فرشاد سوری

Toachieve the objectives of food security andagriculture, including its effective roleinstreng the ningnational independence requiresfast and accuratetransition froms tagetostage in the production of traditional livelihoods andindustrial productionand trade. The other handpursuit of sustainable agriculture todayasan approachto agriculture that made it possible to begin commercial production and food security of rural households makesit possible. In family uses about 80 percent of total agricultural uses accounted for, and thereforethe relationship between thein terest collected and food security in rural areasis of utmost importance, In this regard, this study also analyzes there lationship between thefood security and sustainable agricultureis discussed.
Research According to the studyin order to identify the relationship between food security and ther uralrich family uses bigelowis, therefore obeys the function al approach. This study is the descriptive research method-correlation analysis is carried out using the method. Research is a two section documentary and in section documentary through library research to gather background and theoretical Research, and a small section to analyse the data has been paid. Basic dataon the status of food security and sustainability of family farming systemin the coanty is ghani-bigelow questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: descriptive questionssuch as age, sex, education, food security status, a second batch of questions relating to the sustainability off amily farming systems in sustainable agriculture and household food security operation in the third part of the question concerning the form cartstandard commodity the Ministry of health requirements. according tomultiplestudies, the authors of 10 socialindicators, economic in dicatorsand 9 nineen vironmental in dicatorsto identify the factors affecting the economic, social, environmental and food security in the lives of beneficiaries were selected in the city of Zanjan. Since the total study population in cluded 1,324 family farmersin 8 rurals areselected, among them, using Cochran formula and table sample volume of 300 farmers were selected to complete the questionnaire and data necessary to navigate the desired 8 rurals were selected at random and were carefully collected. Spss software for data analysis and one-sample t-test for test for analyzing the stability of the family operation, Tukey's test, Pearson's chi-square tables to examine the relation taking advantage of the family and the general index correlation test for the relationship between sustainability and social and economic characteristics of interest - family farmers and food security were used.
Research findings :Descriptive findings indicate that individual characteristics of users, withan average age of 44.6 years for men and 94.8% among men and 5.2 percent of the mare women.Average family size of 4.3 persons perhousehold operation. In terms of education,19.6 percent were illiterate, 29.9% had primary school education, school education, 17.5 percent, 11.5 percent, education, high school diploma,12.8 percent, 8.7 percent havea bachelorsor higher graduateed ucation.The findings in relation to food security status of household sin the study rurals how among the items in the commodity basket standard provided by the ministry of health, there was only a poor person's consumption and the highest rate of poverty among food items, meat, fish and vegetables are.Thefindingsshow that 20.13 percent and 41.91 percent in the statistical community in absolute poverty, relative poverty live.
Analytic alresultsrelated to food security and sustainable family farming systems in ghani-biglwe rurals rich in zanjan township shows that, Stable operation of the systemis not in acceptable condition and the average family size in all three dimensions of sustainability in economic, environmental and social desirability of numeric negatively be assessed. In the second analysis, result sindicate statistically significant differences between the dependent variables tudied food security in rural households of farmers and sustainable agriculture is the independent variable. The following resultss how that based on sustainable agriculture, rural farmers were no significant differences in household food security is achieved and the positive direction of this relationshipis estimated that the association is indicated. So we can say that by increasing the sustainability of agricultural systems exploit a rich family in a county ghani-bigelow, food security at the household will increase proportionally.

This study is going to explore the effects of cultural tourism. It emphasizes on the rich cultural heritage of rural areas, like shaikh Kolini in Fashafouieh. Also, this research explores the domination of cultural tourism in this area beside other types of tourism and also tourism effects on rural areas is going to be discussed.THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK : Primarily, places have various functions on the base of their different nature, such as economic, social, political and cultural roles. These characteristic can play the role of attraction in tourism industry. It shapes Cultural tourism which is getting more important these days, and represents a significant source of attraction for tourists (both domestic and by its rich historical heritage. At the same time, rural tourism is one of the most common types of tourism, which along with numerous benefits for the rural community; it harms the community's identity at different stages. Also, it has a most resemblance with local culture and it has the ability to become the most popular tourism worldwide (OECD, 2009). One of the consequences of the interaction of tourism in rural areas is changing or distorting international relations). Such aspect seems particularly relevant for a country like Iran, which is internationally renowned for its abundance of historical and cultural resources, as shown of local cultures and traditional subcultures in rural areas, that has led to a lack of interest in the host community towards tourism development in their villages. In contrast, the cultural tourism which its product is associated with one or more of the specific cultural and religious phenomena, has more attraction for the specific customers (tourists) as compared to other types of tourists (ecotourism, tourism, agriculture, etc.) that have a greater congruence with the people in their host community. Several studies have investigated whether or not WHS endowment or more generally cultural offer increases tourism demand. However, the empirical evidence is mixed on this issue. A number of studies claim that the cultural heritage and attractions of a country are important determinants of tourism demand.

The research method in this study is applied and analytical. The data has been collected through field investigations. The focus groups are women and men who live in 4 villages in this area and the data has been gathered through questionnaire from sample of 170 families of local communities and 70 tourists from Kolain Village. The questionnaire was primarily developed based on 5-point Likert scale, which addressed the quality of tourism development and has been analysed by Ultimate statistical test. The research validity was determined through formal method, so that the questionnaire was approved after several stages of review by experts in tourism. For completing the initial information by advisory method the rural council and mayors have been interviewed. Cronbach's alpha formula was used to determine the reliability coefficient amount of questions which was calculated as 0.801 for a group of local people and was 0.832 for the tourists. The study relies on a variable-based cultural tourism. To explore the impact of cultural tourism, five indicators have been used that appeared as three cultural, economic and social factors which are exploring about the demands and the specific effects of tourism in the region. In the next stage, data were classified and coded by using Spss software. For answering the research questions and assessing the meaningfulness of the impact of cultural tourism development on various parameters of development of cultural tourism, Pearson correlation, t-test and Friedman Ranking method were employed. Also, the t-test has been used to measure the level of satisfaction of tourists and multiple regression and path analysis have been conducted to analyze the direct and indirect effects of cultural tourism development.DISCUTION:The research has been conducted on the base of flowing hypothesis: 1. It seems that the rural residents of Kolien -Fashafoueih district are supporting cultural tourism more than other kinds of tourism in the area. 2. It seems that tourists are satisfied with the facilities available in the village Kolien -Fashafoueih because they receive more welcoming from local communities. 3. The cultural impacts of tourism in the region are the predominant effects in the local level. Quantitative research has conducted on the base of Social exchange theory. It confirms the relationship between tourism and cultural structures of local community, so it shows that due to the nature of cultural tourism, most the of the local communities are satisfied with pilgrims visiting their villages, it is because that tourists made the greatest impact on determining attitudes and promoting tourism in this area. Failing to understand the exact nature of this type of tourism will harm the target group from different aspects in the process of tourism development. From the researcher aspect, visiting the villages and collecting the data from local people need more patience and it is a time consuming project. The research indicated that despite of many deficiencies in facilities, this type of tourism has less negative effects on local communities. The research also revealed that 99% of the tourists in the study area are satisfied. It seems that local people are more willing to host the tourists that respect to their culture and consider the values of the community. The results indicate that there is a satisfaction from tourism too, due to the cultural proximity between local community and tourists which visit shrine, this condition happens despite of many shortages in tourism services and facilities. So, based on the research results, it is recommended that development of Culture-Oriented has more potential for developing of tourism in the rural areas.

This research shows a new approach to social exchange theory which looks at the exchange profits, not only from economical and financial benefits but with an emphasis on spiritual and religious interests and attitudes on the base of historical and cultural identity of local community.

For the time being، the status of women in any society is an indicator of a society progress; indeed more attention will be paid to this fact day in day، and international organizations and institutes which involved in development activities have put their emphasis on this subject. One of the main important approaches to improve the women status is to empower their situation in important aspects of life and particularly in economic. Therefore، the aim of this research was to investigate the women empowerment and their role in development of rural area economy.

This paper is a practical، and the study was descriptive- analytical is survey. In which two ways documentary and is survey (Questionnaires and interviews) is used to collect the data needed. The study population، are residing rural womens in the Kounani district in Kouhdasht County (10895) among them 330 people، were selected by simple random sampling.

The results of the study indicated that the highest level of women empowerment in economic sectors was related to agricultural activities، which had a direct and significant relation with age and income variables. It was also found that women، who had higher-level of empowerment، will be more capable of earning higher income. Research Limitation: One of the challenges of this study was to visit the area of the study and to prepare and fill out the questionnaire among rural women who were facing the traditional attitudes. Practical Implication: with conclude accurate recognition of women abilities in various fields of occupational and also to determine their potential and capabilities empowerment of، such interest، confidence، knowledge and expertise، local experience and knowledge، responsibility، and It is easier to achieve women''s empowerment. Original/value: achieve to women''s empowerment on the one hand can lead to a decrease in female unemployment and increase their ability to perform various activities، and on the other to improve social and economic conditions of their families and ultimately lead to rural development in various aspects.

This study aimed to identify factors affecting quality of life of rural staff aquaculture units in the selseleh township that has been with Exploratory and confirmatory methods. This research is a survey practical that need data’s were collected using questionnaires and interviews of the 160 workers, 35 of rural aquaculture in the region as a whole number. Initially by doing a comparative study documentary in the previous literature and a pilot study of 15 members of community members has been that helped to Reliability and validity of the survey instrument to complete a standard questionnaire and then one scale consisting 34-item and 12 indicators of both economic and social impacts for this study were selected. The analysis was exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis that helps of spss software and required tests were performed in three stages: the first stage for detection sampling adequacy and Bartlett and varimax rotation, 7 The primary factors were extracted. In the second stage verification method identified five independent variables were defined by regression function that ability explanted effective quality of life of rural staff aquaculture in the region. In third analysis stage it became clear that underlying variables of marital status, income and housing conditions can influence the quality of life for community members. Summing up results of three exploratory analysis, verification and underlying that: contribution retrieved from social factors on quality of life of rural staff aquaculture units in the selseleh township is most of the economic dimensions. since the main objective of establishing aquaculture units achieving employment and sustainable security economic- Social in the region and is very important, however it does not require the neglect of the environment dimension of sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the present and desired rural tourism in selected Provinces in mazandaran with marketing mix. In the present study، the under-investigation components of marketing mix consist of seven components (7P) of place، planning and management، evidences and physical facilities، publicity، people and staffs، price، and products. In line with this، field study and descriptive-analytic research method have been used، and the data has been collected according to researcher-made 48-question questionnaire in which the related items have been chosen regarding the features of geographical tourism. The staffs of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organizations and Municipality were the sample and all of them have been tested from among the experts at this issue (N=90). The data analysis has been carried out by SPSS Software، and Mean Tests، Chi-Square، Wilcoxon and Friedman. To measure the significant difference between marketing mix items in two present and desired conditions by Wilcoxon test is an indication of the difference between the two compared conditions. Friedman test has been used for ranking the amount of effectiveness of components in the development of rural tourism and the results show the high importance of propaganda، people، and product components regarding the testable in having influence on the development of rural tourism in Babol، babolsar، mahmoodabad، and Sari provinces. Finally، it was found that the combination made of mixing the seven mentioned components with the significant level of 0/00 and the level of allowable error of 0/05 has the following capabilities; firstly، it shows the present condition of rural tourism marketing in the region well. Secondly، it results in the promotion of the level of rural development through expanding rural tourism in the studied region.

One of the main axes in the analysis of rural issues is the management structure in these communities. But، what of the concept of rural management as a settlement unit to mind may be don’t has more affinity with the common theories about the management. This topic، particularly، in Iran that in which the certain conditions in terms of social and cultural relations is governed on the rural environments، is true. A successful management، is the management that leads to achieviving the goals or objectives of the lead and the real success of the manager depends on the effectiveness and more efficiency of activities for the organization. Therefore، to evaluate a manager''s success (or management) should be noted Goals that an organization that has followed and based on rate of achieving to that goals will be assess the manager success. No doubt، achieving to objectives in an organization requires to perform the duties and mission that is considered for that organization. This article is based on the evaluate the manager''s operation in development of rurals in Konani region from the Kohdasht city and analyzed them statistically. Thus، this study sought to this answer that “manager function in these three dimensions of rural development of Konani region how and to what extent In this regard، the main three indicators manager''s operation، economic، social and environmental has been determined and the items for each of them selected according to the statute of manager''s tasks.

Quality of life is among the significant issues that was first paid attention to by the scholars with the widespread development of technology and industrialization process in Western countries and the studies in this regard has been increased and this significant issues is due to increasing importance of the studies performed in the field of quality of life in the monitoring of general policy and its role as an efficient tool in urban planning and management. One of the dimensions of the studies in the field of quality of life is related to its mental indicator, considering this dimension of the studies in quality of life, it can be accumulation of satisfaction in various areas of life. This study aims to evaluate quality of life in Kashan city using mental indicators which these indicators have been developed and analyzed in the framework of three economic, physical-environmental and social-cultural realms. The research method is a descriptive-analytical and survey one. Also, the statistical community in this study is Kashan city residents who 300 samples have been selected at random using Kerji and Mourgan Table and a questionnaire has been scattered among them. Therefore, to achieve a correct judgment, 19 indicators in three economic, physical-environmental and social-cultural realms have been used in this study. The results obtained from this study indicate that mental components show a significant relationship up to 99% level which most residents of Kashan city have a relative satisfaction about their quality of life. To examine the relationship between resident's economic-social conditions and their satisfaction of mental component of quality of life, multivariate regression test has been used, by which the obtained results showed a significant relationship between citizen's economic-social conditions (as the independent variable) and their satisfaction with the mental life components (as the independent variable).

This study aims at investigating the factors affecting rural people’s satisfaction with the performance of rural assistance offices in Koonani district of Koohdasht county in the context of management and rural development. It was conducted in a field survey method over the period of the summer 2011. The study seeks answer to the question “how much are the rural people of the Koonani district satisfied with the performance of the rural assistants”. Statistical society includes 11 villages with active rural assistance offices in the district and with a population of 7443 people, out of which 368 people are selected as a sample size by Cochran formula; and then, the study questionnaires are distributed among them in a proportional assignment and simple random method. Analyzing the collected data through the Wilcoxon statistical tests, T Paired and Logistic Regression shows that the satisfaction of rural people is significantly related with the performance of rural assistance offices at a %99 level in the economic, social and physical- environmental dimensions; moreover, the most amount of influence in their satisfaction with the rural assistants’ performance refers to the economical factor.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the present and desired rural tourism in Amol, Babol, Babolsar, and Sari provinces with marketing mix. In the present study, the under-investigation components of marketing mix consist of seven components (7P) of place, planning and management, evidences and physical facilities, publicity, people and staffs, price, and products. In line with this, field study and descriptive-analytic research method have been used, and the data has been collected according to researcher-made 48-question questionnaire in which the related items have been chosen regarding the features of geographical tourism. The staffs of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organizations and Municipality were the sample and all of them have been tested from among the experts at this issue (N=90). The data analysis has been carried out by SPSS Software, and Mean Tests, Chi-Square, Wilcoxon and Friedman. To measure the significant difference between marketing mix items in two present and desired conditions by Wilcoxon test is an indication of the difference between the two compared conditions. Friedman test has been used for ranking the amount of effectiveness of components in the development of rural tourism and the results show the high importance of propaganda, people, and product components regarding the testable in having influence on the development of rural tourism in Amol,Babol, Babolsar, and Sari provinces. Finally, it was found that the combination made of mixing the seven mentioned components with the significant level of 0/00 and the level of allowable error of 0/05 has the following capabilities; firstly, it shows the present condition of rural tourism marketing in the region well. Secondly, it results in the promotion of the level of rural development through expanding rural tourism in the studied region.

One of the main factors in tourism marketing، word of mouth is intended to attract tourists to the area. Because many consumer products، especially in services، such as tourist attractions which are nontangible and so the visit can not be used to evaluate. Hence the need to pay attention to advertising oral، as a major factor in the marketing of rural tourism will be considered. Since the pave private with the tourist attractions and ecotourism such favorable conditions for rural tourism is accepted. Therefore، the use of rural tourism، the use of Word of Mouth advertising، we analyzed in the paveh private. Statistical Society of research has been tourists that the survey had participated in the study area. Sample size of 368 patients was determined using the formula of Cochran. Methods used in this study a library study and field survey and analytic – applied. To answer the research hypotheses SPSS software and single-sample t-test، Pearson''s correlation test and simple linear regression is used. Research findings indicate that Tourists visited the pave private largely of Word of Mouth advertising as their main source of travel information used. Results of the study، According to Word of Mouth advertising and factors affecting its effectiveness، to attract more tourists the study area provides.

Because of particular geopolitics and geo-economics status of Caspian Sea, it can meet noticeable part of energy needs for countries such as china, east of Asia, European Union, and south of Asia. Enclosed countries in the areas of Caspian in land and inaccessibility of to international canals for transferring their energy to the global markets lead to charge energy transferring to the global markets to an international and regional problem. the various ways have been proposed that it is affected by political circumstances rather than economic and technical situations. According to geopolitical and geo-economic status of Islamic republic of Iran, Iran is the most suitable alternative to transfer Caspian energy to the global markets, but in the implementation process of this project and in relation to international system structure, Iran faced with several challenges. Our hypothesis is that according to the new energy geopolitical, Caspian energy has a particular status in the global energy equations and implementation limitation of Caspian energy transferring from Iran path, are regional and meta – regional competition and also united states conflicts with Islamic republic of Iran. Research methodology in current study is analytical – descriptive and instrument is liberation and internet –based sources.

In the early 2000s rural mayor has established as a non-governmental organizations to manage village affairs. This study seeks to explore the gender satisfaction in rural mayor’s performance on the base of social exchange theory and gender analysis approach. The study area is Konani Township, in Lorestan provience in Iran. The research hypothesis is that each of the two sexes has different expectations that have taken from their different roles in society. The present study was undertaken through Descriptive method and the the data has gathered by field work. The main tool for data gathering was questionar. The rural population is 7445, which on the base of Cochran formula 200 men and women were selected as sample. The results show that womenhas less satisfaction from economic and social performance Dhyaran less.of rural mayors and in the physical and environment mayors’ performance have more satisfaction than men. These differences, mainly related to gender roles and its impact on the satisfaction of both sexes.

This study designed to identify and analyze the positive and negative effects of the industrial towns of Ilam and Shabab on villages around these towns, and to compare these two regions in terms of achieving sustainable development goals. This study was conducted to survey and its statistical population (N=23004) have formed the residents of rural villages around this towns. The sample size (n = 364) has estimated Through the Cochran's formula and samples and multi-stage random sampling method were selected with probability proportionate. Factor analysis results show the positive effects of the Shabab industrial town in the social, agricultural, economic and physical environment in a 73.60 percent of the total variance explained. The positive effects of the Ilam industrial town in region includes the social, agricultural, economic and physical environment and provides a total of 59.89 percent of the total variance explained. Generally can be stated that the Shabab industrial town has a more positive effect on the neighboring villages.

Perhaps one of the most important aspects of rural development, rural management is arguably the most important dimensions A very important role in rural development activities is responsible for coordination. Iran has a long history of management in rural areas is, However, no factor in the failure of rural development programs, most importantly lack of proper understanding of rural management, And its characteristics and differences between urban and rural areas, and the difference in how they handle it. As is obvious and clear goal and the main stakeholders are the rural people in development programs, And the satisfaction of managers and officials is one of the most important points must be considered in the plan. So the main question of this study is to what extent is performance managers in rural management The present study analyzed the economic, social and Skeletal - the Environmental managers’ in Kunany sector deals. It should be noted that Methods used in the study Survey of descriptive and analytical. After collecting and processing data and statistical analysis Spss software and the use of statistical tests such steed mean, Wilcoxon and paired t-test The result was that the management of rural managers terms of size and performance(economic3/48, social 3/11 and Skeletal - the Environmental3/54) There is a significant relationship. So managers’ since its formation so far have played an effective role in development of villages. The results of the study, manager’s major problem in rural development, Lack of financial resources and credit for rural more development. That In addition to helping the government, managers also ways to finance the participation of the people should adopt.

In terms of social structure, Iran rural management system has undertaken complex developments and changes over many years. In 1999 “Law for establishing self Dehyary” adopted for villages with more than 20 households, but increased to 400 households due to the increasing number of requests. The aim of this research which is descriptive - correlational and performed using survey methods is to answer present problems of these dehyaris bsed on the review of history of political estabilishment of dehyaris and changes to the legislation and institutions in rural areas. In this regard, both large and small villages have been selected from Delfan Dehyary county (n=364), to assess dehyary performance based on two factors Dehyaryha organizational structure and population policy. The results of data analysis in SPSS software Analysis of variance and Spearman correlation tests show that Dehyary far more successful in large villages, small villages. Based on the legal conditions for these activities, pupolation is the main criteria for determining success in Dehyary. Of course this means that the population as a general criterion for services Dhyary.