فرشاد محسن زاده

Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive neurocognitive disorder that typically manifests early in life due to various causes. As a lifelong condition, it can diminish the affected individual’s abilities and exert significant psychological stress, particularly on mothers of children diagnosed with this disorder.

The objective of the current research was to examine the impact of motivational interviewing on enhancing marital satisfaction and self-efficacy among mothers who have children diagnosed with cerebral palsy.

The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, incorporating pretests, posttests, and follow-up, along with a control group. The research population comprised all mothers of children with cerebral palsy who attended the educational and rehabilitation centers for the physically and motor impaired in Kermanshah in the year 2021. Out of the entire population, 26 mothers who patronized the specified centers were chosen based on their willingness to participate and were then randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group. Data collection involved the use of Olson’s Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989) and Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale (1982). Participants in the experimental group participated in group counseling sessions that employed Motivational Interviewing (MI) techniques (Miller & Rollnick, 2006), consisting of ten 90-minute sessions. Data analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS software, version 24.

The findings indicated that motivational interviewing significantly improved the overall scores of marital satisfaction and self-efficacy among mothers with children who have cerebral palsy, with p-values less than 0.05, indicating statistical significance.

The study’s results suggest that motivational interviewing has a positive effect on enhancing marital satisfaction and self-efficacy in mothers of children diagnosed with cerebral palsy.

Research shows that the identification of psychological and social factors premarital, including; Responsibility, emotional maturity, flexibility, optimism, commitment to spouse and life, marital intimacy, financial management, realistic expectations, positive and constructive communication with the Family of origin, respect for the Families of origin has an effect on the success of couples' marriages, and premarital dating is one of the important factors in preventing problems in relationship, but examining these factors in the form of lived experiences in the researched society is a gap in research.

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying the "identify psycho-social factors premarital" From the point of view of the lived experiences of successful married women and men from the premarital period.

This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenology. The statistical population of the research included all the women and men with successful marriage of Shahriar city in 2021. The sample group was selected by selecting 12 women and men with successful marriage (5 men and 7 women) using the purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews (70 to 90 minutes) were used to collect data until theoretical saturation was reached. We implemented the text of the interviews verbatim and analyzed the data by the Colaizzi 7-step method.

The analysis of the interviews led to 4 main themes (individual and personality factors, couple interaction factors, factors related to Family of origin and social-cultural and contextual factors), 30 sub-themes and 123 conceptual codes.

Therefore, identifying and understanding psycho-social factors premarital affecting the success of marriage can be considered as a model and a path for the success and better adaptation of couples, and it can be useful for psychologists and counselors to develop marriage counseling practices and finally bring the health of the society.

One of the most common problems at different levels of education, especially during adolescence, is academic procrastination. Procrastination is one of the most important causes of students' failure to learn and achieve academic progress. Educational interventions based on choice theory and Transactional Analysis are two different types of interventions that emphasize on internal and interpersonal factors, respectively, and there is a comparison of their effectiveness on academic procrastination of girl's students in the research.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of education based on choice theory and transactional analysis on academic procrastination of girl's students.

The method of the current research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research included all ninth grade girl's students of Kuhdasht city in the academic year of 2018-2019, 45 of whom were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they were randomly replaced in three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups: Choice Theory and Transactional Analysis and a control group). In order to collect data, the academic procrastination assessment scale - student version (Solomon & Rothblum, 1984) was used. Also, educational programs based on choice theory (Nikbakht et al., 2014; Glasser, 1999) and based on transactional analysis (Stewart & Joines, 2009) were implemented in eight sessions on the first and second experimental groups, respectively. Also, the research data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements using SPSS-23 software.

The findings showed that both education based on choice theory and transactional analysis (with effect sizes of 0.870 and 0.721, respectively) had a significant and stable effect on the academic procrastination of ninth grade girl's students (P≥0.001). Also, the results of the comparison of interventions in Benferroni's post hoc test also showed that the effectiveness of education based on the choice theory on reducing academic procrastination was greater than the interaction analysis (P≥ 0.001).

According to the obtained results, it seems that the educational interventions based on the choice theory and transactional analysis were effective in reducing the academic procrastination of girl's students, But the education program based on the choice theory is more effective because of increasing academic self-confidence and improving students' metacognitive skills, for this reason, it is suggested that school counselors use this educational method more to reduce students' academic procrastination.

The crucial role of marital satisfaction in the health of the individual, family, and society has attracted many researchers in the last few decades. Thus, multiple studies have been done on this issue. The current study investigated the factors related to marital satisfaction in Iran. This research was developmental in terms of its purpose. In terms of the nature of the data, it was a meta-analysis. Moreover, to analyze the data, we applied Sandelowski and Barroso’s models to combine the qualitative data. In this regard, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample group consisting of twenty-one articles was selected for analysis. The results of this study led to the identification of four categories, including individual, marital, family, and environmental factors which affected the couples’ marital satisfaction. In addition, the category of marital factors which referred to the concepts related to marital relationship was named as the main category affecting marital satisfaction. The results of this meta-analysis showed that to achieve optimal marital satisfaction, one should pay attention to the individual, family, and environmental factors along with strengthening the marital relationships between a couple. Nevertheless, the factors related to marital relationships had the most influential role in marital satisfaction.

Using qualitative research grounded in theory, the purpose of this study was to investigate the various factors that influence repeated love failure. Based on the saturation principle, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 unattached boys and girls in Tehran in 2021 (6 boys and 10 girls) who had experienced at least two love failures. This study’s participants were selected using a targeted, snowball and available methodology. Strauss and Corben’s (1987) systematic analysis and three coding techniques—open, axial, and selective—were utilized to analyze the interviews. According to the results, the core concept of the model was determined to be emotional-impulsive choice, communication weakness, and love failure categories. Analyzed were the eight categories of recurrent love failure: selection and communication based on active and unhealthy goals, pathological dependence combined with anxiety, self-destruction and lack of self-compassion, lack of necessary preparations to lead the relationship to stable interaction, destructive and unstable interaction patterns, conflicting differences, unrealistic fears, and facilitator personality traits. There were two categories of risk factors (family dysfunction and absence of a specialized and effective social network guide). Interfering factors of recurrent love failure fell into two categories: lack of facilitators of right choice and constructive action, interfering skill deficiencies. The actions (strategies) were categorized into four groups: transitory and destructive emotional-cognitive actions, stable and destructive emotional-cognitive actions, destructive physical actions, and destructive behavioral actions. The consequences were divided into three categories: facilitators of correct choice and committed romantic relationship, absolute avoidance of romantic interactions, facilitators of incorrect choice, and re-failure of romantic relationship.

Individuals can experience thoughts of divorce at all stages of marriage, often referred to in the literature as "divorce Ideation". This research was conducted to clarify the factors influencing the occurrence of divorce among people applying for divorce. The present research method is qualitative and grounded theory. For this purpose, through a purposeful sampling method, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 individuals who were seeking divorce and guided to family courts 1 and 2 in Tehran. Data analysis started using Strauss and Corbin's (1988) microanalysis method for grounded theory and findings were obtained through three coding steps, open, Axial, and selectively analyzed. Findings showed that four factors before marriage (forced marriage, early marriage, choosing the wrong spouse and not going through the dating process properly), individual factors (expectations, lack of interest in the spouse, psychological fatigue), relationship (Spouse irresponsibility, spouse's psychological disorders, lack of love and affection, domestic violence, breach of contract, sexual problems, frequent conflicts, lack of fairness in the relationship), and environmental (addiction, work-family conflict, financial issues, relationship with spouse family) in the formation of thought Divorce is involved. The results highlight the influence of various factors related to divorce in the individual's thoughts, but these factors independently do not lead to the decision to divorce.

 Cerebral palsy refers to a group of multidimensional and non–stationary disturbances in movement. Children with cerebral palsy need careful attention from their caregivers, especially their mothers, in their daily living activities. Therefore, psychological interventions are essential to reduce marital conflict and increase mothers' self–efficacy. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a process–oriented approach among the third–generation psychotherapies. The overall goal of this treatment is to achieve psychological flexibility so that there is no need to eliminate the bad feeling; instead, the person moves toward behavior based on the value of thought. On the other hand, the main purpose of motivational interviewing is to promote intrinsic motivation to form and perpetuate behavioral changes. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of group counseling through motivational interviewing (MI) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on marital satisfaction and self–efficacy of mothers with children with cerebral palsy.

 This quasi–experimental study with non–equivalent groups employed a pretest–posttest with a follow–up (1 month) design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all mothers of children with cerebral palsy who were referred to educational and rehabilitation centers for the physically disabled in Kermanshah City, Iran, in 2021. The research sample comprised 34 volunteer mothers selected by available sampling based on the results of the pretest (ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and Self–Efficacy Scale) and inclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into three groups: trial motivational interview (11 people), acceptance and commitment therapy (10 people), and control group (13 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: bearing a minimum high school education, having children with cerebral palsy, expressing consent to participate in the research, and having physical health. Mothers without the ability to read, absence of more than two consecutive sessions in the treatment process, simultaneous membership in treatment and rehabilitation groups, non–compliance with group rules, and lack of respect and consent to continue the sessions were the criteria for leaving the study. The instruments used in this study were the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Fowers & Olson, 1993) and the Self–Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982), which were completed before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention by mothers in the experimental and control groups. Participants in the experimental groups received ACT–based therapy in 12 sessions (90 minutes per session) and MI in 11 sessions (90 minutes per session), during which time the control group received no training. Data analysis was performed in descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and the inferential section (analysis of covariance mixed with repeated measures and post hoc Bonferroni test) at a significance level 0.05 in SPSS software version 26.

 In the posttest stage, the total score of the marital satisfaction variable and its components, including ideal distortion, marital satisfaction, personality issues, conflict resolution, leisure activities, children, and parenting, as well as the self–efficacy variable, were significantly different between the two experimental groups and the control group (p<0.05). In the follow–up stage, in the total score of the marital satisfaction variable and its components, including ideal distortion, personality issues, conflict resolution, children and parenting, family and friends, as well as the self–efficacy variable, the differences between both experimental groups and the control group were significant (p<0.05). The difference between the two experimental groups in the posttest and follow–up stages was not significant in the total score of the marital satisfaction variable and all its components, as well as the self–efficacy variable (p>0.05).

 Based on the findings of the research, the use of treatment techniques based on ACT and MI for mothers of children with cerebral palsy increases the marital satisfaction and self–efficacy of these mothers.

Social, economic and cultural changes, increasingly have made new alternatives available to couples. Voluntary childlessness is an emerging and growing alternative lifestyle in Iran and little is known about this phenomenon.

In this study, we explored the lived experiences of voluntary childless Iranian couples using a qualitative method and phenomenological approach

Participants were selected in a purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and data saturation was achieved after interviews with 17 individuals (seven couples and three women). An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method of Smith et al. (2009) was used for data analysis.

The analysis of the interviews led to the emergence of seven superordinate themes; personal inadequacy, social, economic, political, and cultural deficiency, Inadequate and unsafe world, challenge with the classical family norms and values, social pressures and coping strategies.

The results of the present study showed that voluntary childlessness is a contemporary family form that has a different way of meaning and valuing than the classical family. This recognition creates a basis for mental health and family professionals to provide better services.

The World Health Organization has mentioned infertility as a public health problem that can lead to depression, anxiety, social exclusion, and sexual disorders. This biological, psychological, and social crisis creates a defective cycle that weakens fertility and causes dysfunction in sexual performance and satisfaction. But do infertile couples in Tehran also experience such quality experiences in life?

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of infertility experience and the impact of this event on the marital quality of life in couples.

The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. It tried to examine and discover the lived experience of infertile couples by entering the phenomenological world. The population of the present study consisted of all couples with infertility experience who were referred to Royan Research Institute in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful according to most qualitative schemes in order to have phenomenological information, and the researcher based the obtained data on 15 Analyzed the Colaizzi method. The validity of the findings was confirmed by the re-coding method by expert professors.

Analyzing and coding the cognitive phenomenon by Colaizzi method, identified 36 sub-categories and according to their similarity and semantic similarity, in 7 main concepts including the couple and social suffering from child-free life, intellectual and emotional issues in the treatment path, suggestion of Divorce or polygamy, lack of empathy and compatibility of those around the couple, isolation and apathy of the couple, increase in anxiety and stress of the couple, decrease in the quality of the marital relationship, decrease in the financial security of the couple are categorized.

The results showed that the phenomenon of infertility, in line with previous research, is associated with a noticeable decrease in the marital quality of life in couples in Tehran city and has created important issues, including the possibility of separation and divorce, coldness of relationships, decreased motivation, intellectual, emotional and social challenges, which are necessarily paying attention to the reduction of these cases is felt in order to increase the marital quality of life in these couples.

In a general and comprehensive definition, infidelity or extramarital relationship is the violation of the assumed or determined agreement of the couple regarding emotional or sexual exclusivity.

The aim of the present study is to quantitatively combine the results of these studies using the meta-analysis technique. In this meta-analysis, ten eligible studies that were conducted between 2012 and 2021 were analyzed with CMA2 software. The selected researches have been carried out by means of a survey method and by using the standard questionnaire tool of attitude towards marital infidelity (Whatley) and attachment styles (Hazen and Shaver) in different statistical societies.

Various researches have been conducted on why and how people get involved in extramarital relationships, and the impact of psychological factors such as attachment styles, personality traits, and primary incompatible schemas have been investigated, but the results of researches on the intensity of the impact of these psychological factors are different.

The results of the statistical evaluation show the heterogeneity of the effect size and the lack of publication bias of the studied studies.

Remarriage is a new opportunity to experience married life, but the theoretical and experimental backgrounds in this field indicate that this group experiences a lot of psychological, communication, and family stress. Also, the divorce rate is high among them. However, this group’s perceptual challenges and educational needs have not been comprehensively identified in specific research, and there is a research gap in this regard.

This study aimed to identify pre-marital educational needs.

The research was qualitative and grounded theory. The researcher selected men and women with experience of remarriage in Tehran. For this purpose, 16 men and women (identified by virtual call) and 12 professionals (identified by marriage and family association) were selected by purposive sampling. Interviews were recorded and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin (1998).

The analysis of the interviewees’ statements led to the design of a remarriage readiness model, with one primary theme (realistic selection and secure entry into a challenging relationship), four causal factors (clarification of remarriage criteria, analysis of individual readiness, having knowledge to find the appropriate match, and examining the possibility of unhealthy reasons for remarriage), three underlying factors (awareness of the role of family barriers, insight into marital and parenting challenges), four interfering factors (facilitating the release of the individual from the previous relationship, strengthening intrapersonal capabilities, strengthening marital skills and teaching communication requirements in interaction with children), four actions (participatory solution of challenges related to children, accepting the couple’s challenges and participating in addressing, defining the parent-child relationship based on affection, and defining marital relationship based on love) and a consequence (quality remarried life).

The research results provided the basis for designing pre-remarriage education programs that increase the likelihood of a quality remarriage.

The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the marital challenges of infertile couples.

The research method of the present study is a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The scope of research includes infertile men and women who have referred to the Royan Research Institute and the Office of Social Welfare and Family Counseling for advanced infertility treatment. The researcher paid by purposive sampling method and by semi-structured interviews with 15 couples and analyzed the obtained data based on the practical method of collage.

The results of the present study, by examining and classifying the descriptive codes obtained from the interview texts, identified 27 sub-categories and due to their similarity and semantic similarity, in 6 main concepts including: challenges in decision making and acceptance of treatment, challenges related to actions and Reactions of family and others include concerns about cultural and social rejection and religious concerns, concerns about the possibility of physical, mental and behavioral defects of the child, challenges affecting cohabitation and economic challenges of infertility treatment.

The extracted themes showed that infertility can affect the entire life of an infertile couple. Wider use of midwifery and psychological counseling services for infertile couples and those around them in infertility treatment centers seems to be helpful for these couples.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of choice theory on self-efficacy and academic procrastination of female students.

In this study, quasi-experimental research method was used with pre-test design, post-test with control group and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population included ninth grade female students in Koohdasht in 2020. The sample was selected from the available sampling method and by screening and administering the Scherer (1982) self-efficacy questionnaire and Solmon and Rathblum (1984) academic procrastination, 30 Eligible students were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Then, the students in the experimental group received 8 sessions of selection theory and their results were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

Findings showed that the mean scores of post-test and self-efficacy follow-up test in the experimental group increased and academic work latency increased. Students are effective (p <0.001)

choice theory intervention can be used to succeed and improve students' learning process.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of creative comprehension skills training and stress management on social, emotional, and educational adjustment in Teenagers Offenders 15-17 Years. The study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group.  A total of 36 adolescents from the Boarding Centers of the State Welfare Organization at District 20 in Shahre Ray and District 3 in Shemiranat in the first half of 2018 were selected as the research sample using convenience sampling and based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly put into three groups(two experimental groups and one control group each with 12 members). Then, the participants of experimental groups 1 and 2 were trained in creative thinking skills and stress management in 8 and 7 sessions of 60-70 minutes, respectively. The control group did not receive any training. The Adjustment Inventory of School Students Questionnaire (AISS)(Sinha, & Singh,1993) was the tool used both before and after holding the educational sessions. Application of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to the data revealed that teaching creating thinking and stress management skills increased social adjustment in the adolescents without guardians. Moreover, results of the independent t-test indicated that teaching creative thinking was more effective than teaching stress management on social adjustment of the adolescents. Thus, training creative thinking and stress management skills can be used as a supportive factor that prevents the emergence of psychological and social problems in adolescents and as a basis for their healthy growth and development by educators and counselors.

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of training the choice theory's concepts on attitudes toward marriage of those people who intended to get married, according their attachment styles.This applicable study was a quasi-experimental design with application of pre and posttest with control group. The population included all people who intended to get married and lived in Esfahan in 1396. 78 participants were selected via convenience sampling method then were divided into the three groups according their attachment styles; secure (n=30), avoidant (n=24) and anxious (n=24); after completion and scoring the Adult Attachment style Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1995). They were randomly placed into the experimental and control groups. They were asked to complete Marital Attitude Scale (MAS, Brateen & Rosen, 1998). Experimental groups received six 2_hours choice theory training sessions with Sahebi's Educational package. Finally all six groups received posttest. Results of multivariate covariance showed significant differences between experimental and control groups' scores among avoidant and anxious style samples in pessimistic and optimistic dimensions, respectively (P=0/05) .That is; training choice theory's concepts could significantly reduce pessimistic attitude of avoidant and increase optimistic attitude of anxious samples.

Adolescent aggression causes significant disruption to one’s individual and interpersonal life and, if left unchecked, can change their destiny. The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparison between the effects of two approaches, namely metacognitive therapy and dialectical behavior therapy, on reducing aggression in adolescent boys with divorced parents.

The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental research including control group with pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The sample, consisting of 36 male students whose parents were divorced, was selected by convenience sampling method. The research tool was Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry,1992). Research data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The analysis of covariance in adolescents undergoing dialectical behavior therapy (p <0.05) and metacognitive therapy (P <0.01) interventions showed significant results. Both groups showed less aggression than adolescents in the control group and a significant difference was observed between the effects of these two types of interventions in reducing aggression.

Based on the findings and the two-month follow-up, it can be concluded that dialectical behavior therapy reduced aggression among children of divorce by changing the components of emotional regulation, and metacognitive therapy did so by changing negative and irrational cognitions

Mothers of children with cerebral palsy are prone to social, economic, emotional and family pressures due to the presence of a child with cerebral palsy, which leads to a decrease in marital satisfaction and their perception of efficiency. Research has shown that acceptance and commitment therapy is a supportive approach that emphasizes the relationship and acceptance of individual and family values and uses awareness and acceptance along with commitment and behavior change strategies to increase psychological resilience that increases satisfaction. Couples and their self-efficacy, but there is a research gap in performing this intervention on mothers with children with cerebral palsy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy based on increasing marital satisfaction and self-efficacy of mothers with children with cerebral palsy.

The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the present study included all mothers with children with cerebral palsy who referred to educational and rehabilitation centers for the physically disabled in Kermanshah in 1399. The sample consisted of 23 volunteer mothers who were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups based on acceptance and commitment (n= 10) and a control group (n= 13). The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute acceptance and commitment therapy according to Hayes (2008) approach once a week and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using Mixed analysis of variance.

The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that acceptance and commitment-based therapy is effective in increasing marital satisfaction and self-efficiency of mothers with children with cerebral palsy. (P≤0/001).

Based on the findings of this study, marital satisfaction and self-efficacy of mothers with children with cerebral palsy can be improved by using therapy based on acceptance and commitment.

The purpose of this research was to predict love stories and love styles based on early maladaptive schemas. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population comprised all married teachers in Tehran (Districts 2 and 5) in school year 2018-19. Random multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized and 300 teachers were selected. The instruments consisted of Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (2005), Sternberg Love Story Scale (2001), and Lee Love Attitude Scale (1986). Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between early maladaptive schemas, love stories, and love styles. Moreover, early maladaptive schemas can predict love stories and love styles. Accordingly, it can be stated that types of schema have an impact on the formation of love stories and love styles based on which individuals choose their partners.

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of reality-therapy on reducing negligence and increasing self-regulation of school students. The method of the study is quasi-experimental and 16-18 girl students of Hassanieh Girls’ High school (Second Middle) of Tehran District 2, who educated in 2015-2016, constituted the target population. For this purpose, cluster and judgmental sampling methods were used and the data was collected through questionnaires of Educational Negligence (Atkin, 1982) and Self-Regulation Inventory (Pintrich & Digroot, 1990). The questionnaires were distributed among 100 high school students (grades two, three, and four). Then, using judgmental sampling method, 30 students, who had high level of educational negligence and low self-regulation, were selected and were randomly placed into two groups of 15 students: experimental and control groups. The experimental group members were exposed to 5 sessions of reality-therapy intervention based on WDEP; but the control group members were not. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses. The findings show that reality-therapy intervention significantly reduces educational negligence; also, the level of the marks of self-regulation of experimental group significantly increased compared to those of the group control.

Marital infidelity has increased in recent decades. The psychological disorders occur following the non-forgiveness of women who have experienced husbands’ infidelity. Therefore, it is important to address the most effective therapeutic interventions to increase forgiveness in women affected by infidelity.

The purpose of this study was to determine comparison of the effectiveness of training based on rational, emotional and behavioral therapy (REBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on forgiveness of women affected by marital infidelity.

In this research, quasi experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group design was used. From all the women with husbands’ infidelity who referred to two counseling centers and a psychiatric office in Shiraz, 30 women were selected and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (10 each). The two experimental groups received Rational, Emotional and Behavioral therapy (REBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and the control group did not receive any intervention. All participants completed the Forgiveness Questionnaire (FQ) in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up.

The results showed that the two treatments increase forgiveness (p<0/01) and neither is superior to the other (p> 0/05).

Therefore It can be concluded that in despite of the difference between content and process of the two approaches of rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (REBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), it seems that elements such as emotional discharge, hope and universal experience which are things that are common to both therapies, are the factors that could have influence on the rise of forgiveness, and therapists can use both treatment approaches equally to increase forgiveness in women affected by infidelity.

Couples who are effectively interconnected present mutual affirmation and can listen and respond to their spouse's needs in a non–defensive manner. The in–depth knowledge of skills and their use in coping with problems and crises are keys to effective marital relations; they enhance the strength and consistency of spouses. However, this knowledge, among couples in distress, is scarce. One of the behaviors that cause communication problems is control. Geriatric control usually occurs in closed home environments, causing uncertainty and the disruption of family integrity. Controlling destroys cohesion, bonding, adaptation, and resilience among family members. Controlling behaviors destruct the family system and couples’ relationships. Some examples of such adverse consequences include the disturbance of couples intimacy, as well as the inefficiency and incompatibility of the family with issues, differences, values, and beliefs, decreased flexibility and cohesion among family members, impaired communication, disrupted familial feelings, the lack of common understanding of communication patterns and interpersonal interactions, and reduced resilience in the face of multiple complications. Considering the necessity of implementing novel methods to solve couples’ problems, this study aimed to compare the effects of Integrative–Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) on couples’ controlling behaviors.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. The statistical population included all couples referring to counseling centers in Karaj City, Iran, to resolve marital disputes. The study subjects were selected by convenience random sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and one control (n=16; 8 couples per group) groups. The research instrument was the Controlling Behaviors Scale (CBS). The study subjects' choice was higher than the average in the CBS. After conducting the pretest, the IBCT and DBT programs were provided to the test groups; however, the controls received no intervention. Finally, a posttest was performed on all research groups. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at the 0.01 significance level.

The ANCOVA data indicated that DBT significantly reduced the mean score of controlling behaviors in the examined couples (p<0.001); however, no such effects were detected in the IBCT group. Furthermore, the post–hoc test data revealed that the effects of DBT were greater than that of the IBCT on reducing controlling behaviors. Accordingly, the effect size concerning the controlling behaviors was measured as 0.54, explaining approximately 54% of the within–group changes in the IBCT group.

This study suggested that DBT is applicable among couples; DBT could effectively decline couples’ controlling behaviors; however, the IBCT was not effective in reducing couples’ controlling behaviors.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group training based on Guttman cognitive-systemic couple therapy and McMaster model training on communication patterns. The research design was experimental with control group and random assignment.

Methodologhy:

 Statistical sample was selected by available sampling method from conflicting couples referring to private counseling and psychology centers in Tehran, Region 2 and 3. Couples were randomly assigned to three groups of couples therapy experiments with Guttman approach, experimental couples therapy group based on McMaster approach and control group. First, a pre-test was performed on all three groups with communication model questionnaires. Then, each of the experimental groups underwent ten sessions of couples therapy training based on Guttman theory, couple therapy therapy based on McMaster theory. At the end of the training sessions, post-test was taken from all three groups. In order to evaluate the duration of the training, one month after the training, both experimental groups were retested.

The results showed that Guttman systemic-cognitive couple therapy training and McMaster model training improved communication patterns in conflicting couples.

In general, there was no difference between the effectiveness of Guttmann's systemic-cognitive couple therapy training and Maxmaster model couple therapy training on communication patterns of conflicting couples.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of counseling in reducing marital incompatibility. The studies, however, have not explained the way in which marriage therapy is done, limiting their investigations to numbers. Therefore, the need for obtaining a better understanding of marriage therapy approaches with incompatible couples is paramount. This qualitative case study explores Adlerian marriage therapy, which is one of the essential approaches in marriage therapy. The population sample is one couple chosen according to the purposive sampling method. This study is a practical research in which a treatment intervention, following Adlerian marriage therapy protocol, was implemented in fifteen one-hour sessions. Furthermore, thoughtful analysis is applied to analyze and interpret data and information. This study has employed dyadic adjustment scale (Spanier, 1976) as a research tool. This qualitative, session-by-session investigation of the Adlerian marriage therapy in studied couple showed that this method was effective in reducing the marital incompatibility in studied couple. The results of three months of follow-up showed that these results remained stable, therefore, it can be concluded that Adler marriage therapy is effective in reducing marital incompatibility in couples.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Guttmans’ cognitive-systemic couple therapy and McMaster model on marital justice in conflicting couples.

The research method was experimental with control group and random assignment. A total of 60 people (30 couples) were selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method from among conflicting couples referring to private counseling and psychology centers in areas 2 and 3 of Tehran. Couples were randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). First, the pre-test of marital justice was performed on all three groups, then each of the experimental groups underwent training sessions of couple therapy based on Guttman theory and couple therapy based on McMaster theory for ten sessions. At the end of the training sessions, post-test was taken from all three groups. In order to evaluate the durability of the training, one month after the training, both experimental groups were retested.

The results showed that the difference between the mean of marital justice between the stages of pre-test and post-test (p <0.01) and follow-up (p <0.01) was significant. Which showed that the effect of Guttman cognitive couple therapy and Maxmaster model couple therapy on communication patterns of conflicting couples was stable.

The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that Guttmans’ systemic-cognitive couple therapy and McMaster model improved marital justice in conflicting couples.

Cancer can negatively affect couples'’ intimate relationships, creating a need for psychological interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a group intervention based on acceptance and commitment therapy on quality of life and communication patterns in patients with breast cancer and their spouses.

The study was a randomized controlled trial. The participating couples were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. Each group consisted of 10 individuals (5 couples). Both groups completed quality of life questionnaires of cancer patients. the world health organization Quality of Life questionnaire and the Gottman distance and isolation Scale. Then, the experimental group participated in Acceptance and Commitment therapy–based intervention for eight sessions of two hours. Quality of life and communication patterns were evaluated immediately and 3 months after the intervention, Data were analyzed using independent t- tests and analysis of covariance.

The mean scores for communication pattern and quality of life for the experimental group (10.40 ± 4.50 and 54.46 ± 11.17, respectively) were significantly different compared with the control group (15/.30 ± 3/.40 and 45/.34 ± 11/.34, respectively) (both P < 0.001).

Based on the findings of the present study, acceptance and commitment therapy can improve quality of life and communication patterns of patients with cancer and their spouses and reduce couples'’ stress and communication challenges.