فاطمه فتح پور

Considering that the right to development is one of the most important examples of human rights and the human being is recognized as the beneficiary of this right, Therefore, in order to advance and promote it, human rights institutions, whose pioneer is the Human Rights Council, are used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role and impact of the Human Rights Council on promoting the right to development as a human right.

The present research, conducted with the analytical/explanatory method.

In order to promote the right to development, the Human Rights Council has entered in two ways, First, in the form of a general agenda and through its main organs, it has promoted and advanced the promotion of human rights, which is also included the right to development.Second, the Human Rights Council has addressed It, in the form of specific frameworks, including committees and mechanisms for the right to development. The present research aims to answer the question of what role the Human Rights Council played in the process of promoting the right to development, and in order to approve/reject this hypothesis that the Human Rights Council, by emphasizing the human rights origin of the right to development, has attempted to expand and deepen it, the impact of the two issues of “the right to development” and “the Human Rights Council” on each other has been investigated.

Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by integrons is the main cause ofdrug-resistant bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of class I, II, and III integrons amonguropathogenic Escherichia Coli (UPEC) strains isolated from patients with Urinary tract infection (UTI).

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 50 UPEC strains isolated from patientswith UTI referred to hospitals in Shiraz, Iran in 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was evaluated bythe disk diffusion susceptibility test. Then, the prevalence of class 1 to 3 integrons in the isolates wasinvestigated by the polymerase chain reaction test. Data were statistically analyzed in SPSS softwareusing chi-square test. P≤0.05 was statistically significant.

42% of isolates had multi-drug resistance. The highest antibiotic resistance and sensitivitywere related to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (52%) and gentamicin (90%), respectively. Therewas a significant relationship between the presence of class I integron and resistance to amikacin andciprofloxacin, between the presence of class II integron and resistance to gentamicin, and between thepresence of class III integron and resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and nalidixic acid (P<0.05).

There is a significant association between the presence of class I, II and III integrons andantibiotic resistance in UPEC strains isolated from patients with UTI. Infection control measures andsuitable treatment methods are needed for preventing the spread of these isolates in the hospitals andhealth centers in Shiraz city.

International law consist of  the set of Principles, Rules and Regulations that accepted for Relations between States and International Organizations in International Community. Sovereignty of State would have a central role in creation of these Regulations. However, Sovereignty of State has been weakened in favor of Human and Humanity duration last few Decades. Focus on Human Right and its benefit and discourse -making for that on International Relation cause to Fading out Westphalian Sovereignty while Responsibility of State for Protection of Human Right has been Highlighted. No doubt Humanist Thoughts has important effects on this process.  This article tries  study that process by using Descriptive – Analytical Research Method.

The geostationary orbit as a valuable and unique orbit exist around the earth and known as a limited natural resource. From past till now many countries have been contributed in many legal disputes about this orbit because of its ownership and legal status. one of the most important of these claims declare from equatorial countries that started their activities from 70`s decade seriously and result in issuance of Bogota declaration but their arguments confront with severe dissent of other countries and international jurists did not protect or accompany with their allegments. These claims result in jurists and international society notice to find a suitable way to settlement these kinds of disputes and attempting to find a legal system to regulate the use of GSO. Also our country Iran, confront with some challenges because of it’s orbit points, because of our delay to launch and stabilization of satellites in 26, 34 and 47 points, unfortunately we lost two of these orbit points and there is the risk of losing the other. This article discuss about the problem and the way we can keep our orbit points

States And International Institutions Have Put Countering Terrorism As A Serious Chalange Under Consideration And In This Regard Many Methods Have Been Used. After 9/11 Global Community within State - Centric Paradigm, Use Force To Suppres Terrorism But Failure Of These Forcible Methods Reveal two Things.
First ,Countering Terrorism By Merely Use Of Force Can`t Eventuate Desired Result.And Actually Will Deepening This Omnious Phenomenon. Second, Effectiveness Of Countering Terrorism Measures Is Based On Paying Attention To Roots And Nature Of Terrorism.
Utilization Of Fundamental Teachings Of Three Key Doctrines Of Humanization Process Of International Law, Good Governance, Human Security, Responcibility To Protect, Which Figure On Roots Of Terrorism Can Provide A Successful And Effective Method For Countering Terrorism.

Development and transformation of international norms and structures is being affected by two general approaches of state-centric and human-centric toward international law. Humanization process of international law which is rooted in Kant's moral teachings and resulted in changing of attitude to individual's place in the system of international law has also impact on the field of terrorism and its victims. This process began with adoption of the declaration of the United Nations general assembly in 1985 and then has been continuing in various instruments in the global and regional levels. At the same time, in addition to the norms, the structures of international law are affected by this process. Overall, however, this turning towards moral and material support of victims of terrorism is quite competent and worthy of praise but it seems that these efforts are not enough. In addition to increasing the range of supporting measures, the content of international soft law documents must be incorporated in international binding conventions. Yet support of victims of terrorism is in need of reforms in the structures of international law.

In human Rights domain, Security Council should take in to consideration any issues which endanger International peace and security. The elegant link that is made by United Nation charter among maintenance of International peace and security and respect to Human Rights, as well, the ray of hope which is given by ICC statute composers to establishment of more justice have committed gruesome crimes against humanity, both create a legal basis for Security Council authority to refer the situation of countries which are not the ICC statute members. Review of news, documents and reports which are released by UN special reporter and other International organs shows that systematic, extensive and sever crimes are happening in Myanmar. Achievement to International peace is related to supplying justice and preventing of criminals, so by consideration of Security Council function in Darfur situation, it is expected that Security Council refer this serious situation to ICC.