فریبا امینی

Onosma pachypoda Boiss. is a medicinal plant and belongs to Boraginaceae family. Enhancement of secondary metabolites using modern biotechnological methods such as tissue culture and hairy root induction by Agrobacterium rhizogenes can be important. In the present study, hairy root induction by A. rhizogenes strain A4 on the callus of O. pachypoda was examined via dry and immersion methods under different spectral LED lights. The effect of LED lights was also investigated on the concentration of flavonoid content in inoculated callus. The results showed that the highest percentage (50%) of hairy root induction was obtained by immersing the callus in the suspension of A. rhizogenes under dark conditions. The highest flavonoid content was observed in inoculated callus under blue LED light and dark conditions. Therefore, the immersion method is a suitable method for inoculation of callus to induce hairy roots in the plant. It seems that using of different spectral LED lights also affects flavonoid content in the callus of O. pachypoda.

Persian art during the Qajar period had a significant development due to the connection of this period with the West and many artists traveled to Europe and Western countries during this period. Is raised. In this regard, decoration is the most important element that has played a significant role in various Iranian arts. Architectural decorations that express themselves in different ways in facades, entrances and interiors, express their identity and value in the path of aesthetic evolution. Decorations cannot be separated from architecture, but far more architectural symbols, social identities, and cultural values can be derived from them than architecture. Therefore, considering the importance of buildings with the function of a palace in the capital, what has been addressed in this research is the study of the aesthetics of decoration in the architecture of late Qajar palaces. This study wants to use the method of content analysis of Qajar historical texts (late Qajar), in other words, thematic and structural analysis of the architecture of this period, to address the question of whether the aesthetics of late Qajar art is based on the principle of decoration or not? What are the factors behind the aesthetics of decoration in Qajar art? This research will have a clear representation of the role of decoration in the architecture of Qajar royal palaces.

IntroductionIron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth that plays an important role in plant metabolism. Iron deficiency is an abiotic stress that is often found in plants grown in calcareous and alkaline soils. The solubility of Fe decreases dramatically with increasing pH. 30% of the arable land worldwide consists of calcareous and alkaline soils. Common iron fertilizers used to reduce deficiency syndromes contain iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O) or iron chelates. Iron chelate (for example Fe-EDTA) is absorbed by plants, which however depends on soil conditions especially soil pH. Nowadays , nano-Fe fertilizer can be used as a rich source of iron for plants ,because it gradually releases Fe in a wide pH range (pH 3– 11). Nanofertilizer usage leads to increase element efficiency, reduce soil toxicity and negative effects caused by the excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers and reduce the fertilizer’ s application . This research was carried out to determine the suitable type of iron fertilizer and to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of nano-Fe fertilizer on Medicago sativa
Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the effects of Fe-deficiency and different levels of Fe2O3 nanoparticles compared to Fe-EDTA on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv.Hamadani), an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications in Arak University during 2015. After germination of sterilized seeds of alfalfa, 1-day seedlings were cultured in plastic vases contains perlite. Plants were maintained under 25/18°C day/night temperatures with 12-hr photoperiod. Irrigation was done weekly with 100ml complete Hoagland solution (containing iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) for control plants) or 100ml Hoagland solution without iron chelate and containing different concentrations of ironoxide nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, 20 and 25µM). Plants treated with 0 µM iron nanoparticles did not receive iron in 45day period. Ironoxide nanoparticles were prepared from Pishgaman Company located in Mashhad, Iran . After the final harvest of 45-day plants, leaf fresh weights were measured. Dry weight of leaf were obtained by drying samples in an oven for 24h at 75°C until constant weight. Chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents by spectrophotometry method at 663 and 645 nm were determined. Contents of proline, activities of catalase(CAT), guaiacol peroxidase(GPOX) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were measured. All data were analyzed by variance analysis using SPSS16. Mean comparisons were conducted using Duncan’s test.
Results and discussionIron treatment had a positive effect on the growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments. The highest and lowest values of leaf growth and photosynthetic pigments were obtained at 25μM and 0µM of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, respectively. Treatment of iron nanofertilizer at different concentrations (even at 5µM) caused significant increase in leaf growth and photosynthetic pigments content compared to iron chelate. Nanoparticles have high reactivity because of more specific surface area, more density of reactive areas, or in creased reactivity of these areas on the particle surfaces. These features streamline the absorption of fertilizers , which are produced in nano scale. Iron nanofertilizer can be considered as an enriched source of bivalent iron for plant because of its high stability and gradual release of Fe in a wide pH range (pH 3–11). Iron is a necessary element for the formation of chlorophyll, therefore deficiency of iron in plants reduces chlorophyll content, so photosynthesis decreases
The highest values of proline and antioxidants activity were measured in 0μM ironoxide nanoparticles. Thus, iron concentration of 0μM is considered stressful for alfalfa. Under abiotic stresses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content increases more than the normal condition. ROS are highly reactive and toxic and damages cell membranes. Therefore, the concentration of ROS in cell must be controlled. In such conditions, plants develop a high efficient antioxidant defense system to increase tolerance to different stress factors. Overexpression of ROS scavenging enzymes like SOD, CAT, and GPOX resulted in abiotic stress tolerance in various crop plants due to efficient ROS scavenging capacity. It has been reported that proline act as an osmolyte, a metal chelator, ROS scavenger/an antioxidative, membrane stabilizer, and a signaling molecule Thus, the proline content is a good marker for screening tolerant varieties under stress condition
In this study , There was no statistical difference between different levels of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and Fe-EDTA based on values of proline and antioxidants activity, because stress conditions are not created in levels of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and Fe-EDTA.
ConclusionsTherefore, the suitable type of iron-fertilizer for alfalfa is iron nano-fertilizer and the concentration of 25μM Fe2O3 nanoparticles is the optimum value.

This study evaluated the effects of calcium chloride as alleviator agent in salinity stress on Catharanthus roseus. 49- day- old plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 35, 70 and 100 mM) alone and in combination of various CaCl2 concentration (0, 5 and 10 Mm) for 21 days. Then, percent of Inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (I%), activity of antioxidant enzymes, contents of photosynthetic pigments, leaf number and area were measured. The results indicated that pigments contents, leaf area and number were significantly decreased by salinity. Addition of CaCl2 to salinity-stressed plants increased of pigments contents, leaf area, the activitiy of antioxidant enzymes and I% in compared to plants grown with NaCl alone. The maximum enhancement was observed with the combined treatments (100mM NaCl 5mM CaCl2). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of calcium supply on the growth of vinca under saline conditions.

Aim: Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid area of the world and also it is one of the main countries producing cucumbers; so study the effects of drought on this plant and also its antioxidant system changes are important.
Material and In this study, cucumber cv. Isfahani plants were grown under greenhouse condition. In order to study the effect of changes in protein and antioxidant systems, cucumber plants at 3 to 5 leaf stage were treated with 4 levels of drought stress (100, 75, 50 and 25 percent) and their responses to applied stresses were investigated. The amounts of electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, protein, proline, total antioxidant, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities, α-tocopherol and hydrogen peroxide were measured.
The results study showed that the contents of electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, proline, total antioxidant, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, α-tocopherol and hydrogen peroxide increased under drought stresses as compared to the control plants. However, protein index decreased under drought stresses in comparison with controls.
The obtained findings showed that in this cultivar of cucumber tolerance to drought was related to enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities and also proline accumulation.

Urban pollution is a major environmental concern, especially in large cities in developing countries.MARKAZY province is one of the industrial provinces of the country that has the high air pollution due to Industrial structures. Study of structural and functional responses of Fraxinus excelsior to air pollutants was the objective of this research. Using data from the Environmental Protection Agency, Aluminum plant limits as Polluted area and HAFTAD GHOLLEH area at a distance of 35 km of ARAK as Clean area were selected and Leaf samples of Fraxinus excelsior harvested in both areas simultaneously and some of physiology and anatomy of Fraxinus leaves parameters were studied. The results showed that the effects of air pollution, the rate of Chlorophyll, Protein, activity of Guaiacol peroxidase, Phosphorus and Potassium elements, increased significantly. But the rate of Ion leakage, membrane lipid of Proxidation, Proline, Sodium and Sulfur elements, activity of Catalas, Super oxide Dismutase, and Water content (5% level) showed significant increase. Density of Trichome in Upper and lower leaf surface, Stomatal openness, the length of palisade cells parenchyma , and thickness of Sponge parenchyma didn’t show significant change. But the size of Trichome in both sides of leaf surface, increased significantly. The results show that the changes of plant parameters, increase plant resistance against air pollution in the region. Therefor, the cultivation of this plant can be used for the same Polluted green space areas.

In today's world where human life is dependent on the industry, the problems impose in the human life along with theachievement of growing in the field of industrial works. One of the challenging problems is entry of pollutants into air that has the destructive effects on human life and environment especially plants. Plants show different responses against the air pollutants. Plant responses can be vary due to climate, geography and plant species. In this study, the effects of air pollutants in the Shazand industrial area (refinery, petrochemical and thermal power) stationin Markazi province has been checked on almond. For this purpose, the leaves of almond in Haftadgholle (control area), Shazand (closest city to industrial zone) and Kazaz (adjacent industrial zone) were collected. Also, soil samples were collected from three areas to determine lead and zinc amounts in soil. Results showed that proline, sulfur, heavy metals (lead and zinc) and lipid peroxidation enhanced significantly in Kazaz and Shazand in compared with Haftadgholle, while antioxidant activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and guaicol peroxidase didn’t significant changes in three areas. The increase of sulfur amount in leaves, lead and zinc in soil of the Kazaz and Shazand regions could be one of the reasons to prove the presence of pollutants in these areas. The increase of lipid peroxidation indicative plant damage against the air pollution. The plant defense mechanism against of stress is the increase of non-enzymatic antioxidant proline. No change in chlorophylls and protein contents reflects increased resistance to the stress.

Due to high perishability of tomato, it cannot be stored for long duration but by means of postharvest technologies somewhat can control their decay. Calcium as an essential plant nutrient actively participates in cell wall structure. The current experiment was conducted to find the effect of calcium on postharvest life of tomato fruit cv. "Dafnis". The experiment was conducted to asses the shelf life of tomato using treatments of calcium choloride (%1, %1.5, %2) and calcium ascorbate (%0.25, %0.5, %1). After treatment, the fruits were presereved at an incubator with 10 °C and 90% humidity for 35 days. After that the fruits were gotten out each 7 days and were assesed to determine parameters such as titratable acid, pH, soluble solids, vitamin C, firmness, weight loss and lycopene content. experiments was performed as a factorial in a complete randomized design with three replications. The results showed that calcium treatments, had a significant effects on all measured indexes. The lowest lycopene content was recorded at the %1 calcium ascorbate and except with %2 calcium choloride it to had significant difference to other treatments. The lowest pH, soluble solids, the highest titratable acid and vitamin C in the %1 calcium ascorbate and except with %2 calcium choloride it to had significant difference to other treatments.. According to the result of this study, treated fruits with %1 calcium ascorbate and 2% calcium choloride cause maintain fruit quality properties during storage period.

Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that have destructive effects on plant productivity and quality. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of zinc as alleviating agent under salinity stress on antioxidative system, proteins, proline and growth of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. at Arak University in 2012 autumn. A number of 49-days-old plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 35, 70 and 100mM) alone and in combination with various ZnSO4 concentrations (0, 5 and 10μm) for 21 days. Then, the inhibition percent of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, proline and protein content and growth parameters were measured. Results showed that zinc application improved shoot length, root depth, root and shoot fresh and dry weight under all salinity treatments. As a result of salinity stress, the inhibition percent of DPPH radical and superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase activity and also proline content increased 348.5%, 475.6%, 172.7%, 200% and 364%, respectively but protein content was reduced 33%. Zinc application improved protein content up to 16% in plants under salinity treatment and also reduced the proline content up to 36%. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly in treated plants with NaCl as compared with those treated with NaCl or Zn alone. These results support the positive effects of Zn application on antioxidant defense system in vinca under salinity. Zinc may act as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species for mitigating the injury on biomembranes under salt stress.

Aim: The goal of the present research was evaluation of the effects of industrial area air pollution of Arak Aluminum Company on Robinia pseudoacacia (acacia) and tree-of-heaven anatomical changes.
Material and Information from the Environmental Protection Agency of Markazi province, Aluminum park as the infected area and Haftad-Ghole in 35 kilometers of Arak as the area clean were used. Leaf samples of Robinia and Alianthus were harvested in August 2013 simultaneously. Density and length of trichomes, stomatal density and opening, length of the palisade cells and diameter of the spongy cells of leaf were measured. Data analysis were performed by SPSS 16 and Excel software and means comparison by T-Test.
Under air pollution, trichome density in abaxial epidermis and trichome length in both surfaces of epidermis of acacia leaf increased significantly. Also in tree-of-heaven leaf, trichome density decreased and trichome length increased on abaxial epidermis significantly. Stomatal density on abaxial epidermis of acasia and tree-of-heaven leaves exposed to air pollution decreased and increased, respectively. Stomatal opening of Robinia and Ailanthus leaves had no significant effect. Length of the palisade cells of leaf in infected area decreased in acacia and increased in tree-of-heaven as compared with clean area, diameter of the spongy cells had no significant change in acacia leaf but decreased in tree-of-heaven leaf.
Results showed the anatomical changes in both plants for further compromise with regional air pollution.

To study the effects of 24-epibrassinolode on improving germination parameters and seedling growth of typical American eggplant under chilling stress, an experiment with four concentrations of 24-epibrassinolode (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 µM) in completely randomized design in factorial form with three replicates were performed in plant physiology lab of Arak University at 1391. Eggplant seeds were soaked in different concentrations of 24-epibrassinolode for 48 h and then moved to plate. Three plates each containing 20 seeds were considered as replications for each treatment. After planting the seeds, plated were divided into two groups. One group was transferred to an incubator with 16/8 -hour light/dark photoperiod (25 ± 1°C temperatures) and other group exposed to 4°C temperature for 4 days then transferred to the incubator. The results showed that 24-epibrassinolid had a great effect on the germination parameters, length of root and shoot, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot in both control and stress conditions. The increase of lipid peroxidation and membrane penetration that observed in chilling stress, indicated a significant decrease in treatment with 24-epibrassinolide. 1 μM concentration was the most effective concentration than others. In plants under chilling stress and 1 μM of 24-epibrassinolide, lipid peroxidation and membrane penetration decreased 28.30 and 37.89 percent, respectively.

The advantage of coating agents is reducing transpiration and respiration, leading to maintaining the quality and extending the shelf life of the fruits. Chitosan, the most important coating agent, is used during the post-harvest process. In this research the effect of chitosan with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) on the shelf-life of apple cv “Soltani” was studied. The study was conducted as a split plot in time within a complete randomized design in 3 replications and 4 tratments. After storage at 1°C and 90% RH, fruits were evaluated every 30 days in terms of some traits such as firmness, weight loss, soluble solids and titratable acid and vitamin C, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and pH. Results showed that the fruits treated with chitosan had significantly higher firmness, titratable acid (TA), soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, total phenol, antioxidant capacity and lower weight loss and pH, compared to the control. There was no significant difference between 1 and 2% chitosan coating concentrations for most of the examined traits, though evidence indicated that the 2% chitosan may act better than the 1% for shelf life extension and quality maintaining.

This research was carried out in order to investigate the effect of glycine betaine on reduction of salinity damage on sweet corn in plantlet stage. A factorial experiment with two factors including salinity in two levels (0 and 60 mM NaCl) and glycinebetaine in 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mM) in a completely randomized design with 3 replications was used. The seeds were soaked for 24 hours in glycinebetaine solutions, and then cultured in pure sand medium in trays. Results showed that 60 mM NaCl had deleterious effects on most measured parametersm, but treatment with glycinebetaine led to decrease salinity damages, so that treatment with glycinebetaine had positive effect on number of leaves, fresh and dry shoot weight, root dry weight and plant height. Interaction between salinity and glycinebetaine for root fresh and dry weight, plant height, leaf proline and Na and K concentrations were statistically significant. So that 5 and 10 mM glycinebetaine in saline condition increased plant height; 20 and 40 mM increased root fresh weight and 10 mM increased root dry weight. In another word they reduced negative effects of salinity.

Chitosan، is non-toxic، biodegradable and biocompatible material، which can be used as edible coatings to maintain quality and enhance postharvest life of fruits and vegetables. In this study، the effect of chitosan at 0، 0. 5، 1 and 2% concentrations on storage life of cucumber cv. «Zomorod» was investigated. After treatment and keeping in an incubator at 12 °C and 90% relative humidity، the fruits were assessed in 5-days intervals to determine parameters such as firmness، weight loss، vitamin C، titratable acidity، soluble solids and chlorophyll content. Experiment was performed as a split-plot design in time in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of the experiment showed that chitosan coating، had a significant effect on all traits except titrable acidity. The lowest weight loss and the highest firmness were recorded with 1% chitosan treatment which significantly differed from the control. It is appeared that chitosan coatings could be used to increase the storage life of cucumber fruit and to maintain its quality for a longer period.

Plants exposed to air pollution show returnable and unreturnable biochemical and physiological alterations. So biochemical parameters can provide valuable information about physiological condition of plants that are subjected to air pollution. This study was performed to determine the effects of air pollutants on the amount of proline، protein، calcium and phosphorus in Medicago sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris leaf and root. We also investigated M. sativa and Ph. vulgaris resistance to the air pollution in Arak Oil Refinery area. The plant samples were collected from polluted and non polluted area and the amount of proline، protein، calcium and phosphorus in leaf and root of plants were determined. The results showed that air pollution led to a significant increase of proline in leaf and roots of both M. sativa and Ph. Vulgaris. Air pollution also led to a significant increase of protein concentration in M. sativa (leaf and root)، but a significant decrease of protein concentration in Ph. vulgaris leaf and root. Concentration of calcium in M. sativa leaf and root under air pollution implied a significant increase. However air pollution caused a significant decrease of calcium in Ph. vulgaris root and no significant alteration of calcium rate in Ph. vulgaris root. Air pollution led to a significant increase of phosphorus rate in M. sativa root، but no significant alterations in M. sativa leaf، instead a significant increase of phosphorus rate in Ph. vulgaris leaf and root. In this study، increasing of protein and calcium in M. sativa plant was indicative of its resistance to the air pollution، and changes in biochemical parameters in Ph. vulgaris implied its sensitivity to the air pollution.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is one of the major atmospheric contaminant that induces negatively effects in the cellular biochemistry and physiology of the plants. However, Rhizobium inoculation can cause increas in plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, effects of different concentrations of Sulphur dioxide gas (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) on photosynthetic pigments, proline, protein, sulphur, potassium and phosphorus of inoculated alfalfa with Rhizobium (native and standard strains) were evaluated in Arak city. The Results showed that high concentrations of Sulphur dioxide (1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) caused a decline in photosynthetic pigments, protein, potassium and phosphorus and an increase in sulphur and proline content of alfalfa plant in compared to the controls. In low concentration of SO2 (0.5 ppm), the increase in photosynthetic pigments, protein, potassium and phosphorus were observed. Rhizobium inoculation itself caused an increase in photosynthetic pigments, protein, potassium and phosphorus contents but did not effect on the proline content and sulfur uptake. Inoculation of alfalfa with two strains of Rhizobium decreased induced effects of high concentrations of SO2 on these biochemical parameters significantly (at 0.01 level) in comparison with the control plants. Therefore, rhizobial inoculant be able to increase host plants resistance to SO2 pollution stress and have been applied as a biofertilizer.

Air pollution is the most important environmental problem of last century that threatens the health of living organisms, especially plants. SO2 is one of the main air pollutants that can cause to imbalance in growth and physiological function of plant in high concentrations. Symbiosis of Rhizobium bacteria with alfalfa can cause increasing plant growth and plant resistance to abiotic stresses. In order to study the effects of rhizobia inoculation on alfalfa antioxidants activity and capacity under air SO2 pollution, 35 days plants (noninoculated and inoculated with native or standard Rhizobium meliloti) exposed to the different concentrations of SO2 (0 as a control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 ppm) for 6 consecutive days (2 hours per day). Results showed inoculation had no significant effect on antioxidants activity and capacity of alfalfa plant. Different concentrations of SO2 pollution had a significant effect on alfalfa antioxidant system. Increasing SO2 stress increased antioxidant activities (I%) and decreased antioxidant capacities (IC50) of alfalfa leaves significantly in comparison to the control plants (under 0 ppm) as well as increased Superoxide dismutase, catalase and Guaiacol peroxidase activity. Inoculation of alfalfa plant with Rhizobium meliloti reduced significantly the negative effects of high concentration of SO2 on antioxidants activity and capacity. In fact, the rate of this change of antioxidant system under SO2 pollution in inoculated plants was lower than in the noninoculated plants. Therefore inoculation with Rhizobium strains could alleviate the effect of SO2 pollution on antioxidant system.

Zinc is one of micronutrients which reduces toxicity of sodium in plants and plays an important role in helping to the survival of crop plant under salinity stress. The research was conducted in a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications in arak university in 1391 autumn. In this study، the effects of four salinity levels (0، 45، 90 and 120 mM NaCl) and three ZnSO4 levels (0، 5 and 10 μM) on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) were investigated. The results showed that single salinity decreased of the growth parameters، photosynthetic pigments and protein content، whereas increased the value of proline and carbohydrate in compared to the control plants. The results also showed that zinc treatment had positive effect on growth parameters، photosynthetic pigments، protein and carbohydrate content، however ZnSO4 treatment reduced the amounts of proline. Treatment of tomato plants under salinity stress with ZnSO4 reduced significantly the negative effects of salinity stress on these parameters. The highest values of growth indexes، photosynthetic pigments and protein were measured in plants without salt stress and concentrations of 10 μM Zn and the lowest values of this indicators were measured in plants under 120 mM NaCl without Zn. Therefore، it is recommended that for growing tomato in saline soils with zinc deficiency، Zn should be supplied in a adequate quantities to soils or used of ZnSO4 foliar sprays.

Crude oil pollution is an inevitable worldwide phenomenon in oil producing and consuming areas that stems from human error، accidental discharge and other sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of vinca in petroleum-polluted soil. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design in 3 replications with different concentrations of crude oil (0، 0. 5، 1، 2، 3 and 4 % V/W in pot planting stage). At the end of the 70-day period، soil samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbons removal. Contents of pb، zn and Ni were measured by atomic absorption from the soils and the leaves. Statistical analysis of data were performed on the basis of duncan’s test and by using of SPSS16 software. In concentrations higher than 3 % no growth was observed. The growth parameters such as stem length، stem fresh and dry matter decreased progressively from 0. 5-3 % crude oil in soil. The results showed heavy metal accumulation in plant leaves and reduction of them in the soil. Heavy metals containing zinc، lead and nickel in plant increased in different concentration of crude oil. Total hydrocarbons and heavy metals containing zinc، lead and nickel reduced were in planted contaminated soil. This study showed that Periwinkle was able to grow and survive in low concentrations of oil and reduced pollutants in the soil. Based upon these results، Catharanthus roseus can be used as phytoremediator of petroleum-contaminated soil in low concentrations.

While nutritional value of edible mushroom is very high, but its short storage life creates limitation for distribution and supply of mushroom. Therefore its postharvest physiology requires more study. It seems that edible chitosan coating should be suitable for mushroom postharvest. Therefore this study was carried out to find the best chitosan concentration and coating film to increase storage life and decrease postharvest losses. A factorial experiment splited in time by using completely randomized design in 3 replications with 4 levels of chitosan (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) and 5 coating film containing control (packed in selefon), Poly ethylene coating (thickness of 65 microns), Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene coating (thickness of 25 and 35 microns) and Cast Polypropylene (thickness of 25 microns) and duration of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage at 1°C and relative humidity of 90% were carried out. After each storage period, some physiochemical properties of mushroom were measured. The results showed that chitosan demonstrated a significant effect on all traits expect soluble solid content at the 1% level of probability. The higher firmness, titrable acids, pH and lower weight loss and decay was observed when 2% chitosan treatment and packaging with 35 microns Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene coating was used and the lowest firmness value, titrable acids and the highest weight loss and decay was related to control treatment (no chitosan). The coating film 35 microns Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene coating reduced weight loss from 14.56% in control (selefon) to 0.75%.

Water deficit is one of the major abiotic stresses, which adversely affects crop growth and development. These changes are mainly related to the alternation of some metabolic functions. This alteration can resist plant under stresses. Certain plants have devised mechanisms to survive under low water conditions. Usually, water deficit has a positive effect in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such that these constraint decrease oxidative stress. In this study to evaluate the effect of Water stress on active substance of Silybum marianum two experiments under pot and field conditions were carried out. In the first experiments, a completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted with four levels of water stress inducing soil water potential of -0.33, -4, -8 and -12 bar. In the second experiment, five treatments inducing soil water potential of –0.33, -4, -8, -12 and –15 bar were applied treatments was applied using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The highest content of Silibin a, b and total amount were measured to be -4 and -12 bar in pot and field experiments respectively. The highest content of Silymarin and oil percentage were accumulated under water potential of -4 bars in both experiments. Thus, the result showed that soil water potential of -4 bar was the best treatment to increase of milk thistle secondry metabolites.

Uncontrolled use of fossil fuels in industries and the transport sector has led to an increase in concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and their derivatives and ozone (O3). In addition to dry and wet deposition of these gases has been the major route of influx in ionic form into the ecosystem. This investigation was evaluated the effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) with different pH (6.8 as control, 6.5, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3 and 2.5) on germination, growth, elements, protein, photosynthetic pigments contents of Lycopersicon esculentum in hydroponic culture. Experiments were conducted at research laboratory of arak university in summer of 1391. Results were showed that from pH=6.8 until pH=5/5 significantly increased P and K and protein content, root and shoot dry and wet weight. SAR exposure with high acidity (pH=5/5 until pH=2.5) significantly suppressed germination, growth index, measured elements as P and K, protein and photosynthetic pigments, while significant increased sulphur contect from 150% to 550% compared to controls. Maximal amounts sulphur were measured in pH=2/5. Acid rain in low pH were decrease plant growth and make protein and incearsed sulphur content in leaf. As regards, low acidity promoted the growth of tomato plants and high acidity inhibit, Therefore, it is recommended that tomato plants cultures in soils with low acidity.

In this study, effects of salinity and Zinc sulphate application on growth parameters, nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activity of Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three replications were evaluated. Factors consisted of four salinity levels (0, 45, 90 and 120 mM NaCl) and three Zinc sulphate levels (0, 5, and 10 μM). Results showed that salinity decreased fresh and dry weight of plants, Zn and K contents whereas increased the Na content and antioxidant activity by increasing NaCl level. Also, results showed that ZnSO4 had positive effect on growth parameters, Zn and K concentration and antioxidant activity but reduced Na and P concentration. Zinc treatment especially at 10 μM concentration in tomato under salt conditions increased growth indexes, potassium concentration, percent of Inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and decreased sodium and phosphorus concentrations. The highest fresh and dry weight of plants and potassium uptake were measured in plants without salt stress with application of 10 μM ZnSO4 and the lowest on these indicator in plants under 120 mM NaCl without ZnSO4 application. Thus, it was concluded that Zinc could be improve performance and yield in tomato plants under salt stress conditions.