فاطمه فلاح

First step in reducing the destructive effects of flood is identifying flood prone areas and flood management. Flood management is one of the basic measures in water resources planning, which is used to minimize potential damages and achieve sustainable development of communities. In this study susceptible areas to flood for a 10 km reach of Silakhor River (73 km2) was mapped using Evidential Belief Function (EBF) model. For this purpose, flood points of the study area (training and testing sets), were overlaid with the maps of flood influential factors including: elevation, slope, aspect, distance from river, river density and topographic wetness index and the map of susceptible areas to flood was prepared. According to validation result (using flood points that were not used for training phase) the EBF model with AUC value of 76% is suitable for identifying prone areas to flood. Also, the results of the research showed that the elevation, the distance from the river and the drainage density are very influential factors in the region's flood proneness.

the malignant transformation of types of erosive and atrophic oral lichen planus has been further studied. Epithelial growth factor receptor is an intramembranous receptor which is related to carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of EGFR marker in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia.

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, after specimens selection(20 erosive oral lichen planus(with no dysplasia), 20 reticular, 20 oral epithelial dysplasia lesion, 10 Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia (control group)) Immunohistochemical staining with EGFR antibody kit was performed and mean percentage of stained cells with EGFR Marker, pattern of staining, intensity of staining and stained-cell place  in each sample was investigated simultaneously   by two oral pathologist. finally, Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software (VERSION 20) and Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney and Fisher tests (Pvalue<0.05).

There was no significant difference between the mean percentage of stained cells in erosive and reticular oral lichen planus(Pvalue=0.213).while erosive lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia presented significant difference in this regard(Pvalue=0.017). There was no significant difference between the frequency distribution of staining  pattern in groups(Pvalue=0.16)also there was no significant difference between the intensity of staining and the stained-cell place in 4 groups(Pvalue=0.19 , Pvalue=0.90).

The expression of EGFR in patients with oral erosive lichen planus and oral epithelial dysplasia was higher than patients with oral reticular lichen planus and control group and it probably shows the higher potential of dysplastic changes in erosive lichen planus than reticular.

Students face difficulties in writing often due to lack of knowledge in the principles of writing. Such deficiencies are rooted in numerous factors. One of the most important factors is undoubtedly lack of appropriate and sufficient education in pre-university courses. On the other hand, the evaluation of this skill is somewhat subjective and finding a way to accurately measure it seems necessary. The purpose of this research was to find the strengths and weaknesses of Persian writing skills of students of different academic fields and to design a tool to measure Persian writing. This applied research was carried out in a descriptive-survey way. The participants of the study were students of English language teaching, Persian literature, electrical engineering, psychology, mathematics, urban planning and engineering sciences of Salman Farsi University. The participants in this study were 103 undergraduate students who were randomly selected based on available sampling. In order to carry out this research, students were given a topic "Describe your university" and they were asked to write a text about it in at least four paragraphs. Then the researchers evaluated the texts based on the style sheet and the scores of the students of different fields were compared. In the end, data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 21. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of students' writing ability, the average scores of students in terms of writing norms and their writing skill scores. The subject in high school does not affect the level of students' writing skills. There is no significant difference between the average scores of writing skills in terms of linguistic and literary elements and the content of students' writing. There is also no significance difference between the writing skills of male and female students, the age of students with their level of writing skills and the level of writing skills of sophomores compared to freshmen in the university.

Adrenomodoline (ADM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in a wide range of physiological processes and cardiovascular function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of physical activity on ADM and nitric oxide (NO) levels and insulin resistance in athletes and non-athletes.

12 athletes and 11 non-athletes participated in this quasi-experimental study. Study participants were selected by convenience sampling.  Both groups performed the Bruce protocol. Blood samples were collected before and after the training session to study the variables. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance, paired t-test, independent t-test and Pearson correlation.

The results showed that after one session of submaximal exercise activity, HOMA-IR index decreased in non-athlete group (P = 0.034) and NO values increased in both athlete and non-athlete groups (P = 0.001, P = 0.002) and this increase was greater in the athlete group. Also, serum ADM levels were increased in the non-athlete group (P = 0.001) after the training session.

The single session of physical activity with increasing ADM and NO levels, can lead to better vasodilation and improved endothelial function as well as improved insulin resistance in inactive individuals. Since in athletes, only NO levels increased after the end of the activity, it seems that PA has a greater effect on improving the endothelial function of inactive people.

Creativity and innovation play a significant role in business success because they can lead to the formation of new ideas. Innovation factories have created a suitable platform for creating ideas in business. The current research seeks to identify physical factors that increase creativity in office environments. Also, a question arises of how these factors are effective in interior design. The data has been collected by reading books and articles. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that factors such as visual details, landscape and natural materials, color schemes, furniture, and the shape and size of the space affect the level of creativity. The level of creativity can be improved by considering the complexity of visual details, observing aesthetic factors and placing artworks in the interior space, using greenery and integrating the natural environment with the interior space, using natural materials, and using low saturation colors.
 Today, with the advancement of knowledge and technology and the wide flow of information, developing countries are trying to provide the platforms to move towards new economic systems so that they can achieve economic and technological growth. To achieve this goal, we should pay attention to issues such as innovation and creativity. For this reason, there is a demand for research in the fields of creativity and intellectual abilities.
 The method is analytical-qualitative and case-based. Library methods and field studies are used to collect information. To explain the issue, Iranian and foreign examples, such as Azadi Innovation Factory in Tehran, Shiraz Innovation Factory, Brunner, IBC, and Station F were selected as samples and the theoretical foundations of the research will be examined by their analysis.
 Visual details are designed according to aesthetic factors and based on the brand identity of active startups. The ceiling, floor, and walls are designed with visual and artistic details, which is the most important thing in the IBC factory. Natural materials such as wood were used in parts of architectural elements such as floors, walls, or furniture, but this was not considered in the Shiraz factory. Natural light and vegetation are among the elements that have improved the natural landscape in the interior, and a different atmosphere has been created in the IBC factory using natural elements, such as water and light. Different color schemes are used in the samples, which include warm and cold colors. Various furniture of different sizes and colors have been used and they provide the possibility of sitting in different positions. In the case examples, more natural scenery and fewer visual details have been taken into consideration than other factors.

Acute gastroenteritis is a typical disorder that accounts for 8-12% of pediatric outpatient visits. Campylobacter and Salmonella infections account for about 8.4% and 11% of global diarrhea cases. Due to the importance of these bacteria in pediatric diseases, the aim of this study was to determine the infectious rate of Salmonella and Campylobacter species and also the frequency of the gene encoding Cytholethal distending toxin in children with community-acquired diarrhea.

Stool samples of children under 5 years of age with diarrhea were collected. The samples were related to children referred to hospitals in Hamadan, Ardabil, Bandar Abbas and two hospitals in Tehran. DNA was extracted from the samples using a DNA extraction kit from stool. The presence of Campylobacter in the studied samples was detected by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers. A control stool sample was spiked with 10-fold dilution of C. jejuni suspension for LOD (detection limit determination) measurement.

In this study, PCR results showed a LOD of 100 CFU per gram in the spiked feces sample. Accordingly, out of 144 fecal samples of children with acute diarrhea, one case was positive for Campylobacter jejuni; this sample was also positive for the presence of cdtB gene. Presence of Salmonella was confirmed in two samples of the patients (1.4%).

Low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was detected in symptomatic children under 5 years of age during the Covid-19 pandemic. Examination of these samples for viruses and other microbial agents can clarify the etiology of diarrhea in children referred to the hospitals.

The objective of this study was to determine the seroepidemiological history of SARS-CoV-2 infection among asymptomatic children in Tehran.

Blood samples of children younger than 14 years old were collected during the period autumn-winter 2020 and spring 2021 and tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody using the EUROIMMUN ELISA kit. In addition, questionnaires were used to collect demographic and infection status information in the participants. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software.

Out of the 1142 children collected from the children with no COVID-19 symptoms, 33.3% (381/1142) were found to have had a history of SARS-CoV-2. The positive samples in girls and boys were 34.1% and 33.03%, respectively. Analysis of the data showed no statistically significant differences between the infection rate on the one hand and age, family size, underlying diseases, gender or occupations of the family members on the other hand. In addition, the infection rate was significantly lower in autumn 2020 than in winter 2020 and spring 2021.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can occur in children with no clinical symptoms. In addition, the infection rate is in direct correlation with an increase in age of the children.

Hepatitis B vaccination is necessary to prevent infection with this virus and to prevent the development of chronic hepatocellular carcinoma.

Assessing the immunization status after receiving the vaccine and identifying non-respondents, especially among health care workers and physicians, is important because of the higher risk of contact with infected patients and their body fluids. In this study, the vaccination status of health and medical staff of a children's hospital was investigated to measure the anti-HBs antibody titer and its relationship with body mass index, smoking, and drugs used in individuals with underlying diseases. In this study HBsAb kit, DIA.PRO; Italy was used to measure the antibody titers. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 26.

The results of this study showed that a proper antibody titer is present in 66.6% of the participants. Reduced antibody titers to unsafe levels were measured among the employees older than 50 years, smokers, and employees with low or very high body mass index.

In this study, the decrease in antibody titer did not show any association with underlying diseases and related medications. The presence of an unsafe antibody titer among young vaccinated staff suggested additional studies to identify non-responders after receiving a booster dose of the vaccine.

Backgrond:

 During the past two decades, Acinetobacter baumannii has been introduced as an important clinical pathogen due to its remarkable ability to cause infections and to acquire resistance to the currently used antibiotics, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The aim of the present study was to determine the pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility and the prevalence of armA, tet(39) genes, and the insertion sequence ISAba4 in A.baumannii strains collected from burn patients referred to Shahid Motahari hospital in Tehran. 

Totally, 92 clinical isolates of A.baumannii were collected from the burn wounds of inpatients in Motahari hospital in Tehran. The isolates of Acinetobacter were identified using laboratory and microbiological tests. Then, for the identification of species, the molecular method was carrid out by detecting the presence of the blaOXA-51 gene. The pattern of antibiotics susceptibility was performed via disk diffusion and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed via microdilution broth, according to CLSI guidelines. The prevalence of armA, tet(39) genes and the insertion sequence ISAba4 were investigated using PCR and Sequencing.

Out of 92 A.baumannii, 95.6%, 89.2%, 97.9%, and 81.5% of the isolates were resistant to gentamicin, amikacin, imipenem, and tetracycline, respectively. All the isolates were also resistant to meropenem. The armA gene was detected in 58% of the isolates, while all strains carried tet(39) and the insertion sequence ISAba4 was detected in only 3.2% of the isolates.

Our study showed a relatively high distribution of armA, tet(39) genes, and the insertion sequence ISAba4 in clinical isolates of A.baumannii. This can lead to increased concerns and irreparable health costs. Drug administration, recognition of the pattern of antibiotic resistance in A.baumannii, and the study of the molecular epidemiology can be effective in counteracting antibiotic resistance.

Social anxiety disorder in children may consequence in avoiding of social interactions and can lead to social dysfunction in adulthood. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Adlerian play therapy on social skills of children with social anxiety disorder.

The present study was a quasi–experimental time-series design with a control group. The sample consisted of 10 children with social anxiety that were selected by available sampling method according to the clinical interview of the psychologist and the cut-off score in the social anxiety questionnaire (Liebowitz, 1987). The children were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups, and the experimental group received 8 sessions of Adlerian play therapy, while the experimental group did not receive any special intervention. The Data gathered using social skills questionnaire (Gresham & Elliot, 1990) in five phases, pre-test, 2th, 4th, 6th sessions and post-test, and analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results showed there was a difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in social skills (P <0.01, F = 63.52); Bonferroni post hoc analysis also showed that the difference in social skills scores between 1 and 3 (p = 0.039) 1 and 4 (p = 0.007) and 1 and 5 (p = 0.002) phases was significant but this difference was insignificant in the control group.

Adlerian play therapy is effective on social skills of children with social anxiety disorder and can be offered as a complementary intervention along with other medical and psychological treatments to these children.

In aged women, elevated levels of some proinflammatory markers are risk factors for the development of diseases. The present study investigated the effect of 12-week walking at two different intensities on inflammatory factors in elderly woman.

Thirty untrained elderly women (60—75 years) randomly divided into three groups. Moderate tempo walking group (MTWG, n=11), Brisk walking group (BWG, n=10), and the control group (CG, n=9). The MTWG, walked at 50—55% maximum heart rate reserve (HRRmax) and the BWG walked at %70-75 HRRmax. Both walking groups trained 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, starting from 30 to 60 minutes and the CG remained untrained. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, leukocyte counts (WBC) and plasma levels of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured before and after the study period. To analyze the data, oneway analysis of variance, Scheffe test and dependent t-test was used (P≤0.05).

VO2max, increased significantly in BWG. Body weights, percent body fat (p =0.000), body mass index (p = 0.003) significantly decreased, and percent muscle (p = 0.000) increased in both exercise groups. Percent visceral fat (p = 0.028) significantly decreased in BWG. Also, BWG showed a significant reduction in WBC counts compared to baseline levels (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences in the plasma levels of TNF-α between the groups.

The results showed that regular walking program can affect body composition in elderly women, however, it may not be effective in reducing systemic inflammatory markers.

Salmonella is considered as a main cause of community-acquired diarrhea in humans, however, sources of the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains and their link with the disease are not well known.

This study aimed to investigate the frequency, serogroup diversity, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella strains in poultry meat and stool samples of patients with community acquired diarrhea in Tehran.

We compared the frequency of non-typhoidal Salmonella serogroups, the similarities of their resistance patterns to 10 antimicrobial compounds, the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and ampicillinase C (AmpC) genetic determinants, and class 1 and 2 integrons in 100 chicken meat and 400 stool samples of symptomatic patients in Tehran during June 2018 to March 2019.

Salmonella was isolated from 75% and 5.5% of the chicken meats and human stool samples, respectively. The chicken meat isolates mainly belonged to serogroup C (88%, 66/75), while the human stool isolates were mainly related to serogroup D (59.1%, 13/22). The MDR phenotype and the most common rates of resistance to antibiotics, including tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TS) and azithromycin, were detected in 4.5% and 45.3%, 59% and 13.6%, 43% and 9.1%, 42% and 9.1% of the human stool and chicken meat samples, respectively. Carriage of blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaPER genes in the meat isolate with ESBL resistance phenotype and blaACC, blaFOX, and blaCMY-2 among the 7 meat strains with AmpC resistance phenotype was not confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High prevalence of class 1 and 2 integrons was characterized and showed a correlation with resistance to TS and chloramphenicol.

These findings showed a lack of association between chicken meats and human isolates due to discrepancy between the characterized serogroups and resistance phenotypes.

Acinetobacter is a pathogen that could cause nosocomial infections. The present study aimed at determining Acinetobacter cases in clinical cultures of patients hospitalized in Tabriz Imam Reza Hospital to determine the frequency of the most common oxa genes causing drug resistance in these specimens.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, clinical specimens including the blood, urine, tracheal secretions, ulcers, and throat specimens were collected from July to October 2017. The bacteria were isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2016) guideline was used to determine bacterial susceptibility and resistance. Bacterial DNA extraction was done and the OXA genes (23, 24, 48, 58) were identified using specific primers and PCR method.

We identified 66 (72.52) multiple drug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter strains. These isolates showed 100% resistance to cefepime, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem. In 100% of the samples, sensitivity to colistin was observed. According to findings, there was a significant relationship between the presence of oxa24 gene and resistance to tobramycin and amikacin (P= 0.005).

This study showed high rate of MDR Acinetobacter strains, so, nosocomial infection control is highly necessary. Strategies such as identifying infected patients, detecting bacterial colonization, sterilizing equipment and units, and controlling antibiotic use in the hospital are recommended to prevent the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria and to control nosocomial infections.

<![CDATA[Progress in nanotechnology cause to use nanoparticles in preparing the nano catalysts. Nanoscale catalysts has provided excellent conditions for catalysis science.Nanocatalyst research has always been one of the most engaging and popular discussions in nanoscience and attracted the attention of many scholars.
In this research, along with the introduction of ferrite nanocrystals and their synthesis methods, the catalytic activity of these materials is also investigated.
application and nanocrystals catalistic properties were investigated by UV- visble spectroscopy. ]]>

Caffeine has the athletic performance-enhancing effects, but its effect on concentrations of anabolic hormones is unclear. Therefore, this research examines the short–term effect of caffeine consumption on anabolic hormones of growth (GH) and testosterone (TS) after performing resistance exercise (RE).

In this randomized double-blind, and placebo-controlled crossover study, 30 volunter men (mean age 21.72 ± 4.06, height 179.31 ± 5.08 centimeter, wight 77.31 ± 14.70 kilogram) who did resistance exercise consumed caffeine supplement (6 mg.k-1 of the body weight) and placebo (maltodextrine 6 mg.k-1 of the body weight) one hour before the RE, and the blood samples were taken before, after and 15 min after RE.

 Analysis of data showed that GH concerntration showed a significant difference between the conditions of caffeine and placebo immediately and and 15 minutes after RE (P<0.05), but no significant diference was found in TS concentration caffeine and placebo groups at any times.

In general, the present study indicated that caffeine (6 mg.k-1) leads to the significant increase in GH concentration after RE (85% of 1RM) in athletes, but, it had not any effect on the concentration of TS

Hypertension is a health problem worldwide. In low and middle income countries, about half of the people with hypertension are aware of their illness, half of whom receive treatment, and most of them do not control their blood pressure. Health education is an important intervention for controlling blood pressure. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education based on health belief model on hypertension in elderly women affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The present study is an interventional study of before-after type that was conducted on 39 females aged 60-79 years old with hypertension which were selected with convenient sampling method. According to all ethical standards, demographic data sheets were filled and blood pressure was measured. Educational intervention was performed in 3 sessions of 45 minutes. Blood pressure was measured one month later at the end of the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics and paired t-test. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure before intervention was 145.3 ± 13.7 and 93.4 ± 5.8 mm Hg, and after training was 142.5 ± 13.2 and 91.4 ± 7 mm Hg. This difference was statistically significant in systolic blood pressure (P=0.046), but it was not significant in diastolic blood pressure. Education based on health belief model is effective in reducing hypertension in elderly women with hypertension. It is suggested that this model be used to control blood pressure in elderly women.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major pathogens responsible for invasive diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis. Epidemiological studies of these microorganisms are necessary to evaluate the effect of pneumococcal vaccine in any community. Therefore, the present study was conducted for molecular identification and detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes isolated from selected hospitals in Tehran using multiplex PCR method. This cross-sectional study was performed on 32 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from clinical specimens of patients admitted to different hospitals in Tehran. The isolates were identified by phenotypic tests and PCR method. Multiplex PCR was used to determine the serotype. The number and percentage of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, eyes, and nasal discharge were 12 (37.6%), 7 (21.8%), 6 (18.7%), 3 (9.5%), 2 (6.2%), and 2 (6.2%) isolates, respectively. In the present study, the identified serotypes were the serotypes 1, 4, 6A/B, 7F, 9V, 11A, 14, 15A, 19A, 19F, and 23F.  Based on the results of this study, more than 50% of the serotypes were not among the serotypes present in the vaccines that are commonly used in the community.

 Ageing is associated with systemic inflammation. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a critical negative regulator of inflammation and its level was found to decrease with ageing. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of regular brisk walking on blood circulating levels of miR-146a and plasma levels of Interlukine-6 (IL-6) in sedentary elderly women. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 aged women (63.5±3.9 years) were randomly allocated to the endurance training (n=10), and control groups (n=10). Training group (TG) walked at 70-75% maximum heart rate reserve (HRRmax), three times a week for twelve weeks. Control group remained untrained during the study period. Blood samples were collected before and 72 hours after the last session of endurance training for measuring concentration of miR-146a and IL-6. Independent T-test, Paired T-test, Mann Whitney, and Wilcoxon were used after the data analysis base on normalization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and the significant level was set at P≤0.05. The results revealed that the levels of miR-146a increased (P=0.027) and the levels of IL-6 decreased (P=0.001) significantly in response to the endurance training protocol, and these changes were associated with a decrease in body mass index (BMI) (P=0.002). According to the result of the present study, brisk walking training may be considered as an effective training mode for helping to decrease the blood inflammatory factors. The findings also suggest that microRNAs can be improved, after regular walking, in old adult

  Salmonella Spp. is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases. More than 2500 serotypes of Salmonella have been identified which most of them cause infections in humans.
Phylogenetic analysis of the family Enterobacteriaceae has not been subjected to extensive variation based on 16S rRNA sequences. In fact 16S rRNA gene was not thought to solve taxonomic problems concerning closely related species because of its highly degree of conservation in own structure. So, 23S rRNA gene which has a potential to classified related strains under sub-species level were candidate to analysis of Salmonella spp.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical Salmonella strains’ relationship using
23S rRNA gene sequence. DNA of identified Salmonella spp. from patients with acute diarrhea was extracted. Sequences of 23S rRNA were determined after PCR tests. The whole gene sequences were used to generate phylogenetic trees based on Neighbor-joining method by MEGA 5.05 5. Helix (25 and 45) structures were detected in the most of different serotypes isolates. All S.Typhi included helix-25 in ribosomal structure, but in the other strains, helix-45 was also observed. The similarity between Salmonella spp. was 99-100% based on 23S rRNA. 23S rRNA gene sequence data was better to analyze at subspecies level and differentiation between serovars. According to variety in Salmonella serotypes based on difference in Anti gene O and H, application of new molecular methods and substituting them with traditional assays are needed.