فرشته مجلسی

Self-efficacy is central to behavior, especially preventive behaviors of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Identifying the factors that lead to increased self-efficacy in individuals can pave the way for necessary decisions to change the behavior of the society. This study aimed at determining the relationship between people’s self-efficacy and perceived severity and sensitivity to preventive behaviors of Covid-19 in Sari, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 268 patients attending certain health centers in Sari, 2020.The subjects were selected using convenience sampling. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire was administered online consisting of three sections.

The mean age of the study population was 36.81±8.6 years and 17.5% of the patients were confirmed cases of Covid-19. Among the people studied, 81.3% used soap and water to disinfect their hands. There were significant correlations between self-efficacy and perceived severity (B: 0.163, CI 95%: 0.068-0.257) and perceived sensitivity (B: 0.164, CI 95%: 0.060-0.267). Perceived sensitivity and severity also predicted 10% of the variance in self-efficacy.

Perceived severity and sensitivity to Covid-19 preventative behaviors could affect people’s self-efficacy.

Osteoporosis is one of the disasters of the recent century. Given the greater involvement of women in all age groups, prevention of osteoporosis is essential in women. Individual empowerment is one of the strategies to prevent the growth of osteoporosis. In this research, the role of empowerment model-based education, was investigated in the prevention of osteoporosis in female students.
In this controlled trial, the target community (before and after) included female students of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch. The sampling method was two-stage stratified random sampling and the sample size was determined (75 people for each) in intervention and control group. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire on individual empowerment for the prevention of osteoporosis (before the intervention and 3 months after intervention). Statistical analysis was carried out by independent t-test, paired t-test and Chi-square.
In this study, there was a significant increase in the scores of the constructs of knowledge (p The results of this study showed the educational intervention based on self-empowerment model can be effective in the improvement of female students in the prevention of osteoporosis.

The duration of using hearing protection device affects the performance of hearing protection. Most of performed trainings in various industries are to increase person’s knowledge about the way of using the hearing protection device not increasing the duration of using it which needs more investigation.
In this cross-sectional study by Basnef questionnaire, the data was collected just before training intervention and 3 months after that. The training intervention was performed as 5 training sessions by lecture, questioning, and answering. SMS and posters reminded the main training points.
Findings: Mean score at all areas of Basnef model increased after training intervention that was significant statistically (p-valueDiscussion & The results show that abstract norms construct was effective in increasing the duration of using the hearing protection device; therefore, it is recommended to be intentioned in planning and training intervention.

The use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) is the last way for noise control. It is important to know the information about the duration time using these devices to ensure protetion effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing duration time of the using of the devices on hearing loss in tile industry workers with application of the BASNEF education model.
Material and Task Base Method (TBM) and ISO9612(2009) standard methods through a noise dosimeter device were used to exmine workers’ noise exposure level when they didn’t used of HPDs. Actual performance of HPDs was determined by using the NIOSH standard before and after training intervention and measuring time of use and protection device type. Data were analyzed using SPSSVv19 and conducting t-test and ANCOVA statistical tests.
Before training intervention, the actual noise level for case workers was 89.76 dBA. On the contrary, this value was 84.04 dBA for after intervention, with a significant difference with control group (P The results revealed that, based on BASNEF education model, duration time of using hearing protection devices is effective on increasing their function and performance.

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common nutritional problems of women in reproductive age, which has a major impact on fetal growth, low birthweight and premature delivery. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia and related factors in pregnant women having referred to health centers of Mazandaran province.
In this descriptive-analytical study, 866 pregnant women were selected through stratified cluster sampling method from 19 cities, affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Data was collected by using the registration form and information obtained through maternal family documents and a questionnaire. SPSS software version 18 was used and the data were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics such as mean comparison test, chi-square and logistic regression.
The prevalence of anemia in Mazandaran was 13.4% and it was higher among pregnant women in urban areas than those in rural areas. Logistic regression showed that mother’s age, number of pregnancies, prenatal care, unwanted pregnancy, consumption of red meat, using iron tablets, tea drinking, and mother’s education level had a significant effect on anemia.
Since iron deficiency anemia is a preventable problem and pregnant women are among the vulnerable groups, considering care programs before and during pregnancy, having appropriate dietary patterns, consumption of iron supplements, and having a program to prevent unwanted pregnancies may lead to reducing the risk of catching a disease.

One of the key factors behind the recovery of patients following heart surgery is the level of self-efficacy, which empowers patients to self-care. This study aimed to examine the effect of an educational intervention based on the health promotion model (HPM) on patients’ self-efficacy following heart surgery.
In this quasi-experimental study, 220 patients were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group, n = 110) one month after the heart surgery. Data were collected using a researcher-made self-care questionnaire developed from the Pender’s model. This instrument included 97 questions and the average content validity index and content validity ratio for the entire questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Also, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.77. Before implementing the educational intervention, the self-care questionnaire was filled out for both groups. The educational program was designed according to the steps used for the HPM. The experimental group and the control group received intervention and usual care, respectively. Patients in both groups were followed up at 3 and 6 months after the educational intervention and the related questionnaire was filled out for them once more. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 software, Chi-square tests and repeated-measures ANOVA at the significance level (P The results showed that the perceived self-efficacy was changed significantly over time (P According to the results of this study, it is highly recommended that the Pender’s HPM be used as a model for the improvement of self-efficacy in patients following heart surgery.

Patient’s adherence to treatment regimen can predict treatment plan and decrease intensity and symptoms of sickness. This study aimed at determining the effect of educational intervention based on AIM (Ability, Information, Motivation) model on improving adherence of patients with type 2 diabetes.
This semi experimental interventional study was performed on 180 patients with type 2 diabetes as intervention and control groups. The patients selected using simple random sampling. Study instrument was a questionnaire including demographics (14 items) and AIM model questionnaire (10 items about information, 9items about motivation, 6 items for ability). After baseline, educational intervention was performed in intervention group and post test conducted after six months for both groups. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS software version 23using Mann–Whitney U, Wilcoxon and chi-squared tests. The significant level was considered less than 0.05.
There was no significant difference in demographics and AIM model constructs between two groups (p>0.05). After educational intervention, intervention group revealed a significant difference with control group in terms of information (P study results revealed AIM model based educational intervention has an important role on treatment adherence among type2 diabetic patients. With increasing patient information and belief regarding disease patient’s motivation will be improved.

Fertility is the most important factors affecting population fluctuations. Reproductive behaviors of a community can be studied through different methods. One of the methods is the evaluation of the interval between marriage and the birth of the first child. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the interval between marriage and first birth using the Cox regression model.
Methods & Materials: In this study, 1230 first-time mothers referred to urban and rural health centers of the city of Bandar Abbas were selected and studied in 2012-2013. The Cox regression model (proportional hazard) was performed to investigate the interval between marriage and first birth and the factors influencing this interval. Descriptive analysis of data was performed using SPSS software version 22 and data modeling was performed by R software version 3.2.1.
In this study, the mean interval between marriage and first birth was 27.63 (±24.35) months. Based on the Cox model, mother’s age at marriage with HR(Hazard-Ratio)=1.13 (1.01–1.25) and place of residence with HR=1.28 (1.12–1.46) had significant effects on the interval between marriage and first birth.
The results of the current study compared to previous studies show that the interval between marriage and first birth has decreased, and some changes are observed in the factors influencing this interval.

In cardiovascular studies, self-care is defined as the extent of one’s adherence to treatment recommendations, response to disease symptoms and adoption of healthy lifestyles. The current study seeks to design an appropriate tool to measure self-care behaviors of those patients with heart surgery experience.
This was a descriptive- analytical study conducted over 420 patients who had undergone heart surgery in cardiovascular center of Mazandaran Hospital in 2015. Having studied the related literature, an initial questionnaire was developed and edited. To measure validity, reliability and fitness of the model with the data obtained, content validity, internal consistency, test-retest analysis and confirmatory factor analysis through AMOS-22 were respectively used.
To qualitatively measure the content validity, suggestions offered in the questionnaire by the experts were applied. To quantitatively measure the content validity of the study, 15 items were omitted from the initial 112 ones. The CVI and CVR of the remaining 97 items of the questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.84 respectively. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was .77 and its average correlation was 0.88. The confirmatory factor analysis proved all indices to be appropriate.
The developed questionnaire possesses appropriate psychometric features for measuring self-care behaviors of the patients with heart surgery experience. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were proved as ideal and the overall structure of the questions was confirmed.

health-oriented lifestyle in today’s world is the best way for preventing illness and healthy life. This study conducted to determine the predictor ofhealth-orientedlifestyle in health workers of Amol city.
This study was a cross-sectional research conducted on 222 persons of health workers of Amol city. Instrument was a questionnaire including two parts; demographic information was extracted through 15 questionsand the data collected fromthe reliable and valid questionnaire of lifestyle .Data collection. Health workers filled questionnaires in a self-declaration way. To data analyze,t-tests, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis and logistic regression used. Data were analyzed statically using SPSS.
This study showed that there is a significant relationship between living place of Prairie village with dimensions of sport , malnutrition , self-care ; and malnutrition dimension in persons below 35, below diploma degree, suffering a chronic disease , suffering high blood pressure ;and tobacco and alcohol consumption dimension in individuals less than35 years;men with medical advice,sport,Malnutrition,tobacco and alcohol consumption ,Health of buying,daily mobility,proper nutrition and owning a personal car with the consumption of tobacco and alcohol dimension ,safety in driving,Health of buying .
Considering that most of the health workers especially men do not behave based on the health-orientedlifestyle, some actions should be taken to change thebehaviorof these individuals, professional educationalworkshops or workshops that do not need to basic information shouldbe activated, because these individuals have health knowledge but do not behave according to this knowledge.

Background and The last way of noise control is using hearing protective devices that maybe the first way of noise control in some industries. Obviously if the hearing protection device is not used continuously and properly, its actual performance is reduced. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between demographic variables and BASNEF training constructs in promoting hearing protection device use for longer durations.
A case-control study was carried out in which 50 individuals participated in each group. A questionnaire was developed based on BASNEF training contracts and participants completed the questionnaire before and three months after the intervention. The intervention was performed according to BASNEF training model in experimental group using both theoretical and practical methods, while the control group received no trainings.
Before the intervention, significant correlations were observed between the awareness construct and age, attitude, influencing people and educational level, and also between enabling factors and marital status (P0.05).
Based on our findings, there was a strong correlation between influencing people construct and educational level, therefore, they require further attention when planning for training programs in promoting the use of hearing protection devices for longer durations.

Iron is one of most important element of body need during pregnancy that plays a significant role in developing and growth of fetus and safe delivery. Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common problems of pregnancy that can induce premature labor and can increase risk of fetal mortality, post-partum bleeding and neonatal distress. This study has been conducted to evaluate the prevalence of anemia and some of its related factors in pregnant women whom covered by a health center affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences -2013.
This descriptive analytic study has evaluated 1194 pregnant woman referred to 3 health centers covered by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In each center one observer interviewed with 56 pregnant women. Hb level and other required information obtained from their family health documents and a special questionnaire that contained 4 parts: demographic data (8 items), maternal data (12 items), nutritional & smoking data (7 items) & Lab data (1 item). All data were analyzed using analytic statistics and Chi square and logistic regression through SPSS v. 19.
Overall prevalence of anemia in this study was 46.6% (in range of 22.2- 71.2). Significant difference was observed among the means of cities (p Comparison between results of this study and other national study- that reported mean prevalence of anemia in pregnant mother 21.5%, it was shown that prevalence of anemia in pregnant mothers of this state (Sistan & Baluchestan) is times of mean of country that maybe is influenced by economic and cultural factors. Thus, there is the need of special attention to safe nutrition program and effort for regular use of supplemental iron and folic acid and avoiding of water pipe and tobacco smoking in this area.

this study was to determine the effect of educational intervention on the Trans-theoretical Model in the promotion of physical activity in older men. This study was a clinical trial on 140 elderly retired member of the Association of Qom، a random selection of properties in the control and intervention groups. Trans-theoretical Model model-based tools used questionnaires and physical activity questionnaire was aged Champs. To analyze the results of chi - square and analysis of variance with repeated data in SPSS version 18 is used. This study was approved by the site IRCT number IRCT201407208742N5. Before the intervention and control groups in terms of demographic variables and physical activity showed no significant difference (p<0/05). Average score for the elderly physical activity intervention group before training، after training for one month and six months after training were significantly different (p<0/001). The mean score on the questionnaire structure-based model of education in this group had no significant difference (p˂0/05). Control group، a significant difference in the mean score of physical activity questionnaire structures there. Based on the findings of research conducted on the Trans-theoretical Model in promoting physical activity intervention is effective and valid، and the Trans-theoretical Model can be useful in this context. With the application of this model and identify the barriers and facilitators of physical activity in the elderly can be effective steps taken to promote regular physical activity.

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience academic difficulties. Stimulants have limited effect on cognitive abilities important to academic progress and that academic interventions are indicated in children with ADHD. Poor academic programs and other aspects of ADHD may cause conflict with parents and there is little information on the efficacy of multimodal parental management training that includes academic assistance and (Parental management training) PMT combined with methylphenidate. The current study evaluates the adjunctive efficacy multimodal parental management training in children with ADHD treated with methylphenidate. Participants were 62 parents of children with a principal diagnosis of ADHD, being treated by child and adolescent psychiatrist. The children were aged between 6 to 12 years. Parents were randomly divided into 2 groups: the intervention group (who participated in 6 sessions for 2 hours multimodal PMT (N=31) and a control group (N=31). Individuals were included only if their children were taking Ritalin for at least 3 months and they should not be absent more than 1 session in a program. Participants in two groups filled demographic data questionnaires and were given a pretest that was Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R) plus academic questions. Posttest was given after 6 educational sessions in sample group and after 1 and 3 months in both groups. Finally, the mean pretest and posttest scores were analyzed with SPSS v.16 software. There were no significant differences in pre intervention measures between the two groups. After intervention, the mean scores of CPRS-R between the two groups was significantly different in the two groups for academic achievement (p&le0.001), hyperactivity (p&le0.004), inattention (p&le0.008), impulsivity (p&le0.001) and oppositional behaviors (p&le0.001). Multimodal PMT combined with methylphenidate can be recommended for parents of children with ADHD to enhance the academic achievement and reduce problem behaviors of school aged children (hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, oppositional).

Factors such as lack of proper knowledge on health period of menarche leads to wrong behavior in this period. But we can transfer knowledge and basic skills to students by teaching and changing their behavior. Consequently، present study mainly aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on promotion of physical puberty health among the girls in Gonbad in 2014. This study was a quasi-experimental. In this study102 girl students were selected using random sampling method. Data collection was performed through a designed questionnaire based on HBM model. We used test re-test to investigate the reliabity of the questionnaire and the questionnaire was evaluated by competent Professors in order to determine its content validity. The 30 participants filled out questionnaire befor the intervention. Education intervention was performed for intrvention group. Educational intervention in case group was a speech، along with group discussion، and application of pamphlet and educational booklet. Two groups filled out questionnaires three months after completion of intervention. The data were analyzed through SPSS v. 22 software using Chi-square test، Mann-Whitney،Mac-Nemar، Wilcoxon، t-test، and analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings of the present study showed that demographic variables were not significantly different in two groups. Before and three months after the education in the intervention group، Knowledge scores raised from 52. 07 ± 9. 7 to 81. 09± 7. 25، practice from 48. 06 ± 10 to 53. 94± 11. 32، susceptibility from 61. 72 ± 10. 4 to 79. 6± 9. 6، severity from 66. 33 ± 7. 98 to 77. 5± 6. 88، benefits from 66. 2 ± 8. 51 to 76. 78± 6. 99، barriers from 58. 84 ± 11. 81 to 43. 64± 10. 57، cues to action from 26. 61 ± 16. 85 to 46. 21± 16. 05، and self-efficacy from 78/16 ± 9/33 to 93/32± 7/04. They were significantly different in the intervention group (p< 0. 05)، but not in the control group (p> 0. 05). The results showed that the educational intervention strategy based on HBM Model could bring significant changes in the awareness and behaviour of adolescent girls. Different types of training is recommended based on health educational models on promotion of physical puberty health.

developing countries, Diseases and problems of this developmental stage can enter the much expense on governments and cause many disability that severely affects the quality of life of older people. The aim of this study was survey the effect of educational intervention in the context of physical activity to improve the quality of life of older men in Qom. A quasi-experimental intervention study with a sample size of 140 subjects in intervention and control groups randomly from among of the population pensioners were selected of Qom was implemented. Scale used in this study was WHOQOL-Old questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed by face to face with the questioner. For data analysis the descriptive statistics and chi-square test and analysis of variance with repeated data were used The significance level in this study p<0.05 were considered. Based on the results the average life quality score in control group that did not receive of education was 3.67±0.3That this amount to 3.75±0.31 was changed. The mean quality of life in the intervention group before the intervention was 3.75±0.31 that after intervention, this rate in the intervention group was changed 3.96±0.32 that represents increase of the quality of life in the intervention group (p <0.001). Based on the results of the study interventional education on physical activity is effective in improving the quality of life in older adults. On the other hand, can be using assess the quality of life of elderly people came to know the dimensions of the problems and challenges in older adults. According to its findings and policy, health care, social support, strengthening the cultural and economic well taken effective steps to improve the quality of life.

Self-care activities during pregnancy can be effective in reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the most applicable models in educational need assessment for planning and implementation of educational interventions. The purpose of this study was to measurement of the constructs of HBM related to self-care during pregnancy in women referred to South Tehran health network. In this cross-sectional study 270 pregnant women who referred to health centers of South Tehran Health Networks participated. Demographic, knowledge and attitude questionnaires based on constructs of HBM was used to measure the status of knowledge and attitude of women. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS18. Results showed that 92.2% of women had the knowledge scores in good level. The scores of perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy and cues to action were in good level in almost of women but almost of women obtained weak point in perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and barriers. HBM can be used as an appropriate tool for assessment the status of pregnant women in the field of self-care behaviors during pregnancy and planning and implementation of educational interventions.

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on physical, mental, and social aspects both individually and community health. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational intervention on physical activity using BASNEF model among female university students Shahre Qods Branch in 2012 –2013. In this prospective experimental study, after selection of students girls that had the study conditions from four colleges, educational intervention was performed for 6 weeks that included discussions and lectures, education package, pamphlets and CD. Forty five students were randomly assigned for case group and forty five were randomly assigned to experimental group. Data gathering tool was a three part - questionnaire including demographic questions, BAZNEF model questions (included information related to the knowledge and attitude, physical activity and enabling factor, intention about physical, normative beliefs and subjective norms), and third part that included IPAQ questionnaire (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). After pre-test, the educational intervention was done for the experimental group. Post-tests were conducted in case and control group students’ immediately after training and three month after training. SMS was sent for case group and then collecting data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS. Level of significance was set at >0.05. There were no significant differences in intervention and comparison groups at baseline in terms of knowledge, attitudes, enabling factors, physical activity intention and subjective norms (p<0.05). After the intervention, the intervention group showed significant differences in terms of knowledge (p<0.001), attitudes (p<0.001), enabling factors (p<0.001), physical activity intention (p<0.001) and subjective norms regarding physical activity (p< 0.04). After 3 months with SMS awareness, knowledge (p=0.002), attitudes (p<0.001), enabling factors (p<0.001), planned physical activity and subjective norms (p<0.001) still had high average score. The results indicate the effectiveness of the educational intervention based on BASNEF model, resulting in greater knowledge, attitudes, enabling factors, planned physical activity and subjective norms. For a continuous physical activity, the provision of sports facilities suitable for students who have access can easily lead to the promotion of physical activity among students.

Objective (s): To explore predictors of the sedentary behavior، this current descriptive، analytical study was developed among a sample of adolescents in Tabriz، Iran. Information on adolescent sedentary behaviors including TV viewing، video game playing and physical activity was collected by using A modified version of the Adolescent Physical Activity and Recall Questionnaire (APARQ). In addition an anonymous self-administrated questionnaire used to collect data on demographic characteristics، perceived family support and self-efficacy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between sedentary behavior and independent variables including gender، psychosocial predictors and modrate، vigorouse physical activity. In all 402 adolescent students were studied. The mean age of students was 12. 93 (SD=0. 49) years; and51. 5 % was female. Overall the mean time of sedentary behaviors on adolescents was 193. 55 (SD=99. 15) minutes/day، this figure for girls and boys were 170. 25 (SD=89. 20) and 218. 25 (SD=103. 34) minutes/day (P<0. 001) respectively. The results obtained from multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that male gender (OR=3. 01، 95%CI=1. 64-4. 64، P<0. 001)، mother employment (OR=2. 36، 95%CI=1. 19-4. 67، P=0. 013)، self efficacy (OR=1. 10، 95% CI=0. 94-0. 99، P= 0. 006) were the most significant contributing factors to the high level of sedentary behavior on adolescents. Gender، mother employment and low perceived self-efficacy were recognized as the main predictors of attaching to sedentary behaviors. It seems that sedentary behaviors independent on adolescent physical activity levels are a psycho enviromental problem. Specefic preventive programe should be developed independendly on adolescent moderate، vigrouse physical activity.

According to WHO and UNICEF emphasison breastfeeding as an essential strategy in child growth and survival،nevertheless، there is a significant space in breastfeeding and WHOrecommendation in Iran yet. This study aimed to assessing the effective factorsof breast feeding behavior based on Health Belief Model constructs among womenin third trimester of pregnancy referee to health care networks of TUMS in2012. This study was across sectional on which 266 women in third trimester of pregnancy referee tohealth care networks in 2012 were selected randomly. Instrument of datagathering was a two part one included demographic variables (8 items) andself-administered breast feeding assessment based on HBM (55 items). Data wasanalyzed with SPSS software version 18 using independent t-test، ANOVA andperson correlation coefficient. Significant level was set at 0. 05. Mean and SD ofparticipant age was 28. 85± 4. 09 years. Mean and SD of perceived benefits andself-efficacy were the most and the least on (81. 55± 11. 93) and (33. 41± 5. 19) respectively. Perceived susceptibility had significant relation with age (P=0. 05)، perceived barriers had significant linked with occupation (P=0. 02) and age (P=0. 01) and cues to action had significant relation with women educational level (P=0. 007)، BMI (P=0. 01) and age (P=0. 001). Furthermore،perceived benefits had significant relation with husband educational level only (P=0. 024). study findingsrevealed that self-efficacy in pregnant women regarding breast feeding behaviorwas poor. Thus، it seems that using health education and promotion interventionprograms based on self-efficacy resources such as encouragement، social supportand verbal persuasion can be efficient on promoting breast feeding behavior.

Maternal mortality ratio of pregnancy complications and childbirth is one of the most important indicator which represents development in countries. Sometimes unpleasant and dangerous side effects is undeniable among mothers. Undrestanding of abortion frequency can be a indirect criterion of maternal health in a community. This study aimed to assess abortion and some effective factors among of wemon referred to Zanjan city hospitals in 2012. This study was a cross-sectional survey that performed in 545 pregnant women refereed to Ayatollah Mousavi and Imam Hussein hospitals in Zanjan city in 2012. The Data collection tool was a questionnaire that was four sections as demographic variables (11 items)، midwifery history (12 items)، probable causes of abortion (16 items). Gathered data was analysed by using SPSS-11. 5 software based on descriptive (mean and SD) and interferee statitical (X2 and logestic regression) tests. In this study، the frequency of abortion and spontaneous was 12. 1% (66 cases) and 9. 5% (52 cases) respectively. Also frequency of therapotic was 2. 6% (14 case). There was significant difference between abortion and thyroid disease (P=0. 01)، unwanted pregnancy (P=0. 01)، the number of pregnancies (P=0. 02)، maternal age (P=0. 003)، maternal occupation (P< 0. 001)، previous abortion (P< 0. 001)، distance of two recent pregnancy (P = 0. 01) and occurrence of pregnancy during pregnancy prevention (P=0. 03). Findings revealead that employed mother (p=0. 03) having one pregnancy (P< 0. 001) and first pregnancy (P< 0. 001) had higher odds ratio in abortion existance. According to study results، providing goals are necessary for regarding to health fertility، maternal health and planning to promote them. Also، it needs to provide better quality service to pregnant women with history of previous abortions.

Preterm labor is a serious event in perinatal period، but its prevalence is difference according to the population and social and economic conditions in different countries. Psychological disorders such as stress، anxiety، depression can increase the risk of premature labor with hormonal stimulation. The present study was done to determine the association between preterm labor and anxiety، stress and depression during pregnancy. This prospective cohort study was conducted on 300 pregnant women referred to urban health centers of Dorud، Iran in 2010. In this study، the incidence of preterm delivery in both exposed and non-exposed to stress، anxiety and depression were examined. Sampling was stratified. Anxiety، stress and depression scores in pregnant women were measured using gauges Dass21 and classified into five categories. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software (version 13)، chi-square، relative risk (RR) and logistic regression. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Two groups had significant difference in incidence of preterm birth (p<0. 0001). The risk of preterm delivery in those with anxiety، stress and depression was 3. 797 times more than normal cases (OR=3. 797). The risk factors in preterm labor in those with stress، anxiety and depression (p<0. 0001) include number of daily hand washing clothes (p=0. 001)، number of cooking daily feed (p<0. 0001)، mothers age (p=0. 022)، socioeconomic level (p=0. 23) and parity (p=0. 003). Incidence of preterm delivery increases in pregnant women who deal with stress، anxiety and depression.

Breastfeeding is featured with well-known physiological and psychological benefits for both the mother and infant. Since a few studies have been conducted on the application of the health belief model in the continuation of breastfeeding behavior، this study was conducted. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of educational interventions implemented based on the health belief model on the continuation of breastfeeding in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. This quasi-experimental study using a before and after design was conducted with 266 women chosen using random sampling method. The women were assigned randomly and equally to intervention and control groups. Te participants were observed at three stages (before، immediately after and 3 months after delivery). A multi-dimensional questionnaire was prepared based on theoretical structures of the health belief model to collect data. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. A significant difference was reported at the first post-test stage between the women in the intervention and control group concerning perceived susceptibility (P<0. 001)، perceive severity (P=0. 004)، perceived barrier (P=0. 002)، and cues to action (P=0. 002). There were significant differences between the groups in perceived benefit (P=0. 04)، perceived barrier (P=0. 002)، and cues to action (P<0. 001)، breastfeeding behavior (P=0. 02) at the second post-test stage. The results of the analysis of the health belief model components using the repeated measurement test in the intervention group showed that the average score of all health belief models components before and after the intervention were significant statistically (P<0. 001). The intervention program based on the model was helpful in the continuation of breastfeeding behaviors. Removal of the present shortcomings in terms of health policies، planning for breastfeeding، focusing on public’s attention to breastfeeding campaigns، and educational programs can promote exclusive breast feeding in the society.

Although several studies have been carried out for evaluation of the first birth interval، none of them has considered the presence of infertile women within the sample. Therefore، the aim of this study was to employ survival analysis to study the first birth interval and its determinant factors more accurately. In Data from 1068 married women of reproductive age in west Azarbaijan province were considered in this investigation. Two-stage sampling design was used to collect data via a questionnaire، modified Gompertz model، a special kind of cure models، was employed in this study. For descriptive and analytical data analysis، SPSS 16 and R 2. 12 were used respectively. In this study، the average interval between marriage and first birth was 3. 9± 0. 7 (± SD) years. Using modified Gompertz model، among all demographic factors only mother’s education had significant effect on the first birth interval so that with increasing mother’s educational level، the first birth interval had also increased. (P =0. 007). In addition، the estimation of the proportion of women who did not have any children was 0. 062 that showed a positive trend with increasing mother’s educational level. This study revealed that due to the presence of infertility among married women the use of Modified Cured Gompertz model is an appropriate method for evaluation of the first birth intervals and it''s determinant factors.

Induced abortion is one the health problems and mothers’ health threatening in many developing countries. This study aimed to assess prevalence of induced abortion and its related factors in comparison with with spontaneous abortion among women referring to hospitals of south of Tehran in 2011-2012. This study was a comparative cross sectional one which was performed among 513 women with abortion signs referring to south hospitals of Tehran city. Data gathering had been conducted through filling questionnaire, physical exams and medical records assessment by midwives in labor ward of each hospital. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16. The level of significant was set at less than 0.05. According to study findings, 72.3% of participants were in the age range of 2-35 years and 26.3% of abortions were induced one. Upper age of couple (p<0.001), increasing in parity (p<0.001), number of children (p<0.001), level of education of couple (p<0.001) had statistical significant relationship with induced abortion compare with spontaneous abortion. Induced abortion were significantly more in unwanted pregnancy (p=0.017). Results of this study addressed to necessity of general education in order to knowledge improvement and women skills regarding unwanted pregnancy prevention which result in induced abortion. Because mother mortality and morbidity is the most important outcome of induced abortion.