فرحناز رستمی قبادی

Sustainable nutrition of the growing world population is considered as one of the significant challenges facing the world today. Therefore, the environmental-management solution, and the replacement of cultivation is presented as a strong means for increasing productivity, sustainability, and reducing the effects of climate change. The purpose of this study is first to investigate the acceptance rate of saffron in Kermanshah province by calculating the acceptance index and then determining the position of saffron farmers in the province, during the innovation decision process. The research method in the quantitative approach was descriptive-survey and analytical for the qualitative section. In the quantitative section, 120 farmers were selected in total, and in the qualitative section, 10 farmers were selected by targeted sampling. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire (based on Rogers' superior innovation decision-making model) and in-depth interviews. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and content analysis were used in the quantitative and qualitative sections respectively. The results showed that the acceptance rate of saffron in Kermanshah province was 0.33% and the saffron farmers in the target area, while having the knowledge and understanding of saffron work, confirmed the feature of being visible among the features of innovation, with the highest percentage. Furthermore, based on following the other saffron farmers, and with the justification from the experts, they accepted saffron, and finally, they were convinced to continue the cultivation of saffron while accepting it.

Implementation of land reforms in Iran has brought about significant social and geographical changes in rural villages across the country. These changes have predominantly disrupted the existing social structures in these rural areas. While several studies have been conducted on this subject, few have explored the local perspective and the context-specific nature of these social structures. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of land reforms on the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village in Kermanshah Province. The research adopted a qualitative paradigm and employed a descriptive-exploratory methodology. The study population comprised individuals, who possessed a deep understanding of the village and had resided there for over 50 years, with their lands being subject to land reform laws. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through individual and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was conducted for data analysis. The research findings revealed that prior to land reforms, the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village had encompassed a ruling class (consisting of landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers), independents (including landowners, independent farmers, and settlers), and followers (comprising tenant farmers, sharecroppers, day laborers, and migrants). However, after the implementation of land reforms, this classification had undergone changes, resulting in a social structure characterized by landowners (comprising large and small landowners, as well as water rights holders), followers (including agricultural laborers and settlers), and educated individuals (comprising educators, teachers, physicians, and supporters). Furthermore, the results indicated that although land reforms had mitigated social inequalities to some extent and partially fulfilled people's expectations, landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers continued to wield social status and power within the community. Based on these research findings, it is recommended that planners and policymakers give due consideration to the geographical factor in social structuring during land reforms.

Despite numerous studies on multifunctional agriculture, the development of this practice in developing countries, including Iran, remains uncertain. The purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze the underlying factors limiting multifunctional agriculture in western Iran. The study population consisted of 12 purposefully selected experts and farmers involved in multifunctional agriculture in Dehloran Township, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, following a root cause analysis approach proposed by the American Society for Quality (ASQ). The analysis of the interviews identified 19 direct causes categorized into six groups, along with 234 superficial causes. Additionally, 12 root causes that significantly impact the problem were identified. Using the GUT (Gravity, Urgency, and Tendency) decision matrix and Pareto diagram for scoring and prioritizing, eight key root causes emerged: Absence of research laboratories. Inefficient supervision of agricultural processes. Lack of guaranteed support for all agricultural products in the region. Failure to promote multifunctional agriculture. Failure to formulate strategic policies based on regional conditions. Inefficient policies for training multifunctional agricultural experts. Lack of targeted support plans. Inadequate policy-making to support multifunctional farmers. By addressing and rectifying these root causes, not only can superficial causes be eliminated, but also the development of multifunctional agriculture can be expedited.

Correct communication between organizations and production centers leads to increased career opportunities production, performance and the loss of wastes resulting from rework. So, this research was paid to identify the organization involved in this process and their duties. The main organizations studied included the Agricultural Jihad, the Agricultural Research Center and credit institutions. The main paradigm of research was mixed. In order to measure the level of communication and the importance of communication between livestock farmers and each of the investigated organizations was considered a score from 1 to 10. Value chain performance was compiled by economic, social, environmental and technical performance indicators by reviewing the literature and examining the views of experts, indexing and ranking weighting. In the qualitative section, 43 experts and ranchers were selected and analyzed in a targeted and snowball way, and in the quantitative section, 382 ranchers were selected and examined by cluster method. The results showed that more than half of farmers (50.9%) had weak and middle connections with organizations involved in the value chain. While the effective communication of these organizations had a positive and significant effect on the performance of sheep value chain. The role and importance of intermediator communication did not have significant impact on value chain performance. On the other hand, according to the results of the Mann-Whitney U test, farmers were related directly with credit institutions, mutual of livestock production improvement, veterinary office and intermediator, they have performed differently than those who were indirectly associated with these organizations.

Dehloran Township, Despite the great distance from multifunctional agriculture it faces many problems in the fields of agriculture, natural resources, environment and economic situation, If no measures are taken to reduce these problems and eliminate them More problems will be faced by the present and future generations of agriculture and rural areas of this Township. Since the development of multifunctional agriculture requires attention to planning and strategy tailored to the conditions of each region. The aim of this qualitative study was, preparation multifunctional agricultural development strategies in Dehloran Township (Ilam province). The study population was purposefully selected from 21 multifunctional agricultural experts in one of the western regions of Iran, Dehloran Township. Data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews in five steps of the Meta-SWOT technique based on the Resource-based theory. After completing the interviews, the position of Dehloran Township in comparison with competitors, existing resources and obstacles affecting the development of MFA were identified. After analyzing the interviews and evaluating the impact of each resource on environmental factors and their relevance to the objectives, a strategic map was drawn. In examining all aspects of the strategic map, three rare, Inimitable and Non-substitutable capabilities, one with the most strategic fit, an environmental factor were identified as the most important and powerful obstacle to the growth and development of MFA. Finally, judging by each of the internal and environmental factors, 15 optimal strategies for MFA development were preparated in order of importance using the AHP technique. By implementing the preparated strategies, it is possible to help strengthen and develop the existing capabilities and remove the existing obstacles, and with proper planning, we will witness the development of more multifunctional agriculture in the future.

Population growth, drought, climate change, and mismanagement policies have strongly affected the existing water resources. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of agricultural water management is setting up and optimizing irrigation and drainage networks for agricultural water. Water experts consider construction and establishment of water pumping stations in rural areas as one of the important principles of optimal agricultural water management. However, despite the costs incurred, the evidence shows that most of these networks have faced many problems and beneficiaries’ participations in the maintenance of installations have been minimal. Moreover, in the design and implementation of these projects, social studies of the involved regions and the main stakeholders’ opinions about these projects seem to have been ignored. As a result, the efficiency and productivity of such stations, as well as investment in the development of water resources, have decreased. In this regard, several pumping stations have been built for developing gardens in Kermanshah Province, but almost all of them are inactive for reasons such as the lack of technical and accurate engineering. The only water pumping station which is ready to operate is in Ghomsheh Village, but many problems occurring from the time of its approval to implementation have led to the villagers’ distrust and pessimism towards the implementation of the project. After taking some steps, the villagers have refused to participate in the project and have not accepted it. However, based on the available evidence, construction of a water pumping station can have positive benefits for stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of the factors limiting the success of the project of water pumping station in the village of Ghomsheh Faraman and provide solutions to overcome the mentioned problems.

This study was a qualitative research and a case study in terms of obtaining facts and data processing. The study population included the beneficiaries covering the water pumping station of Ghomsheh Village, 15 people in Darood Faraman and 11 officials, who were involved in the implementation of this project. The sampling method was purposeful based on semi-structured interviews and the focus groups were used to collect the data. Fifteen and 11 individual interviews with the villagers and the officials involved in the water pumping station were done, respectively. The average time of the interviews was 40-50 min. The researcher also conducted 2 and 2 focus group interviews with the community of beneficiaries (6-8 people) and the project-related officials (6-7 people), respectively. To analyze the data, the RCA technique was utilized. Root analysis is the process of a structured investigation that aims to identify the real cause of a problem. It is a multi-stage process that includes: 1) problem identification; 2) information gathering; 3) information analysis; and 4) cause-and-effect analysis. To identify the main problem, the interviews were conducted with the project beneficiaries and officials. Then, each of the relevant interviews was transcribed and the key concepts and root causes were extracted after summarizing them. Upon identifying the problem, cause, and root cause during a re-interview with the project beneficiaries and officials, the revitalization strategies of the project implementation were extracted.

A necessary condition for the growth and development of any community, including the village of Ghomsheh Faraman, is creating jobs, which, despite its high importance, has poorly and negatively been done in the mentioned village, thus resulting in increased unemployment and the villagers’ decreased incomes. Construction of this station has not only led to the villagers’ unemployment, but also enhanced their migration and addiction, as well as divorce in some cases. Researchers’ findings in this regard have shown that the project incompatibility with the beneficiaries’ main profession has extended its duration, labors’ abandonment from the village, and lack of diversity of activities in the village as the root of the problems reducing rural incomes and augmenting unemployment. Another major problem for the project of water pumping station in Ghomsheh Faraman Village has been the villagers’ unwillingness to cooperate with the authorities, which was found to be the dominant and main problem contributing to the project inefficiency in this study. The people’s reluctance towards the project implementation, the beneficiaries’ indecision for accomplishing it, the profiteering views of some of them, their pessimism and distrust towards the officials, as well as the officials’ empty promises and ignorance towards the beneficiaries’ protests and demands were the roots of the problem. Nonetheless, this had not prevented the project construction and implementation, despite the users’ reluctance towards horticulture and even the existence of inadequate feasibility studies, which had temporarily resulted in the waste of resources, stagnation of the station, increased unemployment and migration, return to the primary cultivation method, and the beneficiaries’ pessimism and distrust towards the project. After 8 years from the construction of the project, still, no gardens have been constructed and the agricultural lands have been stagnated, while the beneficiaries have remained undecided whether to continue the path and construct the gardens or return to the primary cultivation method. They are still reluctant to cooperate with the authorities. Another issue was the uncertainty of land ownership. In the lands covered by the station, the issue of ownership was very important with some needs to be considered. Huge investments had been made to control, regulate, transfer, and distribute water by water pumping stations.The beneficiaries’ participation in the station-related planning was one of the joint strategies expressed by the two groups, which, if implemented, could have a very positive effect on the beneficiaries’ participation, which could then increase their desire for gardening, accepting the station costs, reducing the project time and cost, creating the villagers’ sense of ownership and responsibility so as to take care of the tools and facilities required for the project. Farmers' involvement in irrigation projects is essential since it can enhance their abilities to plan, reduce operating and maintenance costs, and increase their sense of responsibility. To solve the main problems, i.e., lack of diversity of activities in the village and the officials and farmers’ involvement in the project,  a joint strategy of the Agricultural Jihad Organization to assist the villagers in the construction of a cattle ranch, as well as growing mushrooms and bees is needed. If such businesses are launched, the villagers’ income would increase and the economic pressures could decrease. In addition, creating jobs in the village could reduce unemployment and poverty, improve life quality, and ultimately lower rural migration. A legal solution to the problem of land ownership was another joint strategy proposed by the officials and beneficiaries of the project to address the root of the problem resulting from lack of attention to the customary-property laws. Implementation of this strategy would give hope to the villagers to realize their rights with the help of the authorities, better accept legal votes by the relevant institutions in this area, and have less opposition in launching and reviving the project. The legal solution to the problem of land ownership would make them feel secure about their properties. Another joint strategy presented by the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project was to solve the root of the problem of management instability. Hiring a professional and consistent manager for the mentioned station would shorten the time of garden construction and implementation of the second phase, while solving the challenges and problems of the project more easily because of the manager's familiarity with the project implementation process.

To identify the root causes of inefficiency of the water pumping station in Ghomsheh Village and provide a strategy for solving them, the RCA technique was employed. Following the interviews with the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project, 7 problems of the station inefficiency were identified: lack of the villagers’ willingness to cooperate with the authorities, farmers’ decreased incomes and increased unemployment, lack of land ownership, repetitions of the process and past mistakes, loss of the beneficiaries’ economic livelihood, and imposition of part of the costs on them. Also, such executive strategies as involving the operators in the planning of the station, determining the amount of land covered by the station in the second phase, helping the villagers to establish agricultural projects, finding a legal solution to the problem of agricultural land ownership, beginning and ending the second phase at the announced deadline, using a professional and consistent manager until the end of the project, etc. were proposed.

Today, with increasing environmental changes and business environment, the intensity of competition between organizations has increased. Organizational entrepreneurship is a process that enables organizations to withstand challenges and manage complexities. In this regard, the present study investigates the components of entrepreneurial management in the relationship between absorption capacity and organizational entrepreneurship in agricultural cooperatives in Kermanshah. The statistical population of the study included all managers of agricultural cooperatives in Kermanshah (N = 176), using Bartlett table, 110 of them were selected by stratified random sampling with appropriate assignment. The research measurement tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity was assessed using face and convergent validity and its reliability was assessed using combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha. SmartPLS3 and SPSS25 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the components of entrepreneurial management (growth strategy, strategic orientation, resource orientation, growth culture, reward philosophy and management structure) moderate the relationship between absorption capacity and organizational entrepreneurship among agricultural cooperatives in Kermanshah. As the effect of absorption capacity on organizational entrepreneurship is greater among agricultural companies that have an entrepreneurial management approach than companies that have a traditional management approach. According to the results, it is suggested that the managers of agricultural cooperatives in order to develop organizational entrepreneurship, it is necessary to provide the necessary educational measures and arrangements in order to increase the entrepreneurial spirit and strengthen their motivation.

  The development of digital marketing in recent decades has changed the structure of many businesses and has helped to develop entrepreneurial activities and business innovation. With the spread of Covid 19 around the world, attention to digital marketing has become increasingly important. Although digital marketing has had a far-reaching impact on farmers' productive activities in recent years, many farmers are still deprived of its services. Providing models for digital marketing in agricultural entrepreneurship can be considered by planners in reducing barriers for farmers in the digital trade network. . Therefore, the present article was conducted with the aim of providing a framework for digital marketing in agricultural entrepreneurship using the previous literature review method. Studies have shown that the digital marketing model of agricultural products includes the agricultural entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial process and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Entrepreneurial traits and skills include a range of personal characteristics to competencies and competencies and act as the driving force of the individual. The entrepreneurial process, which involves changing existing processes for digitalization, emphasizes business digitalisation, digital product delivery, marketing, and digital advertising, and provides the resources needed to use digital services and education and information. Needed to enhance digital marketing skills. The entrepreneurial ecosystem includes the social, cultural, economic, and political context of a society that affects a business and includes environmental support, institutional structures, and infrastructure

Multifunctional Agriculture Development requires an understanding of regional conditions before making any decisions or planning. The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to investigate the status of agriculture in Dehloran Township, Ilam province, based on three functions of multifunctional agriculture: production of food, environmental function and rural function. The population comprised of agricultural experts at Agricultural Jihad Organization and related offices in Dehloran Township (N=25) and farmers (N=5517) from which 365 individuals were selected from five districts of Markazi, Moosian, Dasht abas, Zarin Abad and Meimeh, according to Morgan table and using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Prescott-Allen segmentation as well as the prioritization of variables by calculating the critical degree. It can be said that based on Prescott-Allen's agriculture division, Dehloran Township is, on average, multifunctional and agricultural utility of this township is almost undesirable in terms of environmental function and average in rural and productive functions. In terms of production and rural functions, the rural function was better than the production function. According to the results, there were differences between the districts in terms of the three functions. It is necessary that multifunctional agricultural development planners pay particular attention to the variables associated with each function appropriate to each district, especially the critical variables, so that by identifying the resources, facilities, problems, bottlenecks and constraints of each district, they can enhance agricultural functions and facilitate the development of multi-functional agriculture in Dehloran Township.

Abstract Entrepreneurial marketing as a social concept is the common point of the two fields of marketing and entrepreneurship and has different dimensions. Regarding the importance of recognizing the dimensions of marketing in order to provide the contexts for growth and development of the business, the main purpose of this article, which is based on reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature related to the subject, was to analyze and show the most important dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing. According to the research results, the most important dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing include seven items: risk-taking, being a pioneer, opportunity-oriented, value creation, innovation, customer orientation and resource use.It is also recommended that; According the successful experiences of other countries, holding courses and conferences to introduce the importance of entrepreneurial marketing to business managers, developing the insurance industry, creating marketing and entrepreneurship courses in universities, providing support services to entrepreneurs and holding festivals and exhibitions of direct supply of manufactured products to help develop entrepreneurial marketing as well as business development.

The purpose of this study is to measure the effective factors on adoption of certified rainfed wheat seed by wheat producing farmers in Kermanshah province. This study is quantitative and conducted through a survey using researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was 372 wheat farmers, consisted of two groups of farmers who applied certified seed and those who do not apply certified seed, which were selected according to cluster sampling method. Logistic regression results indicated that the variables of education level, number of land lots and technical knowledge of seed preparation had a negative and significant relationship with the acceptance of certified seed. Also seed quality, variety quality, way of cultivation and using micro-nutrients had positive and meaningful impact on acceptance of certifies seed by wheat producing farmers in Kermanshah province. The overall ability assessment of the model also showed that 85.2% of the studied farmers were correctly classified.

Social capital has become increasingly important in recent decades due to its benefits to various companies and organizations. In this regard, the present study was conducted to analyze the situation of social capital among women entrepreneurs, members of rural micro-credit funds in Kermanshah. The statistical population of this study was 626, all rural women entrepreneurs who are the members of micro-credit funds in Kermanshah. The sample size was determined as 201 by using the table of Bartlett et al. (2001) and selected by stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment for the study. For data collection, the standard Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998) questionnaire was used in the form of three dimensions of structural, relational and cognitive. This questionnaire had 21 items that were modified according to the field of study. SPSS software was used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that more than half of rural women members of rural micro-credit funds in Kermanshah were in the good level in all three dimensions of social capital. From this finding, it can be inferred that the situation of social capital in the studied society is at a relatively good level. However, in relation to these three dimensions, the cognitive dimension was in a weaker position compared to the other two dimensions.

Examining and identifying the conditions and bottlenecks in the sustainable development of entrepreneurial units are one of the most important issues of today’s planning and policy on entrepreneurial business. According to this point this study aimed to investigate the level of sustainability in agricultural entrepreneurial activities in Kermanshah province.

This research is an applied and descriptive-survey way of doing it. In order to collect the required data, the two methods of documentary and field (questionnaire) were used. Content validity was evaluated, approved and modified by a group of experts and professors from the Razi University in Kermanshah Department of Agriculture and Entrepreneurship. The validity coefficient for agricultural entrepreneurs and experts questionnaires were calculated, 0.72 and 0.82, respectively.

The analysis level of entrepreneurial research activity and Analysis Unit and agricultural entrepreneur’s analysis unit was 72 and professionals was 27. To analyze the data, the statistical method and pattern ISDM is used. The results show that the development of entrepreneurial activities in agricultural activities is relatively in a stable level and among the investigated dimensions, economic and social dimensions had the best and the worst stability respectively.

Nowadays, rural tourism is considered as one of the most significant sectors of economic activity. Rural tourism can provide opportunities and facilities especially for rural employment and income, and provide a fertile ground for the development of small businesses and entrepreneurship. Therefore, the current applied research seeks to investigate the accelerators of rural tourism entrepreneurship development in the tourism destination villages of Kermanshah province. To implement the present research, qualitative methods were used. The population of this research was comprised of experts and practitioners in the field of tourism in Kermanshah province, which were a total of 15 people. Based on the content of the interviews analysis results, proponents were classified into two categories of "support groups" and "regional and sub-regional opportunities". In the meanwhile, the open source continuous and periodic monitoring of resorts, hotels by health care and veterinary centers" in the category of "appropriate climate opportunities and appropriate facilities", open source "the high culture of people in accepting rural tourists" the category of "support groups” are considered as the most important factors in the development of entrepreneurship in the field of tourism.

This study to identify restraining factors of the entrepreneurship development of rural women in the Lahijan city it’s done. Research methodology was qualitative of case-study and by using in-depth interviews with 12 rural entrepreneur women that were selected based on purposive sampling method, data were collected. Based on the results of content analysis of interviews, restraining factors in two selective class “problems of implementation” in two areas contains of weakness of infrastructures and protection- policy insufficiency of government and organizations, and “problems of manufacturing” included of problems in the supply chain, distribution and monitoring, were classified. In this regardthe lack of adequate space, the lack trust each other, the lack of government support of manufacturers, a high rate of bank interest, the lack of attention to the problems in the aria of production, intense market volatility, fluctuations in input prices, and damaged goods due to pest, formed the major obstacles to the entrepreneurship development of rural women in the Lahijan city.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate effects of rural ICT office services on developing rural social capital. It’s a descriptive-conductive study using simple random sampling. The population society are peasants of Godin village in Kangavar county of Kermanshah province. The sample size using Morgan and Krejcie table was determined 350 but the rate of return was 254 questionnaires. Results showed there was significant difference a bout level of social capital between user and non-user ICT''s services. Access to ICT services in rural offices، including access to the Internet can lead to better acceptance of differences and these people were more involved in community and have more participatory in community. Based on these results it is proposed to develop the necessary infrastructure and encourage peasants in using this technology for the development of social capital and to success in rural development programs.