midwives responded questions in qualitative section. Views of experts were analyzed by content analysis method and categorized in 289 codes, 73 categories, and 13 main categories. In quantitative section, the highest priority (score 5) were devoted to these subjects: requesting and interpreting practical midwifery tests, fetal health assessment, prescription, perinatal care, hemorrhage, preeclampsia, neonatal examination, physiological delivery, client communication, peer communication, patient communication, professional ethics, and patient safety. The expertschr('39') agreement ratio was 84 percent in second round of Delphi.

 Findings of the study revealed that due to various educational needs of midwives, to enable midwifery student to response to social expectations attention to these subjects during student training and holding workshop with supplementary courses are suggested.