فرشته بخشیان

This research study aimed to investigate postpartum depression symptoms based on marital conflicts, history of pre-pregnancy depression, and family support. The present research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes all pregnant women referring to the counseling centers of the Tehran Health Department who were pregnant in 2023, from among them 150 people were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected using the standard Marital Conflict Questionnaire of Brati and Sanai (2015, MCQ), the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Questionnaire (2003, EPDS), the Social Support Questionnaire (Family Scale, Mary Procidano and Kenneth Heller (PSS-FA, 1983) and the questionnaire Depression was collected by Beck et al. (BDI-II 1996). The data were analyzed using the multivariate regression method. The findings showed that the components of marital conflict (0.001) and pre-pregnancy depression ( 0.037), positively and significantly, and family support (0.041) can predict postpartum depression. Other results indicated that marital conflicts, history of depression before pregnancy, and family support in total explain 31 percent of the variance of postpartum depression, so marital conflicts, history of depression before pregnancy, and family support can play a role in the occurrence of postpartum depression.

Introduction and Cognitive impairment is one of the most common problems in the elderly that a very wide range of old age disorders are allocated to it and paying attention to them can lead to well-being in old age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of brain gym on cognitive abilities of the elderly. This research is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-post control group design. Statistical population of this research includes all inactive elderly people who live in Kermanshah. Sampling Method of this study is convenience sampling. For this purpose, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 elderly people with mean age 65.36 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve cognitive abilities, eight 30-minutes sessions. The Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (Nejati, 1392) was used to assess the participants' cognitive ability in the pre-test and post-test. ANCOVA analysis was used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between the cognitive scores of the two experimental and control groups by controlling the pre-test score. The empirical group scores significantly improved in cognitive abilities (P<0/05). The findings of this study confirm the positive effect of brain gym exercises on cognitive abilities in the elderly. Brain gym has likely its effects through two mechanisms:first through the effects such as physical exercise effects, and second through the direct effect on the brain that causes neural reorganization and cognitive abilities.

The high school period is critical for students’ independent identity formation. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused many high school students to miss school, which can have various psychological effects on them. This research aimed to explore the experiences of teachers and counselors about the psychological consequences of students’ absenteeism during the COVID-19 pandemic after resuming school.

This qualitative study used a phenomenological approach and was conducted in 2023. The participants were 21 teachers and counselors from the high schools of Mazandaran province, Iran, who were chosen by purposive sampling and interviewed in-depth and semi-structured. The sampling continued until data saturation was reached, and the data was analyzed using the six-step Van Manen method. The criteria of Lincoln and Guba were applied to ensure the trustworthiness and validity of the data.

From the data analysis, six main themes emerged, followed by 15 sub-themes. The main themes were self-esteem behind the mask, weakening the school’s position, pressure in a damaged family, reduced resilience, loss of enthusiasm, and the virtual and social learning duality.

The findings indicated that high school students who missed school and followed distance education for a long time could face serious psychological problems. The study suggested that education systems adopt a blended face-to-face and distance education approach to provide care programs and prevent psychological complications in situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.

 Burned patients experience a high level of anxiety during dress changing. The use of complementary medicine is one of the methods of anxiety management that many studies have conducted about it in recent years. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of progressive relaxation with abdominal respiration technique on pain anxiety of burn dressing. 

 This study was a randomized clinical trial with a control group. We selected forty-five patients referred to Zare Hospital in Sari through simple sampling and assigned into three groups. The first group received relaxation intervention, the second group received respiratory technique intervention, and no intervention was performed in the control group. Burn Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS) was used to measure pain-related anxiety. SPSS software version 20 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for data analysis.

 Based on the results, 28% of the participants in the study were single and 72% were married. In terms of age, most of the participants were between 31 and 40 years old. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the mean pain anxiety levels in the three groups before the intervention. There was a significant difference in the average burn dressing pain anxiety after the intervention between the relaxation group and the control group (P<0.001) and the breathing techniques group and the control group (P<0.000), so that the average burn dressing pain anxiety in the group Relaxation was reduced by 8.60 units as compared to the control group and in the breathing techniques group by 11.60 units as compared to the control group.

 The use of relaxation “techniques” and respiratory techniques, which are non-pharmacological methods, are recommended during dress changing in the burned patient. These methods are simple and inexpensive and can reduce the effects of pain anxiety during dress changing.

Borderline personality disorder is one of the severe psychological disorder that is associated with many problems in executive functions. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and drug therapy on executive functions in patients with borderline personality disorder.

This is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with control group design on 45 patients with borderline personality disorder that were selected using available sampling and randomly divided into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The cognitive rehabilitation group underwent Captain’s Log cognitive rehabilitation program for 12 sessions. The drug therapy group was treated with lamotrigine for three months. To collect data, Executive Functions Questionnaire (Nejati, 2013) was used. Three months later, the subjects were followed again. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance by repeated measures.

The results showed a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up measurements. In addition, according to the significance of F obtained in the intergroup source in the total score of executive functions, memory components, selective inhibition,selective attention, decision making, planning, sustained attention, social cognition, and cognitive flexibility, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the experimental groups and the control group.

According to the findings, it can be said that cognitive rehabilitation and drug therapy can be used as effective methods in increasing executive functions in medical centers.

Borderline personality disorder is a disorder with a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions with impulsivity. This disorder is characterized by defects in the frontal activity circuits that play an important role in inhibiting and aggression regulation. The aim of this study is to design a neurofeedback protocol and investigate its effect on impulsivity, emotional instability and self-mutilation behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder. This study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, follow up and control group design. The research sample consisted of 30 patients with borderline personality disorder that received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder according to the diagnosis of a psychiatrist and a structured clinical interview based on DSM5. They were selected by available sampling and divided into experimental (neurofeedback training) and control groups randomly. The experimental group underwent 30 sessions of neurofeedback training and the control group was placed on a waiting list.

After the last treatment session, both groups were re-evaluated. To collect the data, The Borderline Personality Disorder Scale (STB), Barat Impulsivity Questionnaire (1957 Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz and Roemer ,2004), and the Self-injury Scale (Swanson et al., 1998) were used. Three months after the study, the subjects were followed up again . The results showed that after controlling the effect of pretest, neurofeedback training had a significant effect on reducing the impulsivity, emotional instability and its components, as well as self-mutilation behavior in the experimental group compared to the control group(p<0/001(. With regard these results, we can say that the neurofeedback training method is an effective way to reduce the impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and self-mutilation behavior in the treatment centers.

The aim of this study is Comparison of the Effectiveness of neurofeedback and cognitive rehabilitation on impulsivity, emotional instability and self-mutilation behavior in patient with borderline personality disorder. The design of the present study was a quasi experimental design of pretest-posttest design with control group with quarterly follow-up. The statistical population of the present study was all patients of Zareh Psychiatric and Burn Hospital in Sari and psychiatric offices in Sari in 1399, who received a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder based on the psychiatrist diagnosis and clinical interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(fifth version). 45 patients were selected using available sampling method and randomly substituted in three groups(two experimental groups of neurofeedback training and cognitive rehabilitation and control group). The data collection tools were Impulsivity Questionnaire Barat Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz and Roemer ,and Self-injury Scale Swanson et al. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (Mancova) and analysis of variance by repeated measures. The Findings showed that there is a significant difference between neurofeedback group and cognitive rehabilitation in reducing motor impulsivity from impulsivity components and lack of emotional clarity from emotional instability components(p=0/000). But there is no significant difference between neurofeedback group and cognitive rehabilitation in reducing other components and self- mutilation(p>0/05). According to the findings, it can be said that neurofeedback during different sessions develops the brain to function with appropriate patterns, and rehabilitation exercises help the brain to show these changes in behavior.

The expectations of nursing PhD graduates are very wide and complex. Studies show the inadequacy of graduates in playing their role, especially in reforming the health system and solving nursing problems. This important issue seems to be related to the design and implementation of the curriculum and its incompatibility with the work environment. The purpose of this study was to compare the Iranian Nursing PhD program with the University of Utah.

The present study is a comparative descriptive study that was performed using Bereday's four-step model including description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison. The information provided from the Iranian Nursing PhD curriculum is taken from the website of the Ministry of Health in Iran and the University of Utah from the website http://nursing.utah.edu.

The basis of the PhD program in Iran and the Utah Faculty of Nursing is similar and includes education, research, and dissertation, but the way students are admitted, the way students are evaluated during their studies, the philosophy, the goals, and the perspective of the programs are different. There is only one PhD nursing program in Iran, but at the University of Utah there are 10 doctoral programs in clinical nursing (DNP), two different paths to PhD (traditional and non-traditional) and a DNP-PhD program simultaneously.

The discrepancy between the courses and the expectations and duties of the graduates in the doctoral program in nursing in Iran is evident. The University of Utah, by adapting the curriculum and the needs of the community, has been able to well prepare nursing PhD graduates to address community health and educational and research issues. The results of this study can be used to reform the educational curriculum of nursing doctoral students.

Considering that a person’s identity in formed during adolescence and that such identity formation is of particular importance in this period and the many factors that play important roles in it, the present study was conducted to determine the factors related with identity formation among high school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran.

This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The participants were 394 high school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran selected by random cluster sampling. Data were collected using 3 questionnaires, namely, the Benion and Adams Identity Scale Questionnaire (EOM-EIS-2), the Identification Factors Questionnaire and a Demographic Questionnaire. For data analysis, Wilcoxon, Spearman correlation and linear regression tests were used.

Over half (51.8%) of the participants were girls and 48.2% boys. The results of regression analysis showed that the factors studied (family, personality, school, community and culture and media) could explain 22.7%, 11.2%, 10.5% and 21.2% of the variance in turbulent, early, delayed and advanced self-identification in adolescents, respectively.

Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to organize parenting and student training courses and make the school environment more favorable for the students, as well as include extracurricular activities in the school to help students identify themselves more easily.

Physical fitness is the ability to perform tasks efficiently and effectively and can reduce diseases caused by immobility. Positive attitude toward physical fitness in nurses is associated with improved self-esteem, enhanced work quality, reduced burnout and decreased environmental stressors. The present study aimed to evaluate the attitude of nurses in Zare Hospital of Sari, Iran toward their physical fitness. This descriptive and cross-sectional research was conducted on all nurses working in Zare Hospital in 2015, who were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using demographic characteristics questionnaire and physical self-description questionnaire (PSDQ). In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test). In this study, 34% of the nurses had a good attitude toward their physical fitness while 59.4% and 6.6% of the subjects had a moderate and poor attitude in this regard, respectively. According to the results, no significant difference was observed between the attitude of male and female nurses toward physical fitness (P=0.103). In this respect, the only significant difference between the male and female attitude was related to the subscale of physical activity (P=0.003). Moreover, no significant difference was observed between nurses with various work experiences and in different age groups regarding the attitude toward physical fitness. In general, the attitude of the participants was reported to be at a moderate level. Considering the special role of nurses in the healthcare system of the country, the necessary incentives and facilities could be provided to nurses in order to participate in physical activities so that their spiritual and physical health could be improved.

Self-esteem is an important aspect consistent in all stages of life that plays a role in emotional, social and psychological compliance. And this issue is more important at the time of old age, particularly in mental health. So, The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of brain gym exercises on Self- esteem in elderly.The following papers are an empirical study and the study sample included all elderly people in the Elderly Nursing Homes in Sari city. The sampling method of this research it was the kind of available. For this purpose, 30 people in their elderly were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve Self- esteem, in 8 sessions of 30 minutes. In order to measure self-esteem of participants in the pre-test and post-test was used from Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Covariance test was used to analyze the data. Concludingly, it was demonstrated that by controlling the pretest scores, there is a significant difference between Self-esteem of the control and empirical group. The findings of this survey confirmed the effectiveness brain exercise on cognitive factors such as self-esteem in the elderly.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training on Impulsivity and Emotional instability in men with borderline personality disorder. The study was an experimental research, pretest post- test with a control group. The sample consisted of 30 men who referred to a psychiatric center in the north of the country and were selected by available sampling. They assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 experimental and 15 controls) randomly .To collect the data, Bart impulsivity scale(Paton, Estanford & Bart,1995), Emotional instability questionnaire (Gratz & Romse, 2004) were used. The experimental group received eight sessions of mindfulness training and the control group received no specific training and members of their group discussed about social issues. The subjects in both groups responded to the questionnaire before and after the intervention. In order to analyze the data ANCOVA were used. Results showed that after adjusting for pre-test, post-test, effects of mindfulness training on emotional instability and impulsvity is significant (p

Regular scheduled exercise can affect physical and mental health. Due to special working conditions¡ nurses are in strong need of having good physical and mental fitness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training on aerobic fitness and self-esteem of nurses.
This study had a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test method with experimental and control groups. The program included three sessions a week for eight weeks¡ and each session included a 5- to 7-minute warm up¡ 12 minutes of continuous running with 60% - 80% of maximal heart rate¡ and 7-10 minutes to cool. The subjects included male (13 exp¡ 7 con) and female (10 exp¡ 3 con) nurses. Available sampling method was used for choosing participants and demographic information questionnaire¡ Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire and machine for analyzing breath gases were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 statistical tests of covariance analysis¡ chi-square test 2¡ and independence t-tests.
The results showed that aerobic exercise training meaningfully improved aerobic-fitness (P Aerobic exercise improved aerobic-fitness of nurses¡ while it was not effective on their self-esteem. According to the study¡ continued and regular participation in physical activity can make physical changes along with physiological benefits in individuals. The advantages of physiological changes include alterations in the aerobic capacity¡ respiratory system performance¡ endurance¡ muscle strength¡ flexibility¡ coordination and weight loss. Overall¡ the final effects are increased physical performance capacity and capability of learning and performing various skills.

Falling down or even collapse is one of the most serious, as well as prevalent, difficulties people in their elderly face. Falling is related to decline in activities in basic life and also to those which are instrumental in daily life. Falling and the subsequent injuries are determinant factors of performance decline in elderly denizens of the society. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of brain gym exercises on static and dynamic balance of those in elderly who do not have any regular physical activity. The following papers are an empirical study in which the sampling was the available ilk. For this purpose, 30 people in their elderly were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 15, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The empirical group performed brain gym exercises, which have been exclusively designed to improve body balance, in 8 sessions of 30 minutes. Stork and timed stand-up-and-down tests were utilized in order to measure static and dynamic balance of participants in both pre- and post-tests respectively. Moreover, Covariance test was used to analyze the data. Concludingly, it was demonstrated that by controlling the pre-test scores, there is a significant difference between static and dynamic balance of the control and empirical group. The findings of this study are indicative of the brain gym exercise influence on motor factors associated with falling and, concomitantly, on those with possible prevention of falling in the elderly.

There is no doubt that regular exercise boosts one’s physical and mental health and this is of paramount importance for nurses due to their unique work conditions. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of aerobic exercises on self- concept and self-esteem of nurses.
This study is a Quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design with experimental and control groups. The subjects included males (13exp, 7con) and female (10exp, 3con) nurses. convenience sampling method was used for selection of participants and demographic information questionnaire, Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire and self-concept questionnaire were used for data collection. The intervention consisted of 8 weeks aerobic exercise. The data were analyzed using SPSS ver.20 calculating inferential statistic tests of analysis of covariance, chi-square test, independent and paired T-tests.
The results showed that pre-test mean score of physical self-concept in experimental group was (295/74±52/74) and post-test mean score was (342/13±37/60). So there was significant difference (p0.05, pre-test =20/17±2/06 and post-test=21±2/41).and similarly the difference in control group pre-test (19±1/41) and post-test (19/60±1/52) was not significant.
Aerobic exercise program improved physical self-concept of nurses, while it's not effective on boosting their self-esteem.

Acute stress disorder is characterized by dissociative analysis، re-experiencing، avoidance، and hyper arousal symptoms. The purpose of the present research is to compare response inhibition and cognitive appraisal of patients with acute stress disorder. This research is a case-control study. The research sample consisted of 40 patient with acute stress disorder referred to Mazandaran Legal Medicine center and 40 normal persons، referred to this center and they exposed to accident and did not get acute stress disorder diagnosis، which were selected by available sampling. To collect the data، it were used of Composite International Diagnostic Interview، Stroop Test، The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory and The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The MANOVA results showed that response inhibition and dysfunctional cognitive appraisal in patients with acute stress disorder is significantly greater than normal persons. The results of multiple regressions showed response inhibition and dysfunctional cognitive appraisal 91% had significantly predicting symptoms of acute stress disorder. The findings suggested that patients with acute stress disorder have more response inhibition and dysfunction cognitive appraisal. More negative appraisal of themselves and the world can cause threaten feeling and More response inhibition.

Acute stress disorder is characterized by dissociative, re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyper arousal symptoms. The purpose of the present research was to compare thought control strategies and response inhibition of patients with acute stress disorder. This research is a case-control study. The research sample consisted of 40 patients with acute stress disorder and 40 normal persons which were selected through convenience sampling. To collect the data, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Stroop Test, Thought Control Questionnaire and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were used. The MANOVA results showed that thought control strategies and response inhibition in patients with acute stress disorder is significantly greater than those in normal persons. The results of multiple regressions showed thought control strategies and response inhibition could account for 75% of variance in symptoms of acute stress disorder. The findings suggested that patients with acute stress disorder have inefficient control strategies and more response inhibition. Also, the findings had important implications for the prevention, psychopathology and therapy of patients with acute stress disorder.

The purpose of the present research was to compare thought control strategies and cognitive appraisal of patients with Posttraumatic stress disorder. This research is a case-control study. The research sample consisted of 40 patients with PTSD and 40 normal persons which were selected by available sampling. To collect the data، Composite International Diagnostic Interview، Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory، Thought Control Questionnaire and The Impact of Event Scale-Revised were used. The MANOVA results showed that dysfunctional cognitive appraisal and use of inefficient thought control strategies in patients with PTSD is significantly greater than normal person. The results of multiple regressions also showed cognitive appraisal and thought control strategies percent 77 had significant contribute in prediction symptoms in patients with PTSD. The results suggested that thought control strategies and cognitive appraisal are related to PTSD symptoms. Also، the findings are consistent with Wells’ meta-cognitive model of PTSD.