فرهاد محمدی

The historical Battle of Dimdim Castle, occurred between Shah Abbas Safavi and Amir Khan, a Kurdish commander, has been narrated differently in Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi and the novel Dimdim. The main question here is that what issues have led to the difference between the two narratives. This study tried to analyze the discourse of two narratives. It focused on the role of discourse in showing emergence of a specific stance in the narratives; that is, how discourse help determine the semantic and value relationships between different elements of the narratives. The analysis showed that the different narratives in the two works are the result of two opposing discourses, each depicting a specific type of politics and power attitude. Although none of the two narratives directly or explicitly points out the power element, the major discursive issues of both narratives are power and governance, manifested in two opposing discourses: The governance-oriented discourse dominating the narrative of Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi is based on the centralization of power; and the minority-oriented discourse that exists in the narration of the novel Dimdim. Amir Khan as an activist subject is described in Tarikh Alamaraye Abbasi as a rebel who stands against the government, but the same person bears the role of a national hero in the novel Dimdim.

The presence of a dominant and central theme in a nation's poetry signifies the historical progression of an idea through various stages and levels. These stages encompass diverse semantics and artistic expressions, highlighting the dynamic nature of ideas. In the context of Kurdish poetry, the idea of nationalism and patriotism can be observed to evolve through three distinct stages: the emerging stage, the evolutionary stage, and the peaking stage. At each stage, the idea of nationalism and patriotism in Kurdish poetry unfolds with distinct levels of functional-semantic and artistic-literary elements. Through the application of an analytical approach, this study aims to investigate the level at which nationalism and patriotism appear in each of these stages. According to the findings of the study, during the emerging stage, the functional-semantic aspect of the idea of nationalism and patriotism in Kurdish poetry is characterized by declarative elements, while the artistic-literary aspect maintains a level of simplicity and directness. As the idea progresses into the evolutionary stage, the artistic-literary aspect largely remains consistent with the previous stage in terms of simplicity and directness, while the functional-semantic aspect begins to shift towards centrality. Finally, in the peaking stage, the functional-semantic aspect of the idea reaches the level of discourse and centrality, accompanied by an artistic-literary aspect that showcases a higher level of artistic expression.

There is a generative constructional process in both Persian and Kurdish languages, through which some syntactic constructions can be transformed from a simple expression to an emphatic expression without changing the original meaning. This process, which is the proof of a subject through the negation of other states, can be called “affirmative negation". “Sentence to express the concept of obligation", "sentence to express inclusion" and "positive news sentence in the present tense" are among the cases that are transformed from their fundamental and unmarked structure into a marked structure with specific verbal motivations. In this research, within the framework of the markedness approach, the marked form of the mentioned sentences in Persian and Kurdish languages is described and analyzed from the structural and functional aspects in order to determine their difference from the basic and unmarked form in terms of semantic function. The aim is to explain and prove the nature of the construction process of affirmative negation in Persian and Kurdish languages as a structural pattern and to show the performance of this process in construction from unmarked to markedness. The result of the research shows that marking in syntactic constructions does not occur only with the movement of sentence elements, but sometimes it is done through this process, which is one of the processes of emphasis.

Increasing evidence indicates the detrimental effects of obesity and hyperlipidemia on sperm quality. The degree of reversibility of these quality changes in studies is different. One of the properties attributed to cinnamon in traditional medicine is to reinforce fertility. This study was designed to investigate the effect of cinnamon extract on sperm parameters in hyperlipidemia conditions.

In order to conduct research, 36 male rats were allocated into six groups: control, model, vehicle, lovastatin, cinnamon with low dose (130 mg) and high dose (260 mg). Animals of all groups, except the control group, received high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Then the treated groups (groups 3 to 6) received their treatment intra-peritoneally for 6 weeks along with normal diet. At the end of the study, lipid profile and sperm parameters were evaluated.

Cinnamon extract with a low dose was effective in reducing serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and high dose of cinnamon was effective in reducing serum LDL. Using a high-fat diet had no effect on the number, motility and morphology of sperm, and pre-treatment with both doses of cinnamon extract had a decreasing effect on sperm count and had no effect on sperm motility and morphology.

It seems that cinnamon as a pre-treatment has beneficial and reducing effects on serum lipid profile. But in this study, cinnamon had no improving effects on sperm parameters in hyperlipidemic conditions. The difference between the obtained results and the results of previous studies needs further investigation.

Onomatopoeias in both Persian and Kurdish, despite having common features, are fundamentally different in terms of classification and phonetic structure. These kinds of words in Persian are considered as nouns; while in Kurdish, because in addition to nominal onomatopoeias, there are also verbal onomatopoeias, such words are practically divided into two categories: noun and verb. In terms of phonetic structure, onomatopoeias, as a special lexical family, in each of these two languages often have specific patterns that do not exist in other words. The pattern of syllable sequences and Phoneme combinations in onomatopoeias differs from non- onomatopoeias words and the combination of consonants in this type of word do not face the limitations that exist in other words. Patterns of phonetic structure of onomatopoeias in Persian language are often based on the process of repetition, whether repetition in syllable or repetition in phoneme; for this reason, music and rhythm harmony are a prominent feature in the structure of the onomatopoeias of this language. In contrast, in Kurdish onomatopoeias, there is no repetition in phonemes and syllables, and the phonetic structure of these words is not based on a specific process and only in the case of the infinitive, they all end in the vowel "e".

Today, due to the rapid growth of the world's population and its concentration in cities, the concept of sustainable urban development has been proposed as a basic component affecting the long-term vision of human societies, and housing and related issues are a global issue, and planners and policy makers in different countries are looking for solutions to solve the related issues. Due to the fact that housing is one of the most important urban uses, it is necessary to design the residential environment properly so that, in addition to greater productivity and security, the correct use of renewable and clean energy causes the least damage to the environment. In this regard, in this research, the components of sustainable housing in Salmas city have been investigated. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the data, SPSS software and sample t-tech statistical tests, step-by-step regression and one-way variance analysis were used. The results of the investigation of the components of sustainable housing in Salmas show that the physical component has the highest rank with an average of 2.95, followed by the environmental component with an average of 2.91 and the social component with an average of 2.76 and the access component with an average of 2.46, and finally, the economic component with an average of 2.03 has taken the last rank, these results show the great contribution of physical and environmental components in the sustainable housing of Salmas city and the least impact on housing the stability of this city is related to the economic component. In addition, the overall average of all components was lower than the base limit (number 3).

In 2019, a new disease called Covid-19 was identified in Wuhan, China. Anyone can get this disease at any age and become seriously ill, or even die from it. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the re-admission of coronary patients.

In this study, 2411 Covid-19 patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran were included. Variables such as gender, age, death, body mass index, headache, vomiting, having cold, cough, muscle pain, underlying disease, fever, hemoglobin, blood platelets, glucose as well as ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes were examined. SPSS software was used to fit the model of multiple logistic regressions in soft.

Majority of the patients (54.5%) were males. The average age of readmitted patients was 63 years, and 23% of these patients died. The results of logistic regression test showed the variables of age (OR=1.02, P=0.029), sex (OR=0.637, P=0.047), underlying disease (OR=2.36, P=<0.001), hemoglobin (OR=0.91, P=0.04), blood platelet count (OR=0.99, P<0.001), vomiting or nausea (OR=0.48, P=0.03), and muscle pain (OR=0.61, P=0.04). Effective factors were also identified.

It was concluded that having a comorbid disease and old age increased the chances of re-admission. Moreover, it was scientifically confirmed that an increase in age along with having an underlying disease significantly contributed to re-admission of patients with Covid-19.

The maximum effectiveness of the treatment of Covid-19 patients was confirmed by this study and, therefore, it was recommended that re-hospitalization should be avoided in order to avoid additional treatment costs and waste of resources.

As we know, thyroid nodules are common, but many of them are benign, and this shows that sampling of nodules is not necessary to diagnose benignity.The aim of this article was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound features for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules in patients referred to Fajr infirmary in Ilam.

This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 patients referred to Fajr Ilam Clinic in October 2015 to January 2018.Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, BMI and history of underlying thyroid diseases and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were collected with the help of a questionnaire.The dependence of ultrasound characteristics with thyroid malignancy was determined using a multivariate analysis test. This ultrasound feature was compared with the results of fine needle aspiration cytology and the diagnostic accuracy indices were calculated for each ultrasound feature.This article was conducted using statistical tests, chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and bivariate logistic regression using Spss software.

The study sample included of 30(24.6%) malignant and 92(75.4%) benign nodules. Hypoechogenicity and microcalcification showed statistically significant positive associations with thyroid malignancy (P<0.05).Also, according to Fisher's exact test, 7% and 20% of men had benign and malignant nodules, and 86% and 80% of women had benign and malignant nodules, respectively. But there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Hypoechogenicity had 63.3% sensitivity and 67.04% specificity, microcalcification had 60% sensitivity and 65.93% specificity. Having at least one good sonographic feature resulted in the highest sensitivity (86.67%), while the presence of both features had almost perfect specificity (91.3%) and the highest positive likelihood ratio (4.21).

According to the results of this article, the presence of Microcalcification variables and Hypoechogenicity are the most important criteria in predicting thyroid malignancy, and they are Locate in the TI-RADS grading. Therefore, nodules larger than 1 cm in size with the characteristics of microcalcification and homogeneity ultrasound should be the main focus of diagnostic evaluations.

Two Kurdish poets, Hajar and Suwara, have recomposed the Khanlari,s poem of Eagle to Kurdish language. In spite of the fact that the plot and theme of the story haven’t been changed in this recomposed process, there are differences between the narration of Khanlari and two Kurdish poets, because in narration of this story, the Kurdish poets have changes some elements which have made their narration different to addressee. The most important changes occurred in their narrations are: “elimination of some free motifs”, “summarization of depending motifs”, “to add the atmosphere to the beginning of story”, “difference in characterization”, “to state directly the result of story” and etc.In this paper, we compare the narrations of two Kurdish poets with the ones of Khanlari, in order to be shown the similarities and differences of them. The results relate that the Kurdish poets changed the narration in order to make innovation in narrative.

 In 2019, a new disease called Covid-19 was identified in Wuhan, China. Anyone can get this disease at any age and become seriously ill, or even die from it. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the re-admission of coronary patients.

 In this study, 2411 Covid-19 patients referring to Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran were included. Variables such as gender, age, death, body mass index, headache, vomiting, having cold, cough, muscle pain, underlying disease, fever, hemoglobin, blood platelets, glucose as well as ALT, AST, and LDH enzymes were examined. SPSS software was used to fit the model of multiple logistic regressions in soft.

 Majority of the patients (54.5%) were males. The average age of readmitted patients was 63 years, and 23% of these patients died. The results of logistic regression test showed the variables of age (OR=1.02, P=0.029), sex (OR=0.637, P=0.047), underlying disease (OR=2.36, P=<0.001), hemoglobin (OR=0.91, P=0.04), blood platelet count (OR=0.99, P<0.001), vomiting or nausea (OR=0.48, P=0.03), and muscle pain (OR=0.61, P=0.04). Effective factors were also identified.

 It was concluded that having a comorbid disease and old age increased the chances of re-admission. Moreover, it was scientifically confirmed that an increase in age along with having an underlying disease significantly contributed to re-admission of patients with Covid-19.

 The maximum effectiveness of the treatment of Covid-19 patients was confirmed by this study and, therefore, it was recommended that re-hospitalization should be avoided in order to avoid additional treatment costs and waste of resources.

Controversy between modern poets and fans of traditional poetry is an issue that has always been of interest to scholars in the historical and cultural study of the formation of modern poetry. The debates that each of these two factions raised about poetry and its implications were based on a critique of the other side's discourses and views; therefore, by analyzing the content of each of these two groups, the concepts and opinions of the other group can be understood. The issue of the controversy between modernists and traditionalists over poetry was not only raised in literary circles, but also the poetry of modern poets. The poet's mental design in such poems is based on the contrast between the nature of modern poetry and classical poetry, which can be analyzed to understand both the poetic discourse of modernists and the implicit views of traditionalists. The subject of "Poetry that is life" by Shamloo and the poem "Honrawakanm" by Sherko Bekas, a Kurdish modernist poet, are taken from the same discussions about the nature of modern poetry and its difference from classical poetry. In this essay, they are analyzed analytically, based on literary discourse, to show the common concepts and foundations of new poetry discourse in both Persian and Kurdish literature. The result of the research shows that the literary discourse in these two poems is subject-oriented and function-oriented, and both poets have explained the nature of new poetry and criticism of classical poetry from the aspect of motivating and informing.

The story of the ‘Jewish King and Minister’ in Masnavi Ma'navi, in the first reading, shows a way in the policy that the landlords divide the followers of a religion. From epistemological and intellectual perspectives, it has also shown the misconceptions and mistakes of human beings in reasoning. In this story, Mowlana, by showing the plan of the minister to destroy the religion of Christianity, has practically shown how wrong reasoning, as well as judging and acting on that argument, causes disaster. The results show that the mistake of the Jewish king and the minister has a cognitive origin and it goes back to their misconceptions. They have thought about the subject (= Christianity) with a bipolar fundamentalist mentality and based on this mentality, they have evaluated, judged, and finally issued a verdict.

Cinnamon is a plant containing anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant substances. Previous studies have revealed the reducing effects of obesity and hyperlipidemia and, on the contrary, the reinforcing effects of cinnamon on fertility. Therefore in this study the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon on Body Mass Index (BMI) and gene expression of cation channel of sperm (CatSper) in male Wistar rats receiving high-fat diets was investigated.

Thirty-six male rats were divided into six groups. Control group received normal diet and no treatment. The five other groups received high-fat diet for eight weeks. The diet control group received only high-fat diet, the vehicle group received carboxymethyl cellulase 0.5% (5 mg/kg), the lovastatin group received 10 mg/kg lovastatin, and the cinnamon groups received 130 and 260 mg intra peritoneum for six weeks daily. BMI was measured at the end of the study. The expression levels of Catsper genes were also evaluated using Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed with SAS software version 9.1 using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan tests (p<0.05).

The hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon significantly reduced BMI (p<0.05). The expression level of Catsper1-4 genes decreased in the model and vehicle groups compared to the control group (p<0.05); however, the expression level of Catsper1-4 genes increased in the cinnamon and lovastatin groups compared to the control group.

Cinnamon as a pretreatment has beneficial and reducing effects on BMI. Moreover, in pretreatment with cinnamon, the increased expression of Catsper1-4 genes is observed.

Classical Kurdish poetry has such a high level and coherent structure in terms of poetic images, subjects, concepts, words and terms that, one can argue, it would not have been rich without a background. There should have been a familiarity at work with the experiences that have emerged at such a level. From the point of view of intertextual theory, it can be demonstrated that a poetic background has played a role in the creation of visual, semantic, and structural layers of classical Kurdish poetry. Of all the possibilities that researchers may pay attention to, it can be demonstrated on the basis of in-text and out-of-text cues that the poetic background of Kurdish classical poetry goes back to classical Persian poetry. Many poetic motifs and images from the literary traditions of Persian classical poetry have entered Kurdish classical poetry. Although this can be observed in all three branches of classical Kurdish poetry, it is less common in Gorani poetry than in Middle and Northern Kurdish poetry. This study examines how classical Kurdish poets benefit from the literary traditions of Persian poetry to reveal that in what poetic subjects are the literary traditions mostly reflected and to what extent the level of creativity of Kurdish poets has been. The result of the research indicates that the reflection of literary traditions can be seen more in lyrical and mystical poetry, and Kurdish poets have tried to create creativity and innovation within these traditions. New theming and localization of images and poetic themes are the most prominent techniques that Kurdish poets have shown creativity in literary traditions.