فواد پورآرین

In relation to the background of the research, you can refer to the book "Artificial environment and the formation of the industrial working class", which examines the situation of Abadan workers between the two world wars, "Arayed, an approach to the history of Farudestan (examining the documents of Arayed of the National Assembly)" by Siavash Shohani and... pointed out.

The purpose of the research is to, in line with the research of others about industrial workers, labor unions and their role and influence in political and economic events, about the problems, demands and hidden awareness in the demands of oil industry workers, from the angle of petitions that are a place to express demands. It is a worker, an independent investigation should be done;

The method of the present research is library and documental in terms of its historical nature, and the necessary information has been collected through the review of relevant sources, documents and documents, with a historical and documentary approach. The limits and focal point of spatial, temporal and thematic research, Iran during the second Pahlavi period, from Shahrivar 1320 sh. until the coup d'etat of August 28, 1332 sh.

From the petitions of oil industry workers, it is clear that their expected welfare components include things such as basic promotion including employment, housing, insurance, salary increase and other welfare facilities.The amenities provided by Iran and England Oil Company were either not available to all groups of workers or were not paid equally.Despite suffering repression and losing many of their facilities, the workers did not give in to the oppression of their employers and reached agreements with the company that improved their conditions. They tried to achieve these demands by joining labor unions and strikes, and in cases such as the approval of the labor law in 1325 sh. They were successful in this field, but in the end they could not bring about a fundamental change in labor relations.The weakness of labor organizations, the central government's lack of support for workers, and the misuse of workers by parties were the most important factors in their all-round failure.

According to the survey of complaints, housing, wage increase, health and insurance were among the most important welfare indicators of oil industry workers. The workers were trying to get a part of their rights through various forms of protest, but due to the weakness of the labor organizations, the central government's lack of support for the workers, and the misuse of the workers by the parties, they could not bring about a fundamental change in the labor relations.It is worth mentioning that the study of Subalterns situation by examining documents and documents in all historical periods and especially in contemporary history is one of the original research cases that can be investigated by researchers and leads to the explanation of the policies of the government and the oil industry and the reactions of the workers. Therefore, with social and document-oriented historiography, it is possible to understand the degree of correspondence of historical data transmitted from political history with the narrative of documents.

The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.

n January 7, 1978, an article entitled "Iran and the Red and Black Colonization" written by Ahmad Rashidi Motlagh was published in the newspaper Ettela'at. This article was widely reported throughout Iran, but with the spread of the Qom protests, its consequences became immediately apparent, and the number of people killed increased as the protests spread. This paper seeks to investigate the nature of the article and the reasons and consequences of its publication by considering Korpi's theory and Mohammad Reza Shah's performance in the face of crisis. The findings of the present study show that the article of January 7, like a spark in the heart of suffocating and repressive days, led to the unification of opposition forces based on religious ideology and became a turning point for field struggles. What is important, meanwhile, was the regime's reckless approach to confronting the opposition, which ultimately sparked the revolution in the wake of such incidents. 

What occurred in west as modernization, did revolutionized societies around the world intellectually and culturally. Iranian encountered modernization and western culture around the second half of Qajar dynasty and it led to the constitutional movement and the establishment of the national assembly. Up until Rezakhan reign (1925-1941) the relations with west had its own vicissitudes. Along with modernization, the first Pahlavi was influenced by those intellectuals and modernists advocating for the "imitation theory" in which their thoughts and ideas were secular, nationalistic and modernist and accented King, Mother Country and Children. As a result, a new cultural nourishment begun to emerge. Iranian national assembly as the most essential democratic establishment could have legitimated the king's actions. This research is based on detailed discussions in the parliaments, documents and library studies using a descriptive- analytic method to analyze the activities of the regime through parliament affirmations regarding culture making. The result of this was the confirmation of King's power and for the parliament, to be compliant in enacting cultural establishments such as University of Tehran, Persian Literature Academy, Museums, the institute for anthropology and Radio.

Jamshid Jamshidian (Arbab Jamshid), the first Zoroastrian representative in the National Assembly, was a great merchant and money changer of the late Qajar period. He began his career as a laborer in the sewing industry and gradually became the great and wealthy money changer of his time. Jamshidian's trading house had branches in most of the big cities of Iran and different countries. Due to the size of the Jamshidian exchange activity, it was also known as JamshidiBankJamshidian played a major role in Iran's domestic and global credit and financial exchanges. The huge profits from this large volume of trade and exchange exchanges led to Jamshidian's investment in real estate in Tehran and other cities, amounting to 37 settlements throughout Iran. Among them, Jamshidian's property was in the villages of Salami and Sedeh.The present articleaimsto analyze and explain the ownership of the two regions of Salami and Sedeh by Arbab Jamshid and after that, tries to answer the question of ownership and tax issues and how to receive taxes in the two mentioned regions.The result of the research indicates that the economic benefits of the region have doubled the value of the property and its productivity, and have made merchants and large money-changers such as Arbab Jamshid eager to invest and own lands in Salami and Sedeh.These decisions took place while the assessment, collection, and follow-up of taxes in the region were disarranged and subject to climatic conditions, depending on the decisions of the rulers and administrators. At the same time, the evolution of tax laws had been irregular and sometimes regressive.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the Third National Assembly in the economic modernization of Iran (based on the detailed negotiations of the National Assembly). This article examines the role of the representatives of the third parliament in the economic modernization of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources and with a historical approach. The findings of this study show that the representatives of the third parliament in the form of four spectrums: democratic, moderate, seminary and independent, considering the three-year period after the end of the second parliament and at a time when the world was involved in the First World War. Its damages were not spared. In less than a year, this parliament took steps to reform and modernize the economy and improve the livelihood of the people by passing economic laws, including: approving the law on the organization of the Ministry of Finance of the whole country.The results of the present study show that following the expansion of World War I and the intervention of foreign powers, especially Russia and Britain, and the subsequent military invasion of Iran due to its illusory cooperation with Germany and the Ottomans, Iran has become a bankrupt and shattered country. The third parliament failed to solve the pervasive economic problems and the people's expectation of solving these problems was postponed to later periods.

The changes caused by the World War I and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty provided the emergence of some new conditions in the traditional atmosphere of Iran, which made the necessity of codified budgeting to determine the duties of the ministries in terms of inquiring about their financial affairs. In this regard, inconsistency between the politics and the performance of governments could be harmful to the existence of political life, to the extent that it could even lead to instability and overthrow of a government. Evaluation and assessment of the status of Ministry of Education as one of the important elements in all governments scheme, requires investigation of these two issues. This research tries to answer the question that to what extent the financial performance of the governments and the budget allocation to this ministry have been matched with the financial policies determined as the work plan of the cabinet of each prime minister. Also, this research seeks to analyze the degree of convergence of these two issues, which manifests itself in the budgeting of ministries. The findings of this research indicate inconsistencies of these two factors. This issue was in contradiction with the government's financial policy regarding the emphasis on the developments of education in the program of the cabinet of prime ministers. In this research, cliometric method has been used in the analysis of library resources and documents.

After the Persian Constitutional Revolution, the press continued and developed its role as the most effective means of mass communication. During this period, due to political freedom, the critical role of the press grew in all aspects, especially in political structure. The present study, based on a historical method and sources, addresses these issues: the interaction between the press and the government during the first parliament (1324-1324 A.H.), the approach of the press in reporting the news and events. According to the evidence, after the Persian Constitutional Revolution, the press freedom in a critical approach to the social and political circumstances, especially to the regime, increased progressively. This critical approach and the publication of informing articles, occasionally very intense,  disrupted their interaction with the government so that eventually, Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar limited them by restrictions.

Psychology as a discipline concerned with human behavior can provide history researchers with new perspectives to reread the past. No knowledge is capable of recognizing all aspects of human life by itself.Two interdisciplinary approaches, namely historical psychology and psychological history, or psychohistory, were developed through the connection of history and psychology. In psychological history, historians endeavor to apply psychological theories and methods to analyze historical phenomena in the same way that psychologists benefit from historical approaches to explain human behavior in historical psychology. The interaction between psychological and biological explanations and the advances in neurosciences, paved the way for presenting a new approach in history, i.e., neurohistory, which introduced the brain as the focus of history narration by foregrounding the evolution theory.By describing the historical process of the history-psychology association, emphasizing psychological history, and accentuating the application of psychology and its pertained knowledge, i.e., biology, the author attempts to introduce a new attitude toward explaining human behavior and analyzing historical events rarely known in Iran. It is possible to set forth the evolution development in relation to human behavior besides physical structures. Both the human body and psyche have been developed in a single historical process.

The formation of the Pahlavi government in Iran and their geopolitical expansionist policy in the Middle East had led to their extensive relations with the governments of the region. Accordingly, the Iranian government, in order to establish relations with the Middle East states, turned to the expansion of the Foreign Ministry and the expansion of foreign relations.

In this regard, the present study has been collected by descriptive-analytical method and relying on documents, manuscripts and library resources.

The findings of the study indicate that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was fully aware of the importance of Iran's geopolitical position in the region and international order during the period. During this period, separate circles were formed in the affairs of the Middle East.

the analysis of the performance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran's political relations with the Middle East government between the years (1356-1320 AD), which shows the geopolitical situation and position of Iran at that time in the region and the international environment, can be helpful for historians and geopoliticians.

The first issue which was referred to the United nations since its establishment was the complaint made against the Soviet government by Iran.The above mentioned complaint was made in tow times. At the first, it was made due to the intervention of the Soviet authorities in Iran's internal affairs. For the second time, Soviet was accused of being disagreed to make a withdrawal of its forces from Iran after the end of second world war.Ultimately, the Soviet forces were forced to make a withdrawal from Iran.The second serious issue that occurred between Iran and the United nations was the complaint made by of England against of Iran in the basis of 1933 treaty after the nationalization of oil as a national industry was officialized and implemented by Iran. The England government brought a lawsuit against Iran to the international court of justice. Finally, the court gave a verdict on the above- mentioned issue by voting for Iran's favor.The research method of this current study is library resources and documentary research with an analytic and descriptive approach. In this study, a lot of attempts were made to demonstrate the constructive and effectual interaction of the government of Iran with the United nations and all related institutions. Also the governments of Iran were able to succeed in handling the issues with great tact of the govenments and the proper application of diplomacy.

  Investigates the reasons of differences between President Banisadr and the Parliament following 1979 Islamic Rrevolution with regard to the nomination of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Members. Method and Research Design: Archival records and library material was consulted to gater data. Findings and  Differences were political and ideological, as well as legal. The political crisis has subsided to some extent since the ouster of the President. Widening ideological and political differences between BaniSadr, the President and the, Rajaei, the Prime Minister led to the passage of anumber of bills in the Parliament that curtailed the authority of the former. One such bills allowed the PM  to implement bills passed the parliament if the President refused to sign them and the other that allowed the PM to appoint caretakers for government departments. Finally, when the Parliament impeached BaniSadr and voted on his political incompetence he was sacked.

The rule of the Safavids in Iran provided the perfect basis for the widespread political and social activities of the Shiite scholars, and they not only maintained good relations with the Safavids but also assumed the highest religious positions in the government. This collaboration was the result of a shift in the jurisprudential political views of the scholars that had previously been unprecedented in the history of the Shiite jurisprudence. Mullah Khalil Qazvini is one of the prominent scholars of the time of the second Safavid Shah Abbas, who is in the spectrum of Akhbari scholars. His political jurisprudential attitude is somewhat different from that of his contemporary scholars because he praised Shah Abbas II as the Shiite king, while he disagreed with one of the religious ceremonies signifying the legitimacy of the government, namely, Friday prayer. He explains the legal and rational reasons for this opposition in his Friday prayer treatise. This article is a descriptive-analytic one. Based on the historical sources and his written works, his views on the Safavid government, Shah Abbas II and Friday prayer are examined.

The object of this paper is to study the conflict between agrarian- subsistence economy and agrarian-commercial economy during the period of 1304- 1320/1925-1941. It is an interesting historical enigma that although a modern state was being formed in Iran during this period, nevertheless the old landholding system survived and the economic relations which corresponded to this system, continued to dominate the peasant economy. One would expect that changes were bound to occur as capitalism was growing in society and the commercial economy was making headway in the economy as a whole. Yet, not only the government and the landlords refrained from changing the old system of farming , but peasants, too, showed lack of interest in abandoning their traditional mode of production. Therefore, the question can be asked that why did Iranian peasants confronted the government's efforts to promote commercial agrarian economy during the Reza Shah’s era? It can be argued that peasants were more interested in upholding their subsistence economy. Their goal was not to maximize their own income, but to save their family at the existence level. Unfavorable weather conditions, crop diseases, unfamiliarity with market relations and international politics were new domains which led the landowners as well as the farmers to distrust the commercial farming. Instead, they continued to cultivate their land according to the previous method of subsistence farming. Thus, the influence of capital and the prevalence of capitalist agricultural economy, did not bring about any substantial changes in the agrarian relations or the social status of the peasantry. They did not abandon the economic rules that had been kept over many centuries in Iran's agricultural system. Methods of production were reflected in the traditional social system. Consequently< the socio – economic relations between landowners and peasants were strengthened and this led to the integrity of the village system.

The Qajar government in Iran was based on the geopolitical conditions of the expansionism of the European states, including Russia, Britain and France in the Middle East. On the other hand, the geopolitical position of Iran in the issues and interests of the regional powers of the great powers, brought about the importance and attention to the court of Iran, and this geopolitical attention and importance was the basis of Iran's foreign relations with superpowers of time. On this basis, the Iranian government established a network of ministries to handle foreign affairs. Thus, the analysis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' performance in Iran's political relations with foreign governments between the years (1200-1226), which reflects the geopolitical conditions of Iran during that period in the region and the international environment, can for the date Institutes and geopolitics can be solved. In this regard, this research is explained in a descriptive-analytical manner and its data and information are based on documents, manuscripts and library resources. The results of the research indicate that the foreign minister, as a manifestation of the State Department, in this historical period, while acknowledging the fact that Iran's geopolitical position in the region and international order has entered into its superficial duties, is due to the influence of other elements of power In the large-scale foreign decision-making, the role of the ceremonial role with its limited powers is diminished. But although the State Department was not able to decide independently of the other pillars of power, it was the ambassadors of this period who, by understanding the geopolitical position of Iran and the global conditions that could conceal the weak diplomacy of the Qajar apparatus and fill the vacuum of Iran's foreign policy apparatus.

One of the great migrations and displacements in contemporary Iranian history is the forced migration of war-torn soldiers during the Saddam Hussein invasion of Iran. These migrations, which took place during the critical period of the Iran-Iraq war, had many social consequences in addition to the problems that the refugees themselves had had. One of the most important effects of these immigrations was the lack of jobs and, as a result, unemployment among a large group of these immigrants, this itself was the source of many problems among them. Including: delinquency, psychological problems, migrant students, which are only part of those problems. Given the current issue, in the present article, we are trying to answer this fundamental question, why is the employment situation among the war migrants important and how did it affect the educational status of immigrant pupils? The method of use in this research is based on library resources and historical documents. By analyzing and explaining sources and data, we will identify the status of employment and education of war immigrants. The study of the status of immigrants, especially those of the war veterans living in Tehran and Khuzestan, shows that the lack of employment and income among immigrants affected all aspects of their lives, including the situation of immigrant pupils' education, and many of them to provide Family expenses have been forced to work and sold, resulting in poor performance and dropouts.

The Persian Gulf is the centerpiece of the relationship between the continents of Europe, Africa and Asia, and as the most important communication center between the three continents of the international communications system, the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean and the Indian Ocean, Vagian Kibiro Talesh. This position of the Persian Gulf has led to the constant and everyday struggle of great powers to dominate the region and its countries. This great power effort has led to their presence in the countries of the region. The presence of great powers has had widespread and profound effects in the Gulf states and has brought geopolitical changes in the countries of the region. In such a way that geopolitics has transformed countries in different historical periods. As the study of each region of the country well describes these changes. In this paper, the effect of the presence of great powers on the geopolitics of Bahrain has been studied. Accordingly, the question we are trying to answer is "What has changed the presence of great powers in the geopolitics of Bahrain?"
The strategic location of this archipelago and its importance have always led to the greed of colonial powers. The study of the state of Bahrain in various historical periods shows that its geopolitics have always been influenced by the presence of large powers that have changed to the present. In this article, through descriptive-analytical method, using written sources and references, attempts are made to explain and explain these changes.

Dimensions of social changes in the capital city of Kurdistan province of Iran is discussed during the 37 years of the reign of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Method/Research Design: Social changes in the city, in terms of changes in physical expansion and urban facilities (including education, health, financial institutions, and recreation) are studied. Data was collected from library materials and archival records.
Findings: Access to modern education provided women an opportunity to take a more active role in the Sanandaj. Availability of a range of public sector jobs enhanced urbanism too. Both developments were found to be the engine of change of the city into a service oriented city.

Confronting with religious scholars and limiting the scope of their actions and views and finally the removal of religious aspects from the politics and government and fighting with the religious manifestations and religious assemblies in society¡ have been the main purposes of the tyrant and secular empires in the political history of Iran. Reza Shah dealt with these issues more than the others. He became the King of Iran in the year 1333 AH and gradually tried to destroy or at least loosen the foundation of the clerics and Shia religion. Apart from his opposing actions and behaviors against the Shia religion and its main manifestations¡ his efforts in confining religious scholars need to be taken into consideration. After reviewing the deeds of the first Pahlavi (educational reforms¡ the establishment of customary courts and justice organization¡ etc.)¡ research findings suggest that¡ Reza Shah was seeking to undermine Shia religion in Iran and to marginalize the religious scholars from the arenas of politics and society.

The national celebration of 2,500 years of the Persian Empire, held in 1971, was the greatest publicity and applied program of the Pahlavi government. Despite diversified problems pressing the country, since 1958 the Pahlavi regime embarked on celebrating 2,500 years of the Persian Empire founded by Cyrus the Great. The regime pursued certain goals by observing sumptuous celebrations and they had considerable consequences. This paper has used documentary-library method with a descriptive-analytical approach to study the objectives behind holding these sumptuous ceremonies. Studies show that seeking nobility for the royal regime in Iran, revival of obsolete and distorted ancient Aryan values, abandoning Islamic culture, and gaining international prestige and reputation were among the major objectives behind Holding National Celebrations for 2,500 Years of the Persian Empire.

As the most efficient politico-religious institution in Islam، mosques had many socio-political functions and effects on the society in Buyid (Ale-Booyeh) Era (320-447 AH) and was therefore a main constitute of power and authority at the time. The mosques had positive and creative social roles and functions، encouraging convergence and co-interactivity. They have also contributed greatly to the development and sublimity of Islamic Iranian society of BuyidEra. The position of this divine structure in scientific development and its magnificent role in cultural scientific advancement are highly noticeable. Considering the absence of the notion of a rigorous educational body (such as academies and universities) as known today، the mosque also bore the role of scientific development. Moreover، mosques were a shelter for the needy and passengers who could rest in these buildings during their journeys. In terms of propagation، mosques in the society of Buyidera were highly effective as an information centre for government and people، and also as a place for public protests. Besides the functions mentioned above، other functions of the mosque such as its defensive and judicial position are also considerable according to historical resources of this Era، which confirm the importance and significance of this divine construction in the life and destiny of Muslims worldwide. This paper attempts to unveil the roles of the mosque in the mentioned historical period to reach a more thorough understanding of the process of evolution of these social yet divine structures.