فرامرز حسن پور

The study of building architecture in cities in terms of form, climate and historical-evolutionary in order to coordinate the urban physical environment, is of particular importance. Due to its geographical and climatic location, the city of Zahedan has special buildings in the Pahlavi period, the entrance of which is one of the most significant parts of them. In this study, the purpose of studying the architecture of prominent buildings of the Pahlavi period in the city of Zahedan is to develop in line with the physical coordination of the city with a focus on decoration. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative. Data has been collected through interviews with 10 experts about 13 important works of this period in Zahedan. Through the questionnaire tool and using the AHP method, the characteristics of the building as well as 13 important buildings of this historical period were prioritized. Examining the quantitative results and comparing these buildings based on facade decorations shows that the courthouse with a final weight of 0.247 compared to 12 other buildings is known as the most important building of the Pahlavi period due to various architectural features, which ranks first in this priority. The classification is located. The second rank of this priority of building importance is related to Zahedan Post Museum with a weight of 0.2020. Also, Abui house with a weight of 0.113 and Shams house with a final weight of 0.092 are in the third and fourth ranks. According to the results, the total of workers' dormitories with a weight of 0.014 and also the complex of Ghods dormitories with a weight of 0.017 are ranked 13th and 12th in this priority. Therefore, based on the results of the Justice Building and the Post Museum, the most important buildings of the Pahlavi period in the city of Zahedan are known, which have a significant value and architecture compared to other buildings and architecture compared to other buildings and they can be used as a model for designing the body of urban roads.

The issue of meaning is one of the discussed components in phenomenology in architecture. Understanding the meaning of the architectural work in the contemporary period compared to the past is something that can be studied. There is a gap in research studies related to the understanding of meaning in the architecture of historical and contemporary buildings in Semnan city. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the effect of architecture on users. This is possible through understanding how architecture and the users communicate and understand architecture and the issue of identity. The purpose of this research is to study six historical and contemporary buildings in Semnan city, focusing on the component of meaning in architecture. The study of meaning using the definition of related components and the case study of the architecture of Semnan city has been developed in line with this goal. Based on the four components of identity, acclimation, memory and utility, which were taken from the opinions of Schultz and other phenomenologists in the theoretical foundations of the research, three historical buildings and three contemporary buildings were analyzed. Archival and field methods were used to collect data, and the opinions of phenomenological philosophers, especially Christian Norberg-Schultz, and related literature were examined. After determining the concepts, components and buildings, the Delphi method was used, and experts' opinions have been collected through interviews and questionnaires. After validity assessment, information was collected through a questionnaire, and finally, the results were compared and analyzed using the methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, and the findings were presented in the form of graphs and tables. In the statistics obtained from the citizens of historical buildings, more than three contemporary buildings have three components of acclimation, memory, and identity, only the amount of utility component in historical and contemporary buildings is more or less the same. According to the experts, contemporary buildings have a lesser amount in the three components of acclimation, memory and identity, and more in the utility component than historical buildings.

The present research aims to provide a suitable model for housing design that incorporates solar energy and the climatic and spatial elements of traditional architecture in the houses of Shiraz. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of its objectives; data collection was conducted through library and field methods. In this regard, after conducting library studies, interviews were held with five experts in the field of architecture, and, following the extraction of indicators, models for contemporary housing were proposed. The study examined the architectural indicators of traditional houses, such as water usage, maximizing wind capture, utilizing light, providing cooling through shade, using green spaces, proportions and composition of architectural elements, materials, and sustainable architectural design of spaces, building orientation, and the organization of spaces. It also explored solutions for climatic and active energy architecture, including optimal orientation and form, the thermal conductivity capacity of walls, shading devices, and light-transmitting walls. Energy calculations and contemporary adaptations of these indicators—including the use of a central courtyard (atrium), creating openings above staircases, movable shading devices, fixed and porous shades, triple-layered glass with argon gas in the middle, and the use of lightweight blocks—indicate that it is possible to design climate-responsive housing. The proposed optimal models can provide maximum thermal comfort for residents and reduce energy consumption.

Proportion is one of the significant design principles featured in Iranian architecture. Several factors are influential in applying a certain type of spatial proportions. Climate and ecology are the most important ones. Bushehr is one of the cities in the hot and humid climate in Iran and features historical houses which include a large variety of open and semi-open spaces. The general appearance of the mentioned spaces in the historical buildings shows that the proportions of these spaces apparently follow certain principles. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the proportional and geometrical principles used in the open and semi-open spaces in the historical houses in Bushehr. The findings and the results of the research can be used by contemporary architects and designers. The research is organized in two parts: the theoretical foundations and the fieldworks. In the theoretical basis part, the archival method was used to introduce and examine the history and the functions of these spaces. In the fieldwork part, the direct observation was the main method. The study of existing building drawings and their adaptation to the numerical measurements using laser meter were the next steps. The findings obtained from the geometry and the extracted numbers and sizes show that the open and semi-open spaces of the historical houses in Bushehr do not follow the proportional principles which, conversely, are common in other regions of Iran. However, the open and semi-open spaces have similar proportional geometry in all cases. The courtyard spaces have a square geometry or close to it, with a high height to width ratio. The height to width ratio in the corridors, arcades and “Tarmehs” is large and about the number three, in order to create more depth for shading. The dominant geometry of semi-open spaces is elongated rectangle in shape, their height is high, and their proportions are close to the number four in order to accelerate the convection of the heat upwards.

Today, the limitation of fossil energy and the degeneration of the environment affected by the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide resulting from its use and other difficulties and shortages of electricity, along with increasing energy demand, especially in developing countries, are valid and necessary evidence that makes use of clean and accessible resources, such as solar energy, in abundance. Due to its location on the Earth's solar belt, Iran has a wide potential for the use of solar energy. There are ways to use solar energy and generate electricity, including CSP technology for solar thermal power plants or photovoltaic systems. In this research, using GRASSHOPPER software, we have investigated the effect of shade and other effective indicators in optimizing energy consumption by examining the condition of traditional and contemporary houses, considering the materials used in these houses in Shiraz, and the energy results for them have been evaluated and compared in different months.

Today, with the expansion of cities and the growth of the population and the consequent construction, the need and crisis of energy consumption, environmental pollution and its high economic costs, the use of climate solutions and solar energy to reduce energy consumption has become an integral part of the energy issue. Is . The present study aims to investigate design indicators on energy consumption in traditional houses. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose; And the collection of information was realized by two library and field methods. The statistical population of the research is made up of 17,089 members of the architecture department of Fars Province Engineering System Organization living in Shiraz. Of these, 384 people were selected using Morgan's table. Information was collected using a questionnaire. All statistical analysis was done using Spss software. After examining the architectural indicators of traditional houses) use of water, maximum use of wind, use of light, provision of coolness with shade, use of green space, proportions and composition of architectural elements, materials, sustainable architectural design of spaces, orientation Building and organizing spaces (and solutions for climate architecture and active energy) (orientation and optimal form, thermal conductivity capacity of walls, shade and light-transmitting walls, etc.) Traditional houses designed climate-compatible housing that can provide maximum thermal comfort for residents and reduce energy consumption.

The main purpose of this research is to analysis the two main aspects of mathematics, the "geometric" analysis of motifs and the "numerical" analysis of the Architectural ornaments of Shah Nematullah Vali tomb in Mahan. The descriptive-analytical research method is based on archival method and field works. In this article, firstly, the shapes and numbers of Architectural ornaments are recognized, and then the possibility of their semantic connection with the themes of Islamic mysticism and the thoughts of Shah Nematullah Vali is examined. The geometric role of "Chalipa" and "number four" have been used the most in the architectural decorations of Astaneh, which in combination with regular octagonal geometry is a symbol of "perfect man" and a manifestation of divine light, reminding of the "The Presence of the Promised Saviour ". It seems that the architects of this work have used unique geometric motifs based on the numbers from one to twelve in the shamsehs and arrays, which refers to Shia beliefs, the "number twelve" in the unique painting of the lines of Chalehkhaneh. It was used to introduce the 12th Imam of Shia and it seems that the teachings of Shah Nematullah were embodied in the form of Architectural ornaments in his tomb. Also, the rotation, twisting and turning of these twelve cracks and gathering them into a single circle represents the principle of "unity in the same multiplicity".

The need to pay attention to the recognition and details of the buildings from various climatic, form and historical-evolutionary aspects is not hidden from any researcher. Understanding the architecture of buildings can help the development of urban spaces and its sustainable evolution. In Zahedan, due to its geographical and climatic location, special buildings with climatic characteristics were built in the second Pahlavi period, and the capital of these buildings is one of their most important features. In this article, the aim is to recognize the recess of the Pahlavi buildings in Zahedan city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative. Data collection in the first stage is through content analysis method based on images and researcher observations of 19 buildings in the city. Out of 19 buildings in the central and old neighborhoods of this city, 8 buildings were analyzed in the secondary monitoring. In the second stage, building features were prioritized through a questionnaire tool and using AHP method. The number of experts to weigh the criteria was 10 people. The result of the research shows that the architectural style of the 8 buildings studied is the traditional architectural style. Examining the facades of the buildings shows that out of the 8 buildings, 6 buildings have recess, which were built with brick materials in a simple way and without side decorations. Therefore, the predominant type of buildings at the entrance of Zahedan city is of traditional architecture and in a simple way and decorations are also based on bricks.

In this article, the aim is to Recognition the features of the entrances of Pahlavi period buildings in Zahedan and then prioritize these features. The research method is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative. Data collection in the first stage is through content analysis method based on images and researcher observations of 8 buildings in the city. In the second stage, building features were prioritized through a questionnaire tool and using AHP method. The number of experts to weigh the criteria was 10 people. The result of the research shows that the architectural style of the 8 buildings studied is the traditional architectural style; A study of the typology of the entrance of the building based on the facade decorations shows that the decorations are based on the traditional architectural style and most of the designs, shapes and inscriptions on the entrance of the building include brickwork, use of simple designs and shapes. In fact, the use of bricks and materials compatible with the climate of the region with simple designs and in many cases without designs on the entrances, is the dominant species. Therefore, the predominant type of buildings at the entrance of Zahedan city is of traditional architecture and in a simple way and decorations are also based on bricks. The result of AHP method showed that simple, truncated, snake and vein decorations weighing 0.282 are known as the most important decorative features of the entrance of the building in Zahedan. The use of simple brick inscriptions weighing 0.181 is also in the second place in terms of importance in terms of decorations on the entrance of the building.

rchitecture is always influenced by various indicators, the most important of which are climatic and physical-spatial indicators. These indicators are well observed in traditional homes and have played an important role in the use of clean energy. In this study, the aim is to study the climatic and spatial indicators of traditional architecture of Shiraz houses in order to provide a suitable model for housing design in order to use clean energy. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through a questionnaire. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by elite and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha above 0.70. The statistical population of the research consists of 27089 experts, specialists and people familiar with the architecture of the building and a member of the Engineering System Organization of Fars Province. The number of samples according to Morgan table is 384 people. The result of one-sample t-test showed that all studied climatic and spatial variables including green space, proportions and composition of architectural elements, materials, sustainable architectural design of spaces, building orientation, organizing spaces, water use, maximum use of wind , The use of light and providing coolness with shade at a level less than 0.05 were significant and in terms of the statistical population, were in a good condition. Among the spatial and climatic variables of architecture, the most impact was related to the orientation variable with a value of 4.03 and then green space with an average of 3.85. The regression result showed that the most effective variables in the design of modern houses are related to the variable of proportions and composition of architectural elements with a value of 0.151 units, ie 15%.

Kormanj and Turkmen are two major ethnic groups in the geography of Iran. Due to the distribution of these tribes in geographical areas, they behold their own culture and cultural elements. The housing of these communities bestows specific coordinates and features. Subsequently, the construction of a house and its body and spatial order is strongly influenced by the environment and culture to which it belongs, reading and analyzing the structure and body of the architecture of houses based on the needs and culture of the indigenous people that construct that community can aid designers and assisted planners in achieving the pattern of housing structure in that border and climate. This research is theoretically applied in terms of type of purpose and in terms of method combined with a descriptive and analytic outlook. Results indicate that in the old houses of Kormanj tribes, the role of privacy and gender characteristics in the separation of spaces and boundaries are more noticeable than the houses of Turkmen tribes. Features such as privacy, gender roles, the structure of family relationships and social relations and lifestyle are among the cultural features that have played a significant role in the formation of settlements in Kormanj and Turkmen.

Comparative study of cultural factors of Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups in shaping the architecture of settlements in Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province.
Recognizing the priority in physical and spatial elements in the architecture of Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups.

Which cultural factors in Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups are influential in shaping the architecture of settlements in Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province?
Which cultural factors in Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups have the greatest impact on the physical and spatial elements of houses in these two ethnic groups and in this region, respectively?

The architecture of the houses of Qaleno village in Sistan has responded to the slope of the village as well as taken into account the climate and culture consideration. The main question of this research is whether introversion is only for adaptation to climate or in addition to environmental force, cultural factors are involved. The main purpose of this study is to carry out a spatial analysis of indigenous architecture to show the components of introversion in Qaleno village. This research has a fundamental nature and applies a qualitative method to address the issue with a descriptive-interpretive approach. There are eight types of housing in Qaleno village, and they all have the element of Miansara (courtyard) in common. After introducing and analyzing the elements and components of the houses, the spatial arrangement of the houses has been investigated by using graphs to show how the spaces are organized and how they relate to each other. Due to the linearity and normal distribution of statistical data, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze them. The value of the obtained coefficient in two cases indicates that in the first case, introversion correlates with the number of Miansaras; and in the second case, introversion correlates with the number of spaces. Moreover, the studies showed that Qaleno houses have no windows towards the public space, and they are substituted with Koulak and Sourak, which also act as blinds. In addition, elements such as Hashti and Kham are used to divide the exterior and the interior. Miansaras are the major elements of the houses to the extent that some houses have up to five Miansaras, which are connected to every room by windows and doors. The results of this study show that the indigenous architecture of Qaleno village is influenced more by cultural factors rather than climatic ones and is different from the architecture of other areas because of the slope and the number of Miansaras it has.

School buildings constitute a large part of the public buildings and thereby being the most important consumers of energy in Iran. Considering the current construction conditions, reforming construction and design methods seems to provide a lot of potential for energy efficiency. Considering a large number of schools in Iran, it is of special importance to carefully study such methods, one of which is to modify building geometry factors, including building orientation. In this study, a double-class school with a simple plan, as a typical building pattern in hot arid regions of Iran, is considered as a case study to accurately determine its optimal orientation for six cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Zahedan, Qom, Kerman, and Yazd, as cities with over 500,000 people in the hot arid regions of Iran, using computer simulation. To this end, for each city, 72 models are simulated in different directions with a 5-degree variance, and a 10-degree range of the minimum annual energy consumption is obtained. Next, the simulation with a 1-degree variance is performed in the same range, and the results obtained for the six cities are compared. Finally, for this building type, the greatest and smallest impact of the building orientation on energy consumption is observed in Qom city and Yazd city, respectively. Also, despite the low percentage of annual energy savings, due to a large number of typical buildings in all six cities and their useful life span of 50 years, it is necessary to carefully choose the direction for the long period. Because the small amount of fuel storage during the annual consumption of a building will become a significant number at the national level during the entire period of operation.

In different periods of history, tribal, ethnic, climatic, religious, etc. cultural characteristics have had an impact on the design of the architectural body. Differences in the cultural characteristics of different climates have led to the emergence of distinct shapes in living spaces and the shape of habitats. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of culture in the design of the architectural body in North Khorasan, Bojnourd city. Since the residents of this province and city are composed of different ethnicities, we selected two Turkmen and Kermanj ethnic groups and put the studies and studies done by focusing on these two ethnic groups, which constitute the majority of the residents of this city. In order to achieve this goal, three basic questions are raised: 1- What is the role of culture in the type of architectural body of North Khorasan province? 2- What is the most important cultural indicator influencing the form of cultural settlements in North Khorasan? 3- What is the most influential space of culture in architecture? Following the answers to the above questions, he studied systematic and systematic documents and then conducted a semi-structured interview with several elites in the relevant field. The results show cultural characteristics such as representation of relationships and gender roles, privacy and Privacy based on gender culture, individual and social ties have had the greatest impact on North Khorasan's colonial body. Based on the above cultural features, the architectural body between these two ethnic groups is classified into two types of introverted and extroverted architecture. Introverted architecture with an emphasis on the separation of public and private arenas among Kermanshah and extroverted architecture with an emphasis on the integration of public and private arenas among Turkmens.

Given the ancient history of the Kurdish region in western Iran, its seemingly simple architecture has not been thoroughly investigated.  This research is an attempt to identify and characterize vernacular housing in western Kurdistan. The main aim of the research is to recognize the elements and concepts of these typologies, as well as the application of these concepts, and to inspire contemporary architects and designers.
In the contemporary architectural discourse, various approaches seek to sustain architecture traditions, including procedural typological approach with its principles for understanding the physical and subjective factors in architecture. The application of this approach provides a good basis for describing how the cultural, social and climatic characteristics in the region could survive. 
In the literature, Kurdistan province has been named Madad, Jabal, Mountain, Cisar and Ardalan. The mountains of the Kurdistan region in western Iran from about 10,000 years ago were sheltered by people whose works’ traces were found on the Sarab and Asiab hill near Bisotun, the Ganj - Dareh in Harsin (Kermanshah) and Sialk Kashan. Habitats that until the contemporary era, due to their formation based on cultural, climatic and social characteristics and coexistence with the nature are architecturally important and valuable. Most of the previous studies have been conducted in Oraman. In this study the target area, in addition to Oraman, is the cities of Marivan, Kamyaran and Sarvabad, in other words, the western region in the Kurdistan province.
This study includes fieldwork and the investigation of physical factors, and it utilized the method of typology (deductive-decreasing). During the fieldwork, data were collected and categorized from about 100 mountainous settlements in western Kurdistan. Then, 3D models were mapped and analyzed in the typology process. 
The results of this research show four architectural typologies in these settlements. The first Type, which is more abundant, is a rectangular cube, without a yard, which usually has three floors. The second type has no yard and like stairs follows mountain topography. The architecture of these two types is extroverted. Buildings in the third type are larger than last two types, featuring a large courtyard. The fourth type is "L" shaped building and has a small courtyard. These two types of architecture are semi-extroverted. Communal spaces (terraces, corridors and courtyard roofs) are the best vernacular guides for contemporary designers and architects in this Kurdish region.
In this study, by using the concepts of procedural typology approach, local architecture in the western Kurdish Region has been analyzed based on physical-subjective factors considering the interaction between past and contemporary architecture. It must be said that the effect of climate on the form and its height and its locating, slope of site, local and natural materials have been the main elements of the formation of the settlements. Characteristics of this kind of architecture are based on desire to nature and the context, extensive implant of flowers and fruit trees, locating on slope to have a perspective to nature and other buildings, and the provision of the habitants with collective spaces to meet their needs to have a conversation and relax in cool weather as well as creating a space for women’ daily routine.

The traditional spaces of the vernacular houses have been neglected in architectural and urban designs due to globalization policies and modernizing urban models, so it is necessary to review and classify their efficiency again in the reconstruction and the design of new villages to strengthen the vernacular identity of villages and to consider it in their physical development. The main objective of this research is to identify and introduce the most efficient open and semi-open spaces used in rural villages in the western region of Kurdistan province based on environmental quality indicators to inspire designers in designing vernacular rural housing in these areas. An archival method was applied for collecting data in the theoretical part of the research, and by using a descriptive-analytical method the data was analyzed. To categorize the cases purposefully, among 290 western villages in Kurdistan province, 20% of 100 regionally homogeneous villages (20 villages) with historical and valuable texture were selected for the investigation. The data is analyzed with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), verbal judgment and consensus of 16 experts who were purposefully selected. The results of the study show that open-air spaces were divided into five groups of open-loop openings along the length of the building, low length along the length of the building and a large depth, two open-ended faces, two open faces with an elongation along the structure (low depth) and three open points. Two open-ended faces were popular among most of the villagers due to favorable climatic conditions and appropriate environment suitable for social interactions, visual visibility and landscape beauty. The Barban semi-open space was also more efficient than other types of open-air balconies as it improves security, visual visibility, spatial development, climatic comfort, and provides space for social interactions.