فاطمه پورآقا رودبرده

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood traumatic experiences and general health with the mediating role of coping strategies. The research used a descriptive-correlation path analysis method. The statistical population consisted of undergraduate students from non-profit institutions in Rasht city in 2022-2023 academic year. 173 students were selected by cluster random sampling to complete Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Bernstein et al.'s Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ).Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis model, and SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze statistical data. The results showed that emotional neglect and emotional abuse had a direct effect on coping strategies and general health, whereas physical and sexual abuse only affected general health. Additionally, physical neglect influenced only coping strategies. Moreover, emotion-focused coping mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and general health, while problem-focused coping did not have a mediating role. Both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies significantly mediated the relationship between emotional and physical neglect with general health and had a direct impact on general health. Based on the results, it can be said that childhood trauma experiences can affected collegians' genera health through the mediation of coping strategies. Therefore, psychological interventions that aim to strengthen coping strategies and reduce the negative effects of childhood adversities can play an effective role in improving the general health of university students

The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy on marital harmony and communication patterns in incompatible couples referring to counseling centers in Rasht. The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all dysfunctional couples referring to positive life centers and the mental health support group in 2023 and among them, 20 couples (10 couples in the experimental group and 10 couples in the control group) were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group underwent emotion-oriented couple therapy for nine 90-minute sessions, and the control group waited for treatment. Subjects were evaluated during two stages (pre-test and post-test) using the Marital Harmony Questionnaire Xu and Lai (MHQ, 2004) and the Communications Patterns Questionnaire Christensen and Sullaway (CPQ, 1984). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) inferential statistics (covariance analysis) and SPSS software version 24. The findings showed that emotion-focused couple therapy was effective in increasing marital harmony and communication patterns of incompatible couples under treatment (P<0.001). it can be said that emotion-focused couple therapy is a suitable solution for solving the problems of incompatible couples.

The purpose of this study was to compare personality traits, Perceived Social Support, and interpersonal relationships between two groups of prisoners: those who successfully reintegrated into society and those who re-offended.

This research employed a causal-comparative method. The statistical population consisted of all individuals with a prison record in the central prison of Tehran city within the last 10 years (from 2014 to 2024). The sample size was 159 individuals (88 recidivists and 71 successfully reintegrated individuals), selected through purposive sampling in two groups: recidivists and successfully reintegrated individuals. Participants were assessed using NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and the Barton Communication Test Revised. The data were then entered into SPSS-22 statistical software for analysis and analyzed using analysis of variance and independent t-tests.

The findings revealed that among personality traits, significant differences between the two groups were observed only in the two dimensions of extraversion (P < 0.001) and conscientiousness (P < 0.001), as well as in the total score of Perceived Social Support (P < 0.003) and interpersonal relationships (P < 0.003). The comparison of means indicated that the meaning of these dimensions was higher in the successfully reintegrated group.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that psychological variables such as extraversion and conscientiousness personality traits, as well as Perceived Social Support and appropriate interpersonal relationships, play a crucial role in successful reintegration into society and prevent re-offending.

In recent years, a significant increase in statistics related to abused women has been reported, with thousands of women worldwide being harassed and abused every year. This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of assertiveness training on social competence and psychological well-being of abused women referring to social emergency.

The present study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The participants were selected using available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control. The statistical population of the study consisted of 77 abused women, 30 of whom were divided into two groups (15 experimental and 15 control). The participants of experimental group received eight sessions of 60-minute assertiveness training intervention by Mootabi & Atoofi, while the participants of control group remained on the waiting list for training. Data were evaluated using the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale and the Social Competence Questionnaire by Flanzer et al. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS version 24.

The results showed that assertiveness training was effective in increasing social competence and psychological well-being of abused women (p < 0.001).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that assertiveness training intervention is effective in enhancing social competence and psychological well-being of abused women.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group training in moral intelligence through reading stories on children's behavioral problems and social competence. The method of this research was semi-experimental and a pre-test-post-test research design with a control group. The statistical population included all 346 female students of the fourth grade of Kochesfhan City in the academic year of 2022-2023, of which a sample of 48 qualified volunteers was selected by sampling available and They were randomly placed in two groups of 24 people. Both groups completed the Questionnaires of Behavioral Problems (QBP) by Quay and Patterson (1987) and Social Competence (SCQ) by Fellner & et al (1990). The experimental group was subjected to the moral intelligence training protocol (MITP) by Frank and Burba (2014) for 12 sessions (50 minutes each session). The data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis method. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of behavioral problems and social competence of children in the two groups at the 0.001 level. Therefore, to reduce behavioral problems and increase social competence in children it is effective to use the intervention of teaching moral intelligence in the way of reading stories.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of computer-aided cognitive rehabilitation on improving the working memory of students with specific learning disabilities.

The research design is semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and without control group. The research sample included 15 students with specific learning disabilities who were purposefully selected among those who referred to public and private Learning Disabilities Centers of Bandar-e Anzali city and received computer-based cognitive rehabilitation training for eight 1-hour sessions. The research tools included, Raven's Progressive Matrices Intelligence Test (2000), N-Back Working Memory Test and Cogmed Cognitive Rehabilitation Package (2016). The obtained data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance test.

The results of this research showed that there was a significant difference in all the main components of the investigated executive functions (number of correct answers and response time) in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test in terms of the improvement of executive functions (P<0.05).

The computer-aided cognitive rehabilitation method based on active memory by creating a kind of learning experience is effective in improving the active memory of children with dyslexia, so it is suggested to use the above intervention method in learning problems centers.

The purpose of the current research was the effectiveness of Cognitive hypnotherapy in reducing the anxiety of women with generalized anxiety disorder. This research was quasi-experimental in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study included all women with generalized anxiety disorder who had referred to four counseling centers in Bandar Anzali city. For this purpose, 30 women diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Short Scale was administered to both groups and Cognitive hypnotherapy was performed for 2 months during 8 one-hour training sessions, individually for the subjects of the experimental group, and the control group did not receive treatment. Then the said questionnaire was again implemented on both groups. The data were analyzed using the covariance statistical method. The findings showed that Cognitive hypnotherapy was effective in reducing the anxiety of women with generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychologists and psychiatrists can use Cognitive hypnotherapy to reduce the anxiety of women with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between daily routines, self-efficacy and sense of coherence with Internet addiction in teenagers.

The method of this research is descriptive and correlational.  Its statistical population included all the students of the first secondary level of public schools in Rasht city in the academic year of 2022-2023. The sample size was 100 people, who were selected by available sampling method and using internet addiction questionnaires (1998), nightly evenings.  Horn and Steberg (1974), Mark Strom et al.'s Psychological Inventory of Ego Strength (1997) and Hasan al-Sajam Aktotroski (1993) were examined.  Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics of Pearson correlation and regression analysis.  All data analysis was done with SPSS version 22 statistical software.

 The findings showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between students' internet addiction and the preference for waking up and the total score of night sleep.  It was also found that there is a negative and significant relationship between students' internet addiction with the ability to understand, manageable, and the total score of coherence.  Finally, there is a relationship between students' internet addiction with dimensions such as hope, desire, competence, love and the total score of self-efficacies.

As a result, it can be said that daily routines, self-efficacy and sense of coherence are suitable predictors for students' internet addiction

In recent years, with the improvement of the educational system, the treatment of learning disabilities in students has attracted the attention of many education specialists. As a result, it is very important to study the psychological aspects of students with learning disabilities and to identify the factors affecting them. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing academic self-discipline, mental vitality, and academic vitality in students with and without special learning disorders.

The design of this research was a descriptive causal-comparative one. The research population included all the students of the 3rd to 6th grades of the first and the second district schools of Rasht city in the academic year of 2021-2022, and their number was 15071. The study sample was 120 individuals (including 60 students with learning disorders and 60 students without disorders) who were selected by convenience sampling method and taking the inclusion and exclusion conditions into account. In order to collect data, questionnaires of Academic Self-regulation (Swalend and Karin, 2007), Subjective Vitality (Ryan and Frederick, 1997) and Academic Vitality (Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh, 2013) were used. The research data was analyzed using t-tests and multivariate analysis of variance.

The results of this study showed that the students with special learning disorder obtained lower grades in comparison to the students without disorders (P < 0.01) in terms of the total score of academic self-discipline and its dimensions (external regulation, internalized regulation, specified regulation, intrinsic motivation), mental vitality, and academic vitality.

According to the findings of the research, it can be concluded that students with special learning disorder are weaker in academic self-discipline, mental vitality, and academic vitality than students without special learning disorder. Therefore, it is possible to solve these problems through early identification of these students, informing parents and school teachers, and implementing early screening and rehabilitation programs.

In recent decades, the use of the Internet as a suitable and affordable means of communication has become increasingly popular among people, especially young people. However, the excessive use of this technology has led to negative physical, behavioral and psychological consequences, causing concern in many families and even in authorities involved in the educational system. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association of family emotional atmosphere, self-control and sleep quality with Internet addiction in teenagers.

This research was a cross-sectional and descriptive correlational study. The statistical population was all the 300 male students in the 4th to 6th grades of two non-governmental high schools in Rasht city, Iran in the academic year of 1401-1401. A sample of 169 was selected based on the Morgan's Krejci table and using the available sampling method. The data collection tools were the Young's internet addiction, Pittsburgh sleep quality, Tanji self-control and Nodargah family emotional atmosphere questionnaires.

The analysis of the data showed that there is a significant positive correlation between Internet addiction and family emotional atmosphere (r=0.597) and sleep quality (r=0.331), while a negative and significant correlation exists between self-control and Internet addiction (r=0.668). Furthermore, the regression test results showed that all the three variables, namely family emotional atmosphere, self-control and sleep quality, can predict the changes in the internet addiction variable, such that per one standard deviation change in the familial emotional atmosphere, self-control and sleep quality a change of 0.163,  ̶ 0.382 and 0.375 deviation occurs in Internet addiction. Finally, simultaneous regression analysis showed that 51% of the students' internet addiction level can be explained by family emotional atmosphere, self-control and the students' sleep quality.

Based on the findings it is concluded that the variables family emotional atmosphere and sleep quality have a direct positive, while self-control has an inverse negative, relationship with Internet addiction. In addition, the family emotional atmosphere, high self-control and good sleep quality are effective in managing the use of the Internet by teenagers, which would mean that the proper awareness of parents and school counselors of the subject can help prevent internet addiction in teenagers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive distortions, psychological well-being and marital disturbance with mental health among couples applying for divorce in Rasht city. The research method is correlation. The statistical population of all women suffering from divorce referring to divorce reduction center in Rasht was selected by random sampling. 150 subjects were selected for this study. The data gathering tool was the Cognitive Distortion Questionnaire (2008), Psychological well-being (1993), and marital distress (1996) and mental health. Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between cognitive distortions, psychological well-being and marital disturbance with mental health among couples applying for divorce. The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between cognitive distortions, psychological well-being and marital disturbance with mental health among couples applying for divorce. The results of this research can be used in premarital counseling and solving marital conflicts.

From an educational point of view, motivation is a multidimensional construct associated with learning and academic achievement. As such, it encompasses beliefs about ones capability of, reasons for and emotional reaction to doing a desired activity. The aim of the present study was examining the effect of Multidimensional Motivation Interventions based on Martin's model on test anxiety and locus of control among students with learning disabilities.
This is an interrupted time series two-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research. To examine the short-term effects, data were collected in one month intervals. The population of the study was all female ninth graders of the first shift schools in Rasht- Iran. The sample (N=90) was assigned to the experimental group and control groups in equal numbers. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a ninth-grade student, willingness to cooperate and not having severe family problems, namely, divorce, disease, addiction or death of relatives. The exclusion criteria were absenteeism more than 3 sessions, dissatisfaction with continuing to participate in training sessions, disease and other uncontrollable conditions. Convenience sampling was used to recruit the participants, so all ninth-grade students of two selected schools were asked to complete demographic information form and declare their consent to attend group counseling sessions. Among students who were willing to participate the sessions, those with similar socio-economic status were selected. To control the emission effect and preventing its effect on the results of the intervention, experimental and control groups were not chosen from the same school. The intervention was carried out by the researcher for fifteen 60-minute sessions three times a week for nearly two months. A month later, a follow-up intervention was carried out. Ten participants in the experimental group and two participants in the control group were excluded due to absenteeism. Finally, the data related to 78 participants (35 participants in the experimental group and 43 participants in the control group) were analyzed.
The findings showed Multidimensional Motivation Interventions resulted in significant increase in the students scores in the cognitive components, namely, test anxiety and of locus of control only in the control group, which remained unchanged after a month except for the locus of control.
For years, researchers and other authorities in educational psychology have been concerned about low motivation and academic achievement among students with learning disability. They are now increasingly turning to multidimensional approaches. In accordance with the theoretical and practical evidences and previous studies, data analysis showed that cognitive and behavioral dimensions are associated with a number of motivational and academic variables. It can be concluded that training can boost student's motivation and academic performance. To ensure long term effects, the family and school personnel must be involved in training. Therefore, considering the results, multidimensional approaches are recommended.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the multidimensional academic motivation questionnaire of Semnan (SMAMQ), which evaluates different factors in students’ academic motivation. The population of this study was all first grade high school students of Semnan. Totally 580 students were selected using random multi-stage sampling method. All of them completed SMAMQ. Educational measures such as discipline score, number of absence, grade point average were collected. Correlation of the factors, educational measures, reliability analysis were used for examining psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis was used for examining measurement model and the structure of internal relationships of items. Finding showed that in comparison with the four competing models, a nine-factor model was compatible with the SMAMQ. The relationship between motivational factors and educational measures was consistent with the expected direction. The findings showed that SMAMQ has good psychometric properties and can be used as a research and diagnostic tool.

The term ‘executive functioning’ (EF) refers to a complex cognitive and processes which are generally associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Researchers believe that there are some differences in the growth of executive functioning as well as physical growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental trend of executive functioning on primary school students. This study was as a causal-comparative research. The statistical population included primary students in Rasht city in the north of Iran. 126 primary students were selected with a multi-stage random sampling method and divided into three groups including: first and second year students (n=40), third and fourth year students (n=42) and fifth and sixth year students (n=44). The sampling method was random and executive functioning was measured by the Wisconsin card sorting, color word stroop and continuing performance test. A significant difference was observed between three groups by ANOVA test in regards with continuous performance, interference task (stroop), preservative and the total error. The results of the post hoc test indicated a significant difference between first and third group and also second and third group. The results indicate that the executive functioning emerges during in the developmental trend of individual and evolves with increasing age

Previous researches have shown that children with autism spectrum disorder and mental retardation have some dysfunctions in attention and inhibition functions. The present study evaluated the performance of attention and response inhibition in autism spectrum disorders، mental retardation and normal children. The method of this study was Ex post factor، so 15 children with autism spectrum disorder، 15 children with mental retardation and 15 normal children were selected through Stroop neuropsychological test and CPT. Data analysis was performed by using methods of ANOVA and LSD post hoc test and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric via SPSS-17. Data analysis showed that there is a significant difference among the three groups in the function of selective attention (p<0/0001) and inhibition (p<0/0001). In addition، It clearly illustrated that there is no significant difference between children with autism and mental retardation (p<0/535) in the components of continuous performance test. Furthermore، a significant difference was observed between autism and normal children (p<0/0001)، and mentally retarded and normal children (p<0/0001) Based on the components attention and response inhibitions were significantly different among the three groups; consequently، the performance of mental retarded children were weaker than autism spectrum disorder and normal children and the performance of children with autism spectrum disorders were weaker than normal children.

International studies show that the elderly population is increasing due to health promotion، yet this group encounters a lot of health problems that can threaten their mental health conditions. Determining the effect of reminiscence group therapy on the mental health of male elderly men in Anzali Cultural Center for the Retirees، northern Iran. The study is a pre-post semi-experimental trial carried out on all elderly and retired population، referred to the retirement center in Azali. Among them، 16 men were selected on the basis of clinical interviews conducted by the psychologist، who earned higher scores on the General Health Questionnaire. They were then randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and controls and tested. The experimental group received 10 sessions of reminiscence and the controls were left untreated. In the test phase، both groups were evaluated using the pretest instruments. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis (MANCOVA). Data analysis showed that reminiscence group therapy led to significant reduction in the components of physical signs P = 0. 02، anxiety، P = 0. 01، insufficient social activity P = 0. 001، P = 0. 000 and depression in the elderly group tested. The results show that reminiscence can improve mental health conditions in the elderly and can serve as an effective، affordable and available technique.

Executive function is a concept which denotes the mental process and the ability to control the mind and body، cognition and emotion to guide behavior toward the goal and generally includes planning، working memory، impulse control، inhibition and flexibility. This study compared children with autism spectrum disorders، mentally retarded and normal children with one another in regard to mental flexibility (variability) and performance perseveration. In this cross-sectional study 15 child with autism spectrum disorder، 15 mentally retarded and 15 normal children were selected by using simple sampling method and examined by means of Neuro-psychological Wisconsin card sorting test. Data analysis was performed by means of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics i. e. one way ANOVA، post hoc analysis (LSD) and Kruscal Wallis test. Data analysis showed a significant difference among the 3 groups in regard to the component categories achieved (p=0. 000) and perseveration (p=0. 000). The comparison of the groups two by two showed significant differences. Comparison of the children with autism spectrum disorders with normal children (p=0. 01) and also comparison of the mentally retarded with normal children showed significant differences (p=0. 01). The results showed that children with autism spectrum disorders and children with mental retardation had more problems in regard to executive function than the normal group. Considering comorbidities among children with autism spectrum disorder and children with mental retardation، children with mental retardation showed more fundamental impairment in executive function. The results of this study support the hypothesis that IQ has a strong role in executive function.

This article aims to trace the relationship between homesickness and the amount of the perceived social support in the freshmen's mental health. The present article is correlation and cross- sectional study. The participants were 120 non-native B.A students [84girls, 36boys] of university of Guilan in the years of 1388-89 They were selected randomly, and examined with Persian Homesickness, Vaux social support and Mental Health questioners. The collected datas were analyzed by correlation regression and Stepwise regression. These analyses showed that there are significantly negative relationship between the total score of social support and mental health score and there are significantly positive relationship between homesickness and mental health, and also the variable of adjustment, total scale of social support, homesickness and loneliness(0/001,0/002,0/006,0/002) can predict the a mount of freshmen's mental health.The collected conclusion that with the rise of the amount of social support, the freshmen's mental health will rise, and with the rise of experience of homesickness, the freshmen's mental health will decline.

The level of awareness to different emotions and ability of a person to speak about himself/herself, are related to parent’s response to their children. This study aims to analyze the correlation between alexithymia and attachment to mother in adolescents. In this correlational descriptive study which was done in 2008-2009, 120 students (60 girls, 60 boys), aged 13-15, were selected through multi-stage randomized sampling in Rasht (North of Iran). Questionnaires used in this study were Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Inventory of Parents and Peers Attachment. SPSS software was used to analyze data through Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis tests. The components of trust has negative significant correlation with Difficulty Identifying Feeling (DIF) (P=0.012) and positive significant correlation with components of Difficulty Describing Feelings (DDF) (P=0.01), Externally-Oriented Thinking (EOT) (P<0.001) and the total score of alexithymia (P=0.001). The component of relationship with mother has significant negative correlation with DIF (P=0.01) and positive significant correlation with DDF (P=0.04), EOT (P<0.001) and the total score of alexithymia (P=0.009). The total score of attachment has negative significant correlation with DIF (P=0.006) and positive significant correlation with components EOT (P<0.001) and the total score of alexithymia (P=0.007). Regression analysis showed that relationship with mother, and maternal alienation components can predict alexithymia.Providing a safe relationship and meeting children's needs in the first year of his life, has a desirable effect on child’s physical and psychological health and his social skills in the next years of his life.

The aim of this research was to identify the necessary interpersonal skills for mentally retarded students from the perspectives of parents, teachers, and professionals. It was a descriptive survey utilizing literature review to determine interpersonal skills related to mentally retarded students in an international approach. In the next stage, perspectives of parents, teachers, and professionals have been surveyed using a researcher developed questionnaire. Thus, 151 parents, 144 teachers, and 42 professionals have been selected as the study subjects. Cluster sampling method was utilized to select parents and teachers, and a purposeful sampling procedure was used to select professionals. After preliminary study and determination of the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, it was administered on the target population. At the end, data was analyzed by descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (one-way analysis of variance) statistical methods and 15 necessary social skills were extracted. The results also indicated significant differences between the perspectives of parents, teachers, and professionals.