فرزاد محمدزاده ابراهیمی

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which roots dates back at least to a century, is one of the most complicated and controversial international crises that has gripped the Middle East for decades. Many efforts have been made by various individuals, institutions and countries to achieve a comprehensive peace between the parties, but so far no final result has been gained. Given that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is considered to be one of the main drivers of the security threat as well as the rise of terrorism in the Middle East and the world, the research using the neorealist theory as well as descriptive-analytical approach and library resources tries to analyze this long-standing conflict. The study also explores the reasons behind the recent normalization of ties between Israel and a number of Arab states, which is an important turning point in relationship between the parties and has created new conditions in the region as far as the dawn of new Middle East is highlighted. Common security concerns of Israel and some Arab countries along with the promotion of national interests have improved Israeli-Arab relations. This article reflects the different viewpoints on security and also shed light on the role of the United States in the Palestinian/Arab-Israeli conflict.

Persian Gulf countries largely rely on revenues from oil and gas exports. Meanwhile, the development of unconventional sources of energy or what is called shale revolution in the United States could create changes in the global energy market and in result the income of these countries be affected. Also, Iran as an important country with a specific geographical location, which is located between two very important areas of the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, and has significant importance in terms of Geopolitics, Geo-strategic, Geo-economics and Geo Energy is no exception of this issue. Therefore, the present article using the descriptive - analytic method intends to answer the question that, what are the consequences of development of unconventional sources of energy on the Persian Gulf' Geo-economics of Energy? In response, should be noted that the Persian Gulf states faced with extensive changes resulting from the development of unconventional energy resources in the international energy markets on the one hand, and are faced with increasing demand for energy within the country on the other hand, that in sum could affect the conditions of the countries in the Persian Gulf region.

International developments in the first decade of the twentieth-first century, globalization, development of communications, and expand the scope of contacts between peoples in cyber space have caused more awareness of civil rights in the Middle East, comprehensive structural backwardness, and increasing range of demands for fundamental changes and developments in various fields. Unprecedented crisis in the Arab countries as domino swept across the Middle East and North Africa and even has overshadowed some non Arab countries. What is the role of globalization of communications in the Arab spring developments? Based on liberalism principles, citizens who are aware of the world usually are demanding reform. Globalization through public awareness and providing technologies enable citizens to communicate with the rest of the world, thus led the peoples of the Middle East and North Africa to revolt against their rulers and to create enormous changes. Due to the importance of the Middle East region and also the fact that recent unprecedented developments will have significant impacts, this paper examines the developments with regard to globalization of communications and technologies.

The use of targeted killings is increased by the United States with the beginning of the presidency of Barack Obama and became a key component of the country's anti-terrorism policies. Increasing non-state actors and activities of transnational networks as the main threat to the national security of the United States has led to tactical change in America's anti-terrorism policies from broad military attacks to limited and targeted attacks. Although technological advances such as guidedweapons and advanced monitoring systems have increased the ability of America to target specific individuals while reduced unwanted losses were effective in this regard. Despite the wide political and military achievements of targeted killings, several legal objections have been raised against America because these achievements caused the United States to ignore international law. Political realism approach with emphasis on national security and national interests provides an appropriate account of America's anti-terrorism politics. This article examines the legal and political implications of the United States targeted killings in the field of international relations.