فاطمه مدیری

Parents' behavior about how and amount use of social networks of their children affects educational conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of social networks on the educational conflicts of students, with an emphasis on the Telegram social network.  The current research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of data collection method was descriptive from type of survey. The statistical population of this study was all students of senior high school of Tehran city, which a sample of 391 people was selected from among them whit using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data were used from researcher-made tools including demographic information form and questionnaire of social networks and educational conflicts, which its validity and reliability were confirmed. For data analysis were used from Pearson's correlation coefficients, analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test in SPSS version 23 software.  The results of Pearson's correlation coefficients showed that there were a positive and significant correlation between the use of social networks and all four its components including the methods of being on the Telegram social network, purpose of being on the Telegram social network, limiting the use of Telegram by parents and duration use of Telegram with educational conflicts of students (P<0.001). Also, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the methods of being on the Telegram social network, purpose of being on the Telegram social network and duration use of Telegram have no effect on the educational conflicts of students (P>0.05), but limiting the use of Telegram by parents has an effect on the educational conflicts of students (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Tukey's post hoc test showed that the groups of not limiting the use of Telegram by parents, use with parental supervision and use only for lessons in compared to the group of use only for communicating with classmates experienced fewer educational conflicts (P<0.05).  According to the results of this study, the use of social networks like Telegram affects the educational conflicts of students. Therefore, it is necessary to plan to reduce the educational conflicts of students by managing the use of social networks.

Up-to-date information on growing area is necessary for cropping pattern, and remote sensing is a useful tool in achieve this goal (Hunt et al., 2019). Among various image classification algorithms and vegetation indices for crop type identification, machine learning methods and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) have had better results (Mousavi et al., 2020). In addition, attention to plant phenological stages and using multi-temporal images have led to more accurate crop distinction. The aim of this study was estimation of wheat growing areas in Shushtar county in Khuzestan province in Iran.

Time series of NDVI index was obtained from eight Sentinel-2 satellite images from November to June, which correspond to the wheat growth stages. Then, maximum likelihood and support vector machine algorithms were used to identify wheat fields. To implement the classification methods, training and test samples were needed, which were obtained by matching the NDVI diagram of the wheat crop growth stages and field surveys.

Error matrix was used to evaluate the classification results. Based on this, the support vector machine with overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 98.5 and 96.5 percent, respectively, had higher accuracy than the maximum likelihood with overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 97.8 and 95 percent, respectively. In addition, considering the wheat crop phenological stages using the time series of NDVI in training samples, selection increased the classifications accuracy. Based on the support vector machine results, the total wheat growing areas was estimated to be 48233 hectares, which showed a small deviation from the available surveys.

Using the pattern of NDVI time series to obtain training samples showed the efficiency of plant indices in estimation of wheat growing areas according to the crop phenological stages. In addition, the results revealed that the support vector machine classification was more accurate than the maximum likelihood in the study areas, and it was considered as a base method. One reason for the appropriate performance of the support vector machine was appropriate distribution and adeqaute number of training samples based on wheat phenological stages. It can be concluded that the time series of the normalized difference vegetation index in combination with the support vector machine classification provided the possibility of quick and accurate estimation of the wheat growing areas in Shushtar county in Khuzestan in Iran.

Considering the importance of generational and gender relations, in this article, we have investigated the gender analysis of emotional support between adult children and parents. The statistical population of this research is people aged 18 years and above in Tehran and were selected 1000 people from 30 districts in a multi-stage cluster method. The findings show that there are gender differences in the emotional support of parents and adult children to each other. So the fathers and mothers supported girls more than boys, and mothers’s emotional support from girls was more than fathers’. In the case of parents' divorce, fathers' emotional support was reported to be less than that of mothers. In addition, girls' emotional support from fathers and mothers was more than boys' emotional support from fathers and mothers, and girls' emotional support from mothers was more than that from fathers. Girls' and boys' emotional support from their fathers decreased in the case of parents’ divorce and conflict. In general, it can be said that mothers have more emotional ties with their children, especially with their daughters, and in divorce and parental conflict, adult children's relationships with their parents, especially with their father, are weakened. It is suggested to strengthen the emotional ties of fathers with their children and the efforts of parents in order to maintain the stability of married life.

The structural and cultural changes of recent years in Iran have doubled the importance of examining generational solidarity. In this article, we have done the typology of generational solidarity. The statistical population of this cross-sectional survey was men and women aged 18 years and older in Tehran who had at least one living parent and have not been co-residence. 1000 samples were selected in a multi-stage cluster method from 30 districts of Tehran, and statistical analysis was done using Latent Class Analysis method and Mplus software. The findings show the existence of four types of generational solidarity in Tehran. Thus, two-way familialism was reported in 38.1%, Descending familialism in 27%, Ascending familialism in 5.2% and Autonomous relations in 29.7% of the respondents. In general, it can be said that generational solidarity in Tehran does not follow a specific pattern and there is a variety of generational solidarity. Despite the prevalence of familism in Tehran, the presence of Autonomous in about one-third of the respondents requires more attention and optimal policies.

Childlessness and one-child style in the world have been deep and significant consequences of rapid fertility decline in the 20th century that has brought several challenges. This study investigated the prevalence of childless and one-child families and the factors affecting them in Tehran city. The statistical population of this survey included the married people of Tehran city, among of which 1273 married men and women were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The analysis was done using SPSS software and binary logistic regression. There have been 2.4% childlessness ideal, 16.5% one-child ideal, 4.1% childlessness intention, and 24.9% one-child intention. The childlessness and one-child ideal and intention are affected by a set of contextual, attitudinal, structural, and marital variables. The childlessness ideal is affected significantly by egalitarian attitudes and decreased feeling of security and childlessness intention is significantly affected by egalitarian attitudes, decreased feeling of security and decreased marital happiness. One-child ideal is significantly more reported among men and young people and people of higher income, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes and a lower feeling of security. One-child intention is reported significantly more among men, young people, people of having higher degrees, lower religiosity, egalitarian gender attitudes, and lower feeling of security. Generally, it can be said that childlessness intention and ideal are not common and one-child intention and ideal were more common. Childlessness and one-child intention are more than childlessness and one-child ideal. The attitudinal variables have been more effective than other factors. Taking proper policies will reduce the gap between the intention and the ideal of childbearing and will increase fertility.

In this article, we have studied the typology of adult children and parents using the latent class analysis method and Mplus software. The statistical population of this survey was men and women aged 18 and over in Tehran who had at least one living parent and noncoresident. The instrument used was a questionnaire and the sampling method is multi-stage cluster and has been selected a sample of 1000 people from 30 districts of Tehran. The results show that: The pattern of adult children's relationships with father and mother is almost the same and have been identified 4 types of Harmonious, Emotional, Obligatory and Discordant relationships that have been affected by structural conditions. Harmonious relationships have been more than 50% and emotional relationships more than 30%. Obligatory relationships were lower at mothers than fathers (5.5 vs. 3.5) and discordant relationships were lower at fathers than mothers (8.6 vs. 3.7). With increasing geographical distance, the chances of being in the emotional and discordant types have increased, and discordant relationships has been reported more in people whose fathers are divorced or without a spouse than in other types. The quality of the relationship with the parents, in a harmonious and emotional types, have been more than obligatiry and especially discordant. In general, it can be said that in the relations between adult children and parents in the city of Tehran, generational solidarity is dominant and generational conflict is not common

One of the most important forms of conflict between parents and children is their use and presence in social networks. Based on this, the aim of the present study was the sociological analysis of the effect of the Telegram social network on the educational conflicts of parents and children.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the statistical population of the research is the second high school students of Tehran city, a sample size of 391 people was selected by staged cluster method. The required information was obtained using a survey research method based on the conflict pattern with parents "Fine, J. Moreland and Andrew Schaubel" and a researcher-made questionnaire (containing 9 questions related to the independent variable (shape and format, content of the Telegram network) and 13 questions related to the variable. dependent (type and level of conflict) has been collected. The reliability of the whole questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83 and the collected information was analyzed by descriptive and inferential methods with the help of spss and Amos software.

The findings of the research indicate that that the variable form and format of using Telegram with a coefficient (3.856) has the greatest effect on educational conflicts among students, and the content variable of the Telegram social network is in the next order with a coefficient (0.227). Telegram, the variable of the amount of use of Telegram during the day and night with a coefficient (2.08) and among the variables of the Telegram social network content factor, the variable of deleting contacts such as institutions, organizations or centers in Telegram, with a coefficient of (0.142) have the greatest effect on educational conflicts.

According to the other findings of the research, the most important factor in creating conflicts between students and their parents is related to the relationship with the opposite sex with a coefficient of (1.235) and regarding the level of conflict, the most effective factor in conflict resolution is adviceability and mutual respect with a coefficient of (0.185) has been.

Due to persistence of fertility below the replacement level and the need to identify relevant factors, this article focuses on the impact of security feeling on the number of children ever born, ideal, intention, and intending to have another child. Using data from married lifestyle survey, 1189 married men and women in Tehran, in which, the woman with less than 50 years old and fertile were selected in a multi-stage clustering sampling method and used in the final analysis. The results showed that an average ideal children number in the respondents was more than two children (2.13%), the intended children number 1.91%, the number children ever born was less than the replacement level (1.41%) while 36.9% intended to have another child. There was a significant relationship between the feeling of security and the number of children ever born, ideal and intention. Logistic regression models have shown a significant effect of the feeling of security on childlessness or having one and two children. Policy suggestions in order to increase childbearing are based on a suitable context to reduce risky situations and increase the feeling of security in various economic, public, judicial and political domains, including job security and adequate income, political stability and immunity from any offense.

In recent years, demographic changes have led to increasing the duration of child-parenting and a complication of vertical links between generations. The purpose of this article was to investigate the level of parental support for adult children in different dimensions and the factors affecting it. The statistical population of the survey was people aged 18 years and older in Tehran who had at least one living parent and were not co-residence. A thousand samples from 30 districts of Tehran were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling, and the findings showed that parents' support for adult children is at a high level and is not the same in different dimensions. Advice, interest in personal life, and emotional support are reported at a high level and instrumental support and financial support are at a much lower level. Mothers' support in all dimensions except financial support has been significantly higher than fathers. Parental support is affected by parental age, parental marital conflict, parent-adult conflict, adult child support for parents, and the number of children. In addition, the findings confirmed the theories of intergenerational solidarity, altruism, and contingency.

Fertility decline has become global in recent decades, and researchers are seeking to discover various factors associated with fertility changes in different societies. Accordingly, fertility theories have been proposed to explain fertility patterns, but these studies have focused almost exclusively on the role of women and their fertility patterns, and the role and participation of men in the process of fertility decline has rarely been considered. In Iran, men are often overlooked in fertility studies. Given the lack of a study on men's socio-economic determinants affecting fertilty patterns, the fundamental question is ‘what is the impact of men's socio-economic characteristics on fertility intension and behavior in Tehran? There are two theoretical approaches to the effect of men's socioeconomic characteristics on fertility. One approach states that increasing men's socioeconomic status increases fertility. In this approach, it is assumed that men with a higher level of education due to the accumulated human capital, higher level of income and better job prospects have a better chance of providing for the family expenses with more children. Another theoretical approach argues that increasing men's socioeconomic status reduces fertility. Increasing men's human capital may reduce the demand for childbearing or change childbearing preferences and replace quality with quantity.

Data was extracted from a survey of married lifestyle and its determinants. The statistical population of this survey was married people in Tehran. The population of Tehran in 2011 according to the data of the Statistics Center of Iran was 8153974 people who lived in 4336 district and 4262047 of them were married (results of the 2011 census). The sample size is based on sampling error at 95% confidence level and with sampling error of 0.05 based on Cochran's formula is 384 people and considering that Cochran's formula is a simple random sampling formula, taking into account the design effect of 2 and coefficient The unresponsiveness adjustment is considered to be 0.25 of the sample size of 1728 and has been increased to 2000, taking into account the possible decline of the sample households (approximately equal to 0.15, proportional to this rate in the family census of the Statistics Center of Iran). The sampling method is multi-stage clusters and the samples were selected from 50 district of Tehran. The questionnaires were reviewed by the project manager, unreliable questionnaires were discarded and finally 1736 questionnaires were selected. 844 samples of this survey, were men, and 619 married men that their wives were in fertility age, have been analyzed.

The results showed that the average number of intended children was 1.89 and the average number of children ever born was 1.37. 25.1% have no children and 47.3% have 2 and more children ever born. While only 3.8% intend to have no children and 70.6% intend to have 2 or more children. Bivariate and multivariate tests have shown that men with higher education, higher income, higher parental socioeconomic status, and higher occupational status have fewer intended children and children ever born. The socioeconomic characteristics of men have a negative relationship with fertility intention and behavior and this finding is consistent with the pattern of male fertility in developing countries.

In general, it can be said that there is a negative relationship between men's socio-economic status and fertility intention and behavior, and this finding is consistent with the pattern of male fertility in developing countries. Considering the positive relationship between men's socio-economic status and fertility in developed countries and the negative relationship in the present study, the implementation of policy packages with different cultural, economic and social dimensions in different groups with different views and socio-economic is necessary and will be effective in increasing childbearing.

The importance of positive family relationships and its impact on various aspects of social life, including health, have been stressed in several studies. Religious teachings have always emphasized companionship and optimal relations between couples. This study examines married lifestyles and its determinants and seek to determine the factors affecting their lifestyle.

A cross-sectional survey of married men and women in Tehran was done. We selected 1736 samples by multi-stage cluster sampling from 50 districts and the data were analyzed.

Extreme individualism was not prevalent among spouses. Selective lifestyles were affected by mass media, religion, gender, and attitudes of the spouse leading to conflict between work and family.

Findings of this study, have challenged the relationship between contemporary changes and a separate lifestyles. In order to increase the stability of marital life, it is necessary to explain family policies and  consideration of individual intimate needs of married couples.

Given the socio-economic changes in recent decades and the need to examine intergenerational relationships, this study examines the various dimensions of adult children's support of parents, including instrumental support, emotional support and financial support. The statistical population of this cross sectional survey was men and women aged 18 years old and above in Tehran who had at least one living parent and non-coresident. A thousand men and women were selected by multi-stage clustering sampling from 30 districts. The findings have shown that adult children's support with their parents was not the same in different dimensions, so as emotional support for parents was greater than instrumental support, especially financial support. The factors influencing adult children's support of  their parents are not the same in different dimensions and has been influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics, resources, needs, and barriers in parents and adult children. Instrumental support affected by parental age, living arrangements, adult children's religiosity, child committment, geographical distance; emotional support affected by adult children's religiosity, filial obligation, parental conflict, conflict with parents; financial support affected by the age of the parents, the welfare of adult children, child commitment,  conflict with parents, geographical distance. These findings confirm the theories of altruism, intergenerational and contingent solidarity.

This study focuses on the effects of the quality of marital life on the childbearing intention. The discussion of this paper is based on the results of a survey conducted in Tehran City. The survey includes 1232 married men and women under 49 years old who have been selected on the basis of multi-stage cluster sampling method. According to the preliminary results of this study, the childbearing desire is affected by the quality of marital life: the lower the latter, the higher the former. However, this preliminary result is not supported by multivariate analyses of this study. In addition, the results of logistic regression analyses indicate that the effect of the quality of marital life on individuals’ childbearing intention depends on their current status in terms of the number of children they already have. This means that a higher quality of marital life can lead to greater childbearing intention only amongst those who have no or one child, whereas it does not have any significant effect on childbearing intention of those who already have two or more children.

The aim of this article is to study the marital quality and the socioeconomic characteristics affecting it. Statistical population of this survey was married people in Tehran. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was applied to collect the sample. The author made questionnaire was used as a research instrument and data analysis was done through Pearson correlation, variance analysis, mean differences and multivariate regression. The results show that positive dimension of marital quality has been reported in 67.5% of respondents from high SES level and in 32.5% from mid and lower SES levels.
Negative dimension of marital quality has been reported in 85.3% and 14.7% of respondents from low and high SES level respectively. There are differences in the impact of social and economic factors on positive and negative dimensions of marital quality. Multivariate analysis indicated that among socioeconomic variables, generation and income have had a higher explanation power for marital quality. Since the majority of variation in marital quality remains unexplained, study the other structural, communicational and individual factors seems necessary.

In the past, the Iranian family was based on hierarchical relationships on age and gender and priority of men and elderly. Following the world changes, the Iranian family has experienced changes in various areas. Although Iranian people have always been family oriented but recent research shows that changes of values, decline of traditional family values and the rise of modern and postmodern family values are unavoidable. In this paper, it is attempted to address the situation of different types of family values and their relationships with social and economic characteristics in Tehran City.

This study is a cross-sectional survey with questionnaire in the Likert-scale format. The statistical population includes Tehrani citizens who have 18 years of age and above. 600 individuals were selected using cluster sampling method. Also, face and construct validity were achieved. Based on Inglehart definition, the dependent variable was defined according to three dimensions of traditional, modern and postmodern family values. Each item is measured on 0 to 4 scale. Traditional family values include 9 items: women should be obedient to their husband, children should be obedient to their parents, in the rearing of children obedience should be taught, man is the main decision maker in the family, in the family the elderly should be respected more than others, family income must be in possession of the husband, child care is the duty of woman, invert of abortion should be legal. Modern family values also include 9 items: women have the right to spend their money, women have the right to decide on the number of children they want to have, parents should accept child's independence, couples must live independently at home, men should participate in housework, mate selection should not be compulsory, family members must have solidarity with each other. Finally, post-modern family values included 9 items too: in my opinion, marriage should be abolished, I choose my own comfort, abortion should be legal, married women can have sex with someone other than their husband, boys and girls can live together before marriage, homosexuality can be accepted, pleasure in life is the more important thing. By utilizing a definition from Mannheim (azadarmaki,2007), the research population was divided into three generations: 18 to 34 years old as the third generation, 35 to 64 years as the second generation and 65 years and older as the first generation. Socio-economic status is made measurable by the combination of three variables including employment status, income and education.

The results of the study show that the trend of changes in family values is not linear. There are traditional and modern values widely in practice, as well as mild degrees of postmodern ​​family values. While modern family values are increasing at a large scale, the traditional family values have not declined strongly. This trend does not show rapid changes in the erosion of traditional values. The gender and generational structure of our society has caused higher average modern values and its predominant over the other types. From the first to the third generation, traditional values have decreased ​​while the modern ​​and postmodern values have increased. There are modern and traditional family values widely in practice in all three generations. Although there are cultural changes, but we can also see a continuity and stability in cultural traditions. Cultural replacement is happening slowly, but traditional values persist. Likewise, postmodern family values are rising but the rise is too slow and does not show the breakdown of the family in the near future and possibly distant future. Gender is an important determinant in the changes of traditional and modern values. Women have more access to power with higher levels of education and employment and have been able to bring change in family values towards gender equality. There are no gender differences in postmodern values. There is a significant relationship between education and family values, especially in traditional values. Traditional family values are seen in people with less education, while modern and postmodern family values are seen in people with higher education but this relationship is weak in postmodern values. Traditional family values are seen in people with lower income, education and socioeconomic status. There are modern and postmodern values in people with higher education and income. There are intergenerational differences in family values that especially created a distinction between the first and the third generations. Multivariate analysis shows that 22.7% of traditional family values are explained by gender, generation, education and income, respectively. Men resist changing traditional values in three generations. Gender, education and generation explained 12.5% of modern family values. Generation, marital status and income explain 11.5% of the postmodern family values, respectively. There are no gender differences in postmodern values and men and women move towards convergence. Explanatory power of these variables is less in the modern and postmodern values, so we should be looking for more effective factors. Finally, given the importance of the generation and marital status in postmodern values, providing facilities for marriage can help to prevent the spread of postmodern family values in younger generations. It is recommended that other researchers investigate other factors affecting family values and qualitative studies.

Social health as a factor to assess and cognitive their social function is influenced by several factors that these factors in surveys, have been introduced varied¡ fragmented and sometimes contradictory and it needed a comp, rehensive review of these factors and we will bring to this matter in this article. This study is a documental and use of 22 scientific article and thesis, and examined this issue meta-analysis method using the software comprehensive Meta analysis and thereby indicate which of the factors and to what degree are accepted. Findings of descriptive and quantitative composition of the research results show: most of the people (56.3%) have moderate level of social health. Communication skills, quality of life, leisure activities, age, socioeconomic status and gender according to the size effect and significant level are affected on social health, but marital status, education and social health aren’t reasonable and significant relations. Findings confirm theories of Keyes, Smith, Frans and Matson.

This article examines the relationship between shared activities with spouse and related components of marital stability (marital happiness and tendency to divorce) and generational trend. Statistical population of survey was married in Tehran and selected 1736 samples by Multi-stage cluster sampling. The results show: The amount of shared activities with spouse is not the same in all of dimensions. In the spending time outdoor and social contact are more than the spending time indoor, talk together and spending money. There are correlations between shared activities and marital happiness and invert correlation with tendency to divorce. In social contact and spending time indoor shared activities with spouse in the first generation is more than other generations and in talk together is less than others. There aren’t generational differences in spending time outdoor and spending money. Shared activities with spouse are more important for young generation and there is probability of more serious reactions without its realization in this generation. In general we can say that individualism is not common among the couples in Tehran. Although is not confirmed the ascending break in various aspects of relations between couples but recognizing the young generation and the factors affecting on shared activities with spouse is more important.

According to numerous studies that show different effects of religiosity and gender attitudes on the childbearing intention and gender differences in this area, this study aims to assess the impact of religiosity and gender attitudes on the number of children intended. Survey statistical population, was married people in Tehran and using cochran formula and suitable design effect has been selected 1272 married men and women so that age of women in their family was 15 to 49 years. The multi-stage cluster sampling method and questionnaire were used and Pearson correlation and path analysis were used to analyze the data. Survey was conducted through multi-stage cluster sampling and questionnaire instrument while Pearson Correlation and Path analysis were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that tendency of people toward religion is relatively high and gender equality attitudes are widely seen. Women are more religious and egalitarian than men, so that about 60 percent of men and 70 percent of women have modest and higher religiosity and about 50 percent of men and 70 percent of women report high-level gender equality attitudes. The results of path analysis indicate that the number of children descended in both sexes is influenced by religiosity and gender attitudes, and religiosity has an impact on the number of children being targeted more than gender attitudes. the same pattern were observed in the influence of religiosity and gender attitudes on childbearing intention and gender differences were also observed. Research results suggest that adopting appropriate policies can be helpful in achieving the desired population.

The aim of this article is to assess the management and money spending patterns among couples and related socioeconomic factors. Statistical population of this cross-sectional survey was all married women in Tehran and 1736 samples were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The findings show that about half of married women and men in Tehran are not satisfied with the way of  management and money spending in their families and a significant percentage  were not aware of their spouse’ exact income and her/his style in money spending. Three patterns as sharedmanagement and spending money with 30.8 percent, male independent management with 28.1 percent and allocative man to woman with 26 percent were the most prevalent patterns of management and money spending in families in Tehran. There appeared a significant relationship between management and money spending with marital happiness and this relationship was stronger among women than men. In addition, the finding showed that the patterns of spending money are related to income, couple’s education and whether the family is single income or dual income. These results are consistent with the Resources Theory. Given the importance of management and money spending patterns in couples relationships and existence of anomy in this area, appropriate policies are suggested

With regards to the different impact of religiosity on different areas of social life and even different dimensions of an area, this article attempts to answer these questions whether in our society traditional and modern family values are influenced by religiosity in different generations, and if so does religion have the same effect on traditional and modern family values? Statistical population is 18 years and above in Tehran, 600 samplesselected by PPSand analyzed. The results show: Traditional and modern Family values alike are not affected by religiosity. The religiosity affect on traditional family values in three generation and remains the impact of religiosity on these values.While the impact of religiosity on modern family values in each generation was weaker and reverse, and has a decreasing trend in terms of generation,so that the third generation of impact is not significant. In general these findings confirm all threetheories of the stability of religion on the various spheres of social life, differentiation and fragmentation values.

This paper examines the patterns and determinants of postmodern family values from a generational perspective. The discussion of this paper is based on a survey conducted in Tehran city. The survey includes 600 individuals aged 18 years old and over who were selected on the basis of multistage cluster sampling method. Theoretically, the paper employs the theory developed by such scholars as Inglehart so-called ‘intergenerational values change’.
According to the results of this analysis, the following patterns can be highlighted. First, the prevalence rates of postmodern family values among the first, second and third generations are 9.19 per cent, 14.49 per cent, and 21.71 per cent, respectively. Second, while the postmodern family values of the first generation are only limited in positive attitudes towards abortion and individual pleasure, those of the third generation include an additional value, that is, tolerance towards sexual affairs. Third, the postmodern family values among all three generations are significantly affected by religiosity. However, the strength of religiosity effect varies across the generations: the older the generation, the stronger the effect. Finally, the consumption of media plays an important role in the postmodern family values particularly among the first generation.

According to the many different and sometimes contradictory findings in the field of work culture, in this article, we attempt to answer basic questions, what is the status of work culture in our society and what factors related to work culture. In addition, we review pathology of studies and introduce research gaps in this field. We investigate, work culture with meta-analysis technique. We reviewed 117 internal researches and selected 42 documents. The result indicates: the average work culture, is the medium level and a range of internal, outsourcing factors and ground variables affect it. In these studies, internal organizational variables, were the effect of: job satisfaction and security, organizational justice, participatory management, organizational participation, specialization and non-contradiction in role, work experience, proper system of work, favorable job promotion system and outsourcing variables, directly related to age, inverse relationship of education. Based on the findings of the research, the pathology of studies and study gaps in this area are presented and suggestions and solutions are presented.

This article is in response to the concerns of some researches who believe that relations between couples had been more humane, closer and more emotional in the past and through history established breakdown in human, emotional and moral spouses’ relationships are expanding. This study investigated history of relations between spouses in Iran and the world. The findings show that, although due to the lack of adequate information, relations between couples can’t be evaluated fully, in general we can say that in the past, relations within the family, including relationships between couples often influenced by the mode of production and consumption (economic conditions), social and political conditions. Marriages based on government and social interests, financial problems of family and living conditions, long labor time, the class system and vertical relationships in the family, lack of private space has limited mutual relationship between spouses. It seems that effective communication and intimacy between couples, along with the change of economic system, has not decreased. So utilization of this context can be help for dynamic, continuity and stability of family.

This paper aim to study effect of women's employment on family stability, compare Dual-worker family with Single-worker family. Statistical population of quantitative cross-sectional survey was married in Tehran. Selected 1736 samples and was analyzed. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used and due to the different economic and social classes of people, selected 50 domains in Tehran. The instrument was questionnaire and used Pearson correlation, variance analysis, mean difference. The results show: men's marital happiness in dual-worker families are more than single-worker families. In men single-worker families, high income and occupational status associated with lower marital happiness and in women single-worker families, high income associated with higher marital happiness. Correlation between marital happiness and tendency to divorce in women dual-worker families, more than single-worker families and in men is less. Shared spending money in dual-worker families is more than single-worker families and conflict between work and family is less. In general we can say there is no evidence that women's employment is in contrast to family stability but women's employment provide resources that it can use in the dissolution of unhappy marriage. The implementation of employment appropriate policies can help stability of the family. The findings confirm theories of exchange, economic opportunity and new home economics.