فاطمه نعمت اللهی

Impulsivity means acting with the least thought towards future behaviors or acting based on thoughts that are not the best option for a person or others. This study was conducted to investigate psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Impulsive Behavior Scale (IBS) of Barratt on pre-hospital personnel of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2023.

This methodological study was conducted 18 pre-hospital emergency centers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during 2022-2023. In this study, the Persian version of the IBS has been used. Face and content validity of the scale in this study was confirmed using qualitative and quantitative methods, and construct validity was confirmed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for each field and the scale.

The IBS had three unplanned, motor and attentional subscales with 23 items and the varimax rotation showed variance of 52.06%. In CFA, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was equal to 0.093 and normalized fit index (NFI), comparative fit index (CFI), goodness of fit (GFI) and incremental fit index (IFI) were higher than 0.9. Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the scale was 0.85%, and the intra-subject correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.84%.

The study results showed that the scale for pre-hospital personnel had the required validity and reliability, and it can be used for the impulsive behavior in pre-hospital personnel.

Cognation and discovering the Logic of Settlement Syntax in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. However, the discovery of spatial relations and the logic that dominates it can be used in the preparation of the document of the fundamental spatial planning of the land of Iran and the landscapes of Iran. This research is based on the theory of space syntax and aims to Land cognation and discovering the rules of spatial syntax of settlements and with a quantitative-analytical and modeling method, using Python programming and geographic information system (GIS), it has analyzed the pattern of space syntax of urban settlements and space configuration. Space syntax of urban settlements in Iran, using environmental parameters such as; elevation, slope, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST),precipitation, relative humidity and urban demographic space have been considered and by combining these parameters, the raster data model and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them are processed and Compound Geomorphic Systems for Iran have been extracted. and then the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed in each of the geomorphic systems and subsystems. The results show that the patterns, context and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran have interacted with geomorphic systems and the analysis of spatial syntax can express the macro-strategies of the residential system in Iran based on the foundations of fundamental spatial planning.
The method of space syntax is the basis for understanding the configuration and analysis of environmental structures. In this research, what is considered as a question; The Logic of Settlement Syntax in Iran.

In this research, the approach of space syntax has been proposed and using quantitative-analytical method, based on environmental parameters, the space syntax pattern of urban settlements has been analyzed; Therefore, in order to achieve the research goals, the following process has been designed:Step one: Determining and recognizing the land of Iran and understanding the subject of research.Step 2: Study the documentary sources.Step 3: Prepare the database.Step 4: Raster Analysis, Modeling the earth and Environmental classification and threshold. In this step, the optimized Natural Breaks (Jenks) algorithm provided by Jenks is used for environmental threshold This method is one of the 7 methods of classifying tolls in the geographic information system (GIS). The natural breaks method is one solution to the failure of maximum breaks to consider natural groupings of data. In natural breaks, graphs are examined visually to determine logical breaks (or, alternatively, clusters) in the data. Stated another way, the purpose of natural breaks is to minimize differences between data values in the same class and to maximize differences between classes. Later we will see that this is also the objective of the optimal method, but with the optimal method, the classification is done using a numerical measure of classification error, whereas with natural breaks, the classification is subjective.Step 5: Estimation of the number and total urban population in the class - codes and presentation of new models and graphic Patterns in the field of space analysis and analysis of the spatial syntax pattern of urban settlements in Iran.

In this research, for the recognition and paraphrase of space, geomorphic and climatic elements; Altitude, slope, land curvature, temperature, precipitation and relative humidity have been analyzed as environmental components, selected and spatial syntax of urban settlements in Iran.Iran is part of a highland called the Iranian Plateau. Mountainous heights and landscapes and the height differences of this area are the most prominent features of the land, the extent of which is impressive not only in terms of nature but also in terms of residential space and it has caused a lot of environmental diversity and environmental differences.therefore; Due to altitude diversity; Which is the main factor in the emergence and development of large- Scale Geomorphic systems of different geomorphological formations and landscapes in the land of Iran, in this study, altitude is considered as an independent variable and other parameters as dependent variables.Generally, the classifications are based on the factors of elevation-slope, elevation-curvature, elevation-temperature, elevation-precipitation and elevation-relative humidity and Iran, based on each of these environmental characteristics, is divided into 4 main systems and a combination of 16 subsystems. Each of these subsystems has certain differences in terms of geomorphic structure and each has an area of Iranian territory.The final result of this spatial analysis; Procurement of formation systems and subsystems with specific geomorphic characteristics in the territory of Iran and preparation of graphic maps and models Curveo-Hypsographic, Gradio-Hypsographic, Thermo-Hypsographic, Meteoro-Hypsographic and Humio-Hypsographic.After preparing a map of the formation systems, steps have been taken to analyze the level of civilization in each of the subsystems, to find out which subsystems in each environmental system have the most urban civilization, Or the power of urbanization of each subsystem. This analysis is based on location, number of urban settlements and the total urban population in each subsystem.

The classification system presented in this study, which is done by combining the altitude parameter with 5 other environmental parameters, has presented different Compound Geomorphic Systems. This classification can be applied in various fields of geomorphology and even other natural geography trends. Each of the five proposed systems, which includes 16 other subsystems, will be used in pure geomorphology. To identify, differentiate, and identify Landforms, depending on the type of dominant Geomorphic Systems in each environment, the results can be used in the hierarchical organization of geomorphological research work. Also, for climatic classifications with a geomorphological perspective that climatologists pay less attention to, the results of such research can be useful. The results of this study are widely used in the classification of Compound Geomorphic Systems in various fields of geomorphology and climatology and fields related to human geography and population geography, and in growth and development. The theoretical and practical fields of these sciences will be effective.

The diversity and broadness of applied research in the field of geomorphology has led to a semantic and conceptual disconnection between such a research and the theoretical foundations and intellectual ideas that support them. Today, there is a need for a clearer relationship between applied research in the field of geomorphology and the schools of thought that support them, which justifies the need for current research. Samadzadeh et al. (1400) have proposed a new definition of morphological structure in the science of geomorphology. This study emphasizes the importance of fundamental studies, so that changes in the basic and theoretical concepts of science, create the opportunity for new attitudes and the creation of new theoretical ideas in a scientific discipline. Hence, they have explained a hierarchical structure of morphology defined in seven levels, including: land-concept, land-space, land-context, landscape, land-form, land-feature and land-object. Prior to this, Ramesht (2005), in her book Symbols and images in geomorphology, has dealt with the principles of morphology in geomorphology and declared hierarchical theories as a basis for the form units’ classifications in geomorphology. This research, which is a kind of link between a fundamental research in presenting the new structure of morphology and its practical application in geomorphology, it tries to act by quantifying the basic ideas for the improvement of geomorphological science in the field of morphological classification systems.

 Landform refers to any physical feature of the surface with a recognizable structure and shape. Landform elements and structural forms of the terrain surface could, directly and indirectly, drive many other environmental variables. Numerical representation of the surface and uneven pattern of the earth is a common topic in geographical, geomorphological, geological, and geophysical hazard mapping as well as sea-bed exploration. The combination of the earth and computer science with mathematics and geomorphometric engineering interacts with discrete and continuous landforms. Geomorphometry dates back to about 150 years ago and the work of Alexander von Humboldt and geomorphologists, and today with the revolution in computer science and especially digital computer models is developing rapidly. Detection and classification of landforms are of interest to GIS developers, geoscientists, and geomorphometry researchers. In this way, the desired work units are extracted with higher speed and accuracy and used in the form of vector and raster maps. Existing approaches are mainly based on height, terrain derivative, gradient, curvature, flow direction, slope position, morphometric indices, and the like. Also, less attention has been paid to the challenge of matching the diagnostic scale with the Landform scale, and most models have this shortcoming. On the other hand, less attention has been paid to the possibility of vectorization output results and also to the analysis of sensitivity and temporal response algorithms to machine processing. In this research, we attempted to recover and resolve the mentioned shortcoming and problems in the previous works. In this research, using basic algorithms of raster analysis and coding, new methods and algorithms for the automatic detection of landforms have been developed. Focal raster analysis is also emphasized and the moving window technique is used to implement the algorithms. Facing the scale challenge, sensitivity analysis, and the response algorithms to input changes as well as accuracy assessment are other aspects that have been addressed in this research.

 In this study, the Digital Surface Model (DSM) published by the Japan Space Agency in May and October 2015 with a horizontal resolution of about 30 meters was used to work on the topography of the region. These data are obtained from ALOS satellite images. This database is based on DSM data (5m network version) 3D topography, one of the most accurate elevation data on a global scale. The digital elevation model was transformed into a matrix structure using a Python coding environment. Then, raster analysis was implemented using the moving window technique. The moving window algorithm was coded in a way that the dimensions of the moving window could be freely determined and changed. In proportion to the size of the moving window, some adaptive algorithms are implemented to automatically correct and organize the edge effect in proportion to the size of the moving window. In this study, automatic landform detection was performed using spatial analysis of kernel patterns in the raster grid of digital elevation models and the results were presented in the form of three algorithms applied in the detection of topographic peaks and ridges. These algorithms include Multilevel Mean Summit Recognition Algorithm (MLMSR), Complex Multilevel Summit Recognition Algorithm (CMLSR), and Single Point Summit Recognition (SPSR). Each of these three algorithms was first conceptually designed and then coded and executed using the Python programming language. In the next step, the sources of error and specific scenarios of the algorithms were examined. The sensitivity of each algorithm related to the dimensions of the moving window, the resolution, and the size of the raster file, was evaluated, and finally, the accuracy and validation of the three models, using reference layers that were manually prepared and plotted, were assessed. All the procedures were designed in a way that could easily be implemented in an official software and were completely compatible with the structure of machinery processing. Also, being automatic and working on different platforms where one of our priorities.

 In the automatic detection of peaks and ridges using a digital terrain model, kernel spatial pattern analysis was used. In this regard, three proposed algorithms in this field were designed, coded, and executed. The output results of each of the algorithms were presented in the form of a raster and vector data model. Accuracy and sensitivity assessments were performed by considering changes in moving window size, resolution, and raster grid size (row x column) for each of the algorithms. The MLMSR algorithm tends to be in a more binary result in the lower dimensions of the moving window, while the CMLSR and SPSR algorithms do not. In all algorithms, increasing the size of the moving window causes a more generalization ratio. CMLSR and SPSR algorithms are more suitable for cartographic and visual purposes due to the higher degree of grading in the results. Regarding the temporal performance (Runtime) or sensitivity to input changes, the SPSR algorithm performs better. This is especially important when the input file size (number of rows and columns) is large. According to the results of validation and accuracy evaluation, MLMSR and SPSR had better performance than, the CMLSR algorithm. Python programming language has been widely used in the design and implementation of all algorithms, as well as in the field of sensitivity evaluation and validation. Totally more than 500 lines of codes were done for this purpose. All algorithms are automated and are able to execute and store results in raster and vector format using machine processing.

 The results show that the MLMSR algorithm in smaller dimensions of the moving window is tending to more binary results, which is problematic in some graphical and cartographic applications, but the CMLSR and SPSR algorithms showed more gradual trends in their outputs and so, they performed better in this respect. Researchers who intend to study and develop in this field are advised to focus on adaptive algorithms and optimize the dimensions of the moving window in relation to the volume of input information and so, in this way, they increase the flexibility of algorithms in relation to input changes.

The analysis of the pattern of the arrangement of settlements in the Iran It is effective in creating and developing population centers. This research in the area of spatial planning and relying on quantitative-analytical method, has analyzed the pattern of spatial arrangement of rural settlements based on environmental factors.Therefore, it analyzes the spatial pattern of rural settlements. Morphology of the space of rural settlements in Iran according to environmental factors such as; Elevation, slope, aspect, convex and concave surfaces, land surface temperature (LST), precipitation, relative humidity have been analyzed. And by analyzing and combining these factors, raster data models and new concepts have been invented and explained. After thresholding and coding the raster data model, the spatial relationships between them have been processed and Iran's Geomorphic systems have been extracted. Then, the pattern of spatial syntax of rural settlements and the potential of environmental civilization in each of the Geomorphic systems and subsystems have been analyzed and studied. Also, the potential of environmental civilization with morphological components including Elevation, slope and aspect was calculated and analyzed. The results of this study show that the pattern of spatial syntax of rural settlements has been in interaction with Geomorphic systems and morphological components. Also, the analysis of the land spatial analysis can play an important and effective role in achieving the strategic goals of the Iranian residential system, within the framework of the principles of fundamental spatial planning.

The importance of words and their role in drawing the intellectual space is not hidden from anyone. Changes in the basic and theoretical concepts of science create the opportunity for new attitudes and the creation of new theoretical concepts in a scientific order. On the other hand, changing the basic concepts requires changing the terminology to prevent the mentality of the scientific community from interfering and overlapping with the previous concepts. The creation of new concepts that are the result of scientific advances in various fields requires a redefinition of the terminology system in that branch of science. Due to the current situation of research in the field of geomorphology, which is mainly focused on the applied sectors and less development of the basic principles has been done, fundamental research and terminological development and the development of the fundamentals of this branch of science are felt. In this research, with the aim of terminological development and development of theoretical roots of geomorphology in the form of a basic research and in general order to provide a redefinition of the hierarchical structure of morphology in the field of geomorphology, the research has been planned. Different branches of science face different phases during their growth and development. In this study, two main phases that affect scientific networks in different periods called static terminological phase and dynamic terminological phase are explained. From a brief overview of the research trends governing the science of geomorphology, infertility in the creation of new concepts and meanings can be inferred that can be attributed to the terms of the static phase of terminology. Coming out of static terminological conditions and entering dynamic conditions requires more attention to fundamental studies and redefining pre-existing concepts in the form of new terminology. In this regard, the basic morphological structure in geomorphology (including 7 levels: Land concept, Land space, Landscape, Landform, Land Feature, Land Object), relationship structures (Hierarchical or non-hierarchical relationships, intra and inter-level relationships, one-way and two-way relationship), scale levels (including: universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local, pointwise), and flow of energy are explained.

Different branches of science face different phases during their growth and development. Two main phases that affect scientific networks in different periods, in this research, are named and explained Dynamic Terminological Phase (DTP) and Static Terminological Phase (STP). Given that the theoretical development of different branches of science is associated with terminological development and this relationship is a kind of interrelated relationship, in the dynamic phase of terminology, different branches of science, are more dynamic which this would be reflected in the terminological production volume. In the other phase, the volume of terminological production is reduced and is a kind of response to scientific stagnation, which is called the static phase of terminology, and is an indicator of fundamental stagnation and scientific development in that branch of science. Formerly, form units in geomorphology have been considered based on units of landscape, land view, land form and land feature (Ramesht, 1384, 15). In the classification presented in this research, the resolution of the classification system and their leveling is presented in a different way. The distinctive feature of the recently proposed structure is its higher resolution as well as its semantic nature.In this hierarchical system, each form unit can contain a number of sub-units. From the combination of seven hierarchical units of form, the structure of modern morphology in geomorphology is formulated, the largest unit of morphology unit in this structure is land concept and the smallest unit is land-object. In this structure the land concept, land space, land context, landscape, landform, land feature, land object, have universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local, and point-wise scales, respectively. The scale levels are also classified into four Major classes: Mega, Macro, Meso, and Micro. In the proposed formulation structure, 10 different types of interaction and relationship that are related to the structure of this structure, are explained. These relationships can be hierarchical or non-hierarchical, intra-level or inter-level, one-way or two-way. From the combination of the above states, ten relations are created. morphic relations in this form structure can be divided and classified into two main groups: vertical and horizontal.

The nature of the current space governing the science of geomorphology, which is itself a function of the space of the scientific community as a whole, indicates a stagnation in the birth of concepts and being in a static terminological phase. Such conditions justify the need for such fundamental studies in order to open new spaces. With this explanation, monitoring the content and semantic space of geomorphology, it seems that this science, like many other sciences, is in a static phase of terminology. This issue can, over time, damage the meaning and spirit of a scientific discipline. In this research, the solution to get out of this space and try to enter the dynamic terminological phase, through the design of new meanings in the form of new terminology has been considered. In this regard, the basic formulation system that was proposed in geomorphology with a completely new structure and different hierarchical levels, has been configured and developed in the form of a new terminological design. This new system of morphology is presented in 7 different levels, including: Land Concept, Land Space, Land Context, Land scape, Land form, Land feature and Land object is Provided.In the proposed morphological structure, 10 different types of relationships and the relationship that these relationships have with the morphological structure are explained.Scale The studies at each of the hierarchical levels of the proposed morphological system are explained on a universal, global, regional, zonal, focal, local and point scale, respectively.

Geographical researchers provide normative interpretations, of the territorial characteristics of Iran. According to most writings, the amount of precipitation in Iran is less than one-third of the global average. When it comes to the time of precipitation, it is contrasted with the time of water need, and regarding the spatial distribution and pattern of the precipitation, the heterogeneous distribution is considered along with random and flood patterns. Now the question is that whether we are allowed to offer normative interpretations of this situation as scientific researchers, and if there are appropriate strategies that can turn these characteristics into opportunities. The present study has tried to answer these questions by relying on the phenomenological method and analyzing the texts of 50 works by Iranian geographers based on the Janet method along with the use of central core indicators, maximum repetitions, Brust Detection, and centrality of the CiteSpace. The results of the study show that: • Normative loading is not permissible in the field of science for identifying the precipitation characteristics and water resources of Iran; • The climatic characteristics of a region shape its territorial identity, and strategic planning policies should be a function of it; and • Normative analysis of the climatic characteristics of Iran is mostly the product of the dominant positivism of Iranian geographers.

There are many different types of the terrain visualization techniques, which are the result of the evolution over time and the development of technological innovations. Earth’s surface roughness plays a key role in controlling surface and the Earth's atmosphere processes. This relationship is so strong that understanding the nature of the terrain topography can directly lead to clarity in understanding of these processes, both analytically and computationally. Therefore, the analysis and visualization of the terrain topography has provided significant applications in many of the activities of the Geographic Information System and environmental Modeling. Geomorphologists and cartographers both use information derived from digital elevation models to quantify the shape and structure of the Earth's topographic surfaces. Cartographic purpose of terrain relief visualization is to display landforms and features of the earth’s surface which is done through drawing hachures and other methods that lead to more realistic terrain surface visualization. Cartographers have used a variety of mechanisms, including colors and shades to create a 3-dimensional appearance of topographical surface in 2-dimensional surface of the maps. The recent study tries to present different ideas and models in the section of terrain topography visualization. For this purpose, vector (point and line) and raster data structure, Digital elevation model with respecting to the concepts of geomorphometry and digital terrain modeling had been used. And python programming has been widely used to design and automating the algorithms of the models.

In the first part, the raster database was prepared and arranged. The raster database contains elevation data that includes digital surface model. Which is currently the most accurate elevation data on a free, global scale. digital Surface model released by the Japan Space Agency in May and October 2015 with a horizontal resolution of about 23 meters were used to model the visualization of terrain topography surfaces. This data is obtained from the ALOS satellite images which is extracted from a five-meter grid data with global coverage which is now the most accurate elevation data in the global scale. In the next step, slope calculated using four slope algorithms on a digital surface model grid structure. The aspect was calculated in the same way. The aspect layer with the results of these four slope algorithms, averaged and standard hill shade calculated using common formula in the geographic information system. Then, the visualization modeling of the terrain topographic surfaces followed in two parts. In the vector modeling section, the hachure modeling of the terrain surface carried out which the results in the field of linear hachure drawing includes: Max-Center-Min, Max-Min, Random Point – Min and multi-sector aspect hachuring models which coded in the python programming environment. In the Point hachure section, two random point models with slope weight and random point model with curvature as a weight were modeled, coded and executed. In the raster modeling section, three model approaches were considered. In the first approach, blended shading was followed, which included combining standard hill shading model with a variety of terrain curvature, radiation models (Morphoradiation), and ridgeline effect models.14 types of terrain curvature were used and combined with standard hill shading to create new models for visualization of terrain surface topography. In the second part, radiation models including direct radiation, direct radiation duration, diffuse radiation and global radiation were combined with standard hill shading to create new models. To add the effect of the ridgelines in the display of the terrain surface topography, the method provided by Solhi and Seif (1399) was used to identify the ridges of the terrain topography.

Various models were prepared and presented in the terrain surface topography visualization. Part of the modeling is related to the vector data structures and the other part is related to the raster data structures. In the vector modeling section, four algorithms including: Max-Center-Min, Max-Min, Random point-Min and Multi-Sector Aspect hachuring were configured and presented. These four algorithms have the ability to create linear hachures on the terrain topography surfaces in order to create a spatial dimension of the digital elevation model. All four algorithms are performed using the moving window technique and automatically apply linear hachuring with using digital elevation model. The second part is related to raster data structures, which includes hybrid models (combining standard hill shade with different terrain curvatures types, radiation models and ridgeline effect), hypsometric tinting, contour maquette, and colored contour maquette.

Terrain surface topography visualization has wide applications and plays important role in the cartography and preparation of base-maps, geological maps and topographic maps as well as thematic maps such as geomorphological maps and many other maps. Modeling terrain surface topography, using different ideas, methods, and techniques, can be effective in improving and the visualization of terrain surfaces in different applications. In this research, with emphasis on the subject of terrain visualization modeling, different methods and models were presented both in the section of vector data structures (linear and dotted) and raster data structures. Various methods and models have been proposed that can be used in a wide range of environmental studies as well as cartographic methods and techniques. The presented models are practiced only from the digital elevation model and do not require field and special data, which are considered as features and strengths of these models. Future researchers are advised to develop and evolve the models, methods and techniques of this field of study and try to create practical and creative models. The field of digital terrain modeling, in the analytical and demonstration sections, creates a suitable platform for environmental science studies and in the form of basic and fundamental research can lead to scientific creation and dynamism in this field.

 Curiosity is the most important intrinsic asset of children that is used in search of knowledge and acquisition of knowledge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale among 5 to 9 years old children living in Tehran who were studying in schools or kindergartens in the academic year 1398-1399. The study was descriptive cross-sectional survey research and, 985 children were selected by multi-stage stratified-cluster sampling. Initially, the Persian version of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale is achieved by translating “Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale (Piotrowski et al., 2014)”. This Scale is in the form of a parental report and has two types of interest and deprivation. The analysis of scale items based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for interest type, deprivation type, and epistemic curiosity was 0.708, 0.795, and 0.734, respectively, which indicated its good internal consistency. The results of the test-retest reliability test also showed the stability of the scale. Also, the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the good and appropriate fit of the two-factor model of the scale with data. In general, the results of the research indicate that the Persian version of the Children’s Interest/Deprivation Epistemic Curiosity Scale has appropriate psychometric properties in a sample of Iranian children aged 5-9 years.

The present study examines the long-term relationship between energy demand, financial development and economic growth using data from the period 1349 to 1396. In order to reduce the bias of the estimates, the variables of foreign direct investment, free trade and gross fixed capital formation are also considered in the proposed model. To estimate the desired long-run relationship from generalized least squares regression, The Bayer-Hank combined co-integration method has been used. The results of this study showed that the increase in energy demand due to financial development is negligible and the impact of trade, gross fixed capital formation and real GDP on positive energy demand is positive. Also, the results of the asymmetric causality test showed that real GDP, free trade and gross fixed capital formation are the cause of long-term energy demand. Finally, the results of this study indicate that the impact of economic growth on energy consumption is much greater than the impact of financial development on this variable

Space-syntax analytical approach is related to the space phenomenology and some space structural arrangements including, textures, patterns, ratios and relations. In Iran military doctrine, defensive strategies had bolded more than space syntax patterns and interceptions in the scope of residential area development. Therefore, recognition of space structure, can be a foundation for territorial perception and basic land use planning and then affecting cognitive scope of the other sciences, causing to enrich it. In this study, with respecting to the space-syntax approach, geo-demographic space, conceptualized, modeled and formulated in a hierarchical structure including spatial syntax, array and element. First, spatial syntax structure had descripted and interpreted using concepts such as spatial relationships, patterns and ratios. Then, spatial relationships acting between in situ and demographic arrays, had conceptualized and modeled. These modeling had performed in the conceptual, mathematical(numerical) and graphical stage, respectively. the models, resulted in spatio-graphs with fractal and non-fractal structures to represent relationship depth and intensity inside spatial components. Cumulative, distance-based, scattering and distributional arrays, were considered in the scope of spatial patterns syntax. Conceptual models prepared and developed using quantitative and mathematical models. Spatial ratios had also interpreted with allometric-isometric concepts and then combined with hypothetical concepts of space syntax to form conceptual and quantitative models. The recent research main goal is to follow residential space perceptions, using space syntax recognition components related to the demographic elements in order to be used in the basic land use planning, passive defense, behavioral management and territorial space security.In order to achieve the research objectives, the following process was designed:Step 1: Determine and identify the space of the study area and understand the problem.Step 2: Study document resources.Step 3: Prepare database.Step 4: Spatial Join.Step 5: Select space elements to analyze geo-demographic space syntaxAt first, the demographic parameters were extracted from the statistical data of Iranian Center of Statistics and the most comprehensive list of cities in Iran separated based on the provinces, cities and villages in the study area, and the location and population were determined. In the following, the geomorphic and climate parameters were selected by regarding the geodemographic space of the study area. Data collection from information sources was divided into four raster data, vector data, climate data, and software database categories and then, the data were assessed.

Relying on the theory, space syntax and phenomenological approach, this research analyzes the spatial layout of settlements. It tries to discover the logic of space syntax in the northern coast of Persian Gulf by presenting some concepts such as spatial relationships, spatial patterns and configuration, and spatial ratios as the elements of spatial analysis in the layout of settlements.

In this research, the fundamental concepts such as spatial relationships, spatial patterns, and spatial ratios are considered as the elements of spatial analysis in the layout of settlements in relation to the environmental components.For modeling the spatial relationships among the four modes of relationship between the elements, two modes were considered: one to many, and many to many. Accordingly, each mode took the form of a conceptual model in a hierarchical and multilevel (fractal) or single-level (non-fractal) manner for the land of Iran and the coastal provinces of the Persian Gulf. Then, they were formulated and finally, displayed in the graphical form. Also, the correlation matrix of demographic and geomorphic components was generated and all the relationships were individually used for the pairwise comparison. As a result, the parameters with stronger relationship were identified.For analyzing the spatial patterns, the analysis of frequency distribution of geomorphic parameters such as height, slope, geomorphic units, drainage basins, distance from the coast, distance from the peaks, distance from the streams, density of peaks, density of streams, climate parameters of temperature and precipitation, and latitude and longitude as two spatial dimensions, and the demographic parameters such as the density of urban and rural populations and the density of urban and rural points was performed. For generating the spatial models, analysis of the geographical distribution measurement, a set of statistical-spatial analyses including the central feature, mean center, median center, standard distance, and directional distribution analyses were performed using the geographic information system on the urban population of the study area, and their location was determined.Finally, the ratio of geomorphic and demographic components was analyzed by expressing the spatial allometric-isometric concept in the layout of settlement space and the components with higher allometric and isometric ratios were selected and classified according to the numerical correlation ratio as strong, moderate and weak.

In this research, relying on several epistemic fields which are considered an innovative approach, the conceptual models such as fractal and non-fractal spatial relationships, spatio-graph, and allometric-isometric spatial ratios were presented and transformed to quantitative, mathematical and graphical models to maintain the relationship between the theoretical and epistemic foundations with the quantitative and mathematical modeling.In this research, with the emphasis on the approach to space syntax and phenomenology, allometry, post-hunters, and geospatial theories, the geodemographic space of the Gulf catchment area is analyzed and conceptualized, and in all parts conceptual modeling is applied to modeling Numerical, mathematical and quantitative numerals have been driven to maintain the relationship between theoretical and epistemic foundations with quantitative and mathematical modeling. Therefore, based on a number of epistemological fields which are innovative in their own way, models such as fractal and non-fractal spatial relationships, space science, alometric-isometric ratios are presented. The results of this research show that the recognition of the structure of space and the formulation of habitation alternatives can be the basis of cognition and territorial perception and fundamental harmony, and the art and skill of discovering the logic of space syntax allow us to do this. We can provide the desired layout space.

One of the new topics in geomorphology is the concept of identity and space memory. This category, which began with proposing the phenomenological perspective in geography, differs from the foundations of logical positivism. Phenomenological geomorphology begins with a system of new terms such as land con-text and land-text, and concepts such as logic of space Syntax, memory and space are born. As a result, the German geomorphology problem can be defined as: How many land-context in Germany have been created? And what's the space identity of these land –context? The results of a joint study by the University of Isfahan and Wurzburg, based on the analysis of the Litholex database, show that: * Germany has three land-context in its space memory. *The ice-water equilibrium line separates these three land-contexts. *Urban settlements in this country have got their own space identity from Convergence law of Ice River and river meandering, and rural settlement is resulting of the development of social settlements in forest. The theoretical frame of this research is based on phenomenology and Junet analytical text. The data that is used in project has been got from Litholex, eea. Europa and maps-EU-DEM. The variables was analyzed, are density of villages, disparity of settlements, I.W.E, convergence of glacial river, which are assessment for three area of Germany .In the last phases the obtained outcomes was compared with the same variables in Iran.The local identity of urban settlements in the country follows the law of convergence of ice vectors and river meandering, and rural settlement is the result of the social development of forestry.

Nowadays, removable partial dentures are applied to patients who are not able to use dental implants or fixed prosthesis. Although based on the studies the users of removable partial dentures are in the risk of plaque accumulation and unacceptable changes such as gingivitis, periodontitis and mobility in abutment tooth. It is not clear whether the negative effects of removable partial dentures are more on the isolated teeth which are a kind of abutment adjacent to endentulous area in both sides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical condition of isolated abutment teeth without splinting in comparison to control abutment from the aspects of B.O.P (bleeding on probing), mobility, pocket depth and gingivitis.

In this cross-sectional study, the prepared questionnaires were filled out by 50 patients who received removable partial dentures in department of removable prosthodontics of dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The patients had isolated abutment tooth and did not have any systemic disease. The obtained data were analyzed. Using Wilcoxon, exact Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis test.

B.O.P (P=0.004), pocket depth (P=0.035), and mobility (P<0.001) in isolated abutments were more than those in control abutments, but there were not significant differences in the degree of caries (P=0.083) and gingivitis (P=0.07).

This study showed that clinical condition of isolated abutments is worse than that of control abutments. More attention should be paid to healthiness of isolated teeth without splinting and periodic follow ups should be done in these cases.