فیروز قادری پاکدل

  Alpha-actinins are members of the family of actin-binding proteins that play a key role in the survival and regulation of cytoskeletal structure, especially muscle cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on the expression of alpha-actinin 2 and 3 proteins in the skeletal muscles of the plantaris and Gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats.

For this purpose, 16 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: endurance training and control.  Endurance training groups for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week at a speed of 12 to 22 meters per minute and with a slope of zero degrees and observed the principle of overload training, worked on the treadmill. Western blotting was used to measure alpha-actinin 2 and 3 of the plantaris muscles and Gastrocnemius muscle. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data and the significance level was considered 0.05.

The results of independent t-test showed a significant difference in alpha-actin 2 (p = 0.001), alpha-actin 3 (p = 0.001) in the Gastrocnemius muscle and alpha-actin 2 (0.006). Alpha-actin 3 (p = 0.001) was observed in plantaris muscle.

In general, endurance training increases the alpha-actin protein 2 and 3 in the skeletal muscles of male rats, and it can be said that due to the response of these proteins to the control group, this type of exercise is a good stimulus for muscle adaptation.

Diabetes, as a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence, highlights the importance of ongoing research and the need for new methods to prevent and treat this epidemic disease.The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in fibrosis and apoptosis of heart tissue in diabetic rats following two aerobic and interval training methods with astaxanthin supplementation. 35 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into7groups after induction of diabetes, including diabetic control, diabetes sham, diabetes+aerobic exercise+supplement. Diabetes+ intervalexercise + supplement, diabetes + interval, diabetes + aerobic, diabetes + supplement were included. Interval training for 8 weeks with 5 sessions per week with an intensity of 80% vo2max and aerobic training with an intensity of about 65 to 75% Vo2max was performed on the treadmill.The protein content of Cas3, COL4a1 and fibronectin were measured by Western blotting. COL4a1 protein content in both training and combination groups and supplement group showed a significant decrease with the control group. Also, the content of Cas3 and fibronectin protein in the combined and aerobic groups was significantly reduced compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference in the content of these proteins between the supplement and interval groups compared to the control group. It seems that the synergistic effects of exercise with different intensities along with astaxanthin supplementation prevent the upward trend of apoptosis and fibrosis in the heart tissue of diabetic rats and its subsequent complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy.

With the development of diabetes, natural products such as antioxidants are widely used to reduce the progression of diabetes. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effect of two exercise methods with astaxanthin supplement on the levels of cardiac biomarkers and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetic rats.

35 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into seven groups after induction of diabetes, including diabetic control, diabetes sham, diabetes+aerobic exercise+supplement, diabetes+ interval exercise+supplement, diabetes+interval, diabetes+aerobic, diabetes+supplement were included. Interval training for eight weeks with five sessions per week with an intensity of 80% vo2max and aerobic training with an intensity of about 65 to 75% Vo2max was performed on the treadmill. Supplementary groups received 3 mg of astaxanthin daily by gavage after each training session. Serum levels of NtproBNP and CTnT were measured with ELISA and insulin resistance was measured with HOMA-IR. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze of the data.

Levels of NtproBNP and CTnT showed significant difference after eight weeks of combination of aerobic and interval training with supplementation as compared to the control group (P <0.05), but the differences compared to the supplementary group and both training methods were not significant (P >0.05). Insulin resistance in all groups except sham group showed a significant difference as compared to the control group (P <0.05).

The results showed that the combination of both exercise and supplement interventions may prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy due to their antioxidant effects by reducing oxidative stress damage, but was not associated with a dual strengthening effect.

The chronic complications of diabetes are wide-ranging and affect almost all tissues of the body. Cardiac apoptosis is one of the most important cardiac complications of diabetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and interval training with astaxanthin supplement on cardiac tissue apoptosis in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this study, 35 Wistar male rats with a mean weight of 197.46 ± 15.55 g were used. Male rats were randomly divided into 7 groups after induction of diabetes, including diabetic control, diabetes sham, diabetes + aerobic exercise + supplement. Diabetes + Interval + Supplement, Diabetes + Interval, Diabetes + Aerobic, Diabetes + Supplement. Nicotine amide and streptozotocin injections were used to induce type 2 diabetes. Interval exercises for 8 weeks with 5 sessions per week with an intensity of 80% vo2max and aerobic exercises with an intensity of about 65 to 75% Vo2max were performed by running on the treadmill. The expression of bax and bcl2 genes was performed with Real-time-PCR technique and data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance.

Bcl2 and Bax gene expression in both supplemental aerobic and supplemental interval groups were significantly different from the control group (p <0.05). In addition, a significant difference was observed in Bcl2 and Bax gene expression in the aerobic+supplement group compared to the supplement group (p <0.05). However, no significant difference in bcl2 and Bax gene expression was observed in the interval+Supplement group compared with the supplement group (p <0.05).

Combining both exercise interventions with supplement, especially the combination of supplemental aerobic exercise with the double expression of bcl2 anti-apoptotic index and decreased bax apoptotic index can be used as a treatment to prevent the upward trend of apoptosis in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats.

Hypoxia of adipose tissue cells induces insulin resistance and increases cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training and continuous training on VEGF, PEDF and PAI-1 levels of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in rats fed with high fat diet. 20 male Wistar rats (6 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) heathy control (Co-S); 2) obese control (Co-HFD); 3) high intensity continuous training (HICT); 4) high intensity interval training (HIIT). Except for the Co-S group, all rats were subjected to high fat diet for 12 weeks. HICT with the intensity of 70-75% Vmax for 80 minutes and HIIT with 85-90% Vmax (13 repetitions, each 4 minutes) were performed for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The amounts of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues proteins were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and one-way ANOVA (P≤0.05). HICT (P=0.002) and HIIT (P=0.001) training modalities controlled weight changes caused by HFD and significantly reduced weight of rats. HIIT significantly increased the VEGF of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues and HICT significantly increased VEGF in visceral adipose tissue (P≤0.05). In addition, HICT and HIIT significantly reduced PEDF in subcutaneous adipose tissue and PAI-1 in visceral adipose tissue (P≤0.05). HIIT and HICT improve adipose tissue qualitative properties including vascularization which plays an important role in controlling the pathogenesis of obesity, especially insulin resistance and cardiovascular disorders.

Exercise training is one of the strategies to deal with cellular damage caused by adipose tissue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of three different training modalities on blood lipid profile, Fetuin A and FGF-21 in visceral adipose tissue of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Subjects and

25 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 5: 1) control, 2) high fat diet (HFD), 3) moderate intensity continuous training (MICT),4) high intensity continuous training (HICT), 5) High Intensity interval training (HIIT). Except for the control group, all rats underwent HFD for 12 weeks and then the rats in the training group received 5 sessions per week for 12 weeks. Fetuin-A and FGF-21 levels were measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 6 and ANOVA and Tukey tests (P ≤0.05).

12 weeks of HFD caused increased in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and decrease HDL, increase of insulin resistance, increase of Fetuin-A and decrease of FGF-21 in visceral adipose tissue. However, these changes were significant (P≤0.05). In contrast, 12 weeks of MICT, HICT, and HIIT after HFD, significantly reduced cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and insulin resistance (P≤0.05) and significantly increased in HDL and FGF-21 (P≤0.05).

It seems that, long-term exercise training, especially HIIT, effective in improving lipid profile and controlling insulin resistance through positive regulation of visceral adipose tissue FGF-21. However, changes in Fetuin-A visceral fat with exercise training need further study.

Physical activity by modulating angiogenesis in adipose tissue, effects on the entire body metabolic profile. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate intensity continuous training on VEGF, PEDF and PAI-1 of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese rats. 15 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups of high fat diet (n= 10) and rat fed with standard food (n=5). After 12 weeks, the high-fat diet group again divided into 2 MICT and control high-fat diet groups. The training program was performed for 12 weeks, 5 sessions per week, with a speed of 60-50% of maximum speed. VEGF, PEDF and PAI-1 levels of subcutaneous and visceral fat were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and one-way ANOVA (P≤0.05). 12 weeks of high-fat diet significantly increased and 12 weeks of MICT significantly decreased the weight of the rats. The levels of subcutaneous and visceral fat VEGF in the MICT group were significantly higher than the control high-fat diet group (P= 0.008). PEDF values of subcutaneous fat (P= 0.001) and PAI-1 values of visceral fat (P= 0.002) in the MICT group were significantly lower than the control high-fat diet group. Moderate-intensity continuous training improves the angiogenesis disorders due to adipose tissue hypertrophy; especially visceral adipose tissue that secretes inflammatory factors. This action has a significant role in controlling the metabolic disorder of obesity.

In traditional medicine Viola odorata (VO) has been used as anti-inflammatory, hypnotic, sedative, antioxidant, anti-anxiety, and therapist for neuropsychiatric disorders; Hence, in the present study, the antidepressant effect of VO hydroalcoholic extract in mice was investigated. In this experimental study, one hundred-fourteen male albino mice were randomly divided into normal saline or control (10ml/kg, i.p), fluoxetine (20mg/kg, i.p), imipramine (30mg/kg, i.p) and, VO extract (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, i.p), respectively. The antidepressant-like activity was performed by behavioral tests as forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test. The VO extract (100 to 400 mg/kg) reduced immobility time in both FST and TST (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). The extract increased swimming time (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) without significant change of climbing time (P>0.05). In OFT, doses of 200mg / kg and 400mg / kg of VO caused the reduced the number of crossings from the square and on the two feet (P <0.05 and P <0.01 respectively). Probably, the acute doses of the Viola odorata, similar to fluoxetine, are likely to cause anti-depressant effects.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most invasive chemotherapeutic agents, which used commonly despite of its wide spectrum toxicity. Clinical evidence showed toxic side effects of CP in multiple organ systems.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of American ginseng on CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats.

Adult male Wistar rats (220±30 gr) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 in each). Group 1 as control received normal saline by gavage, group 2 received CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a period of 50 days. Group 3 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Group 4 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) 1h prior to the administration of CP in the equal dose of group 2. The animals scarified one day after the last treatment and the effects of American ginseng on the sperm vital parameters, testicular functions, biochemical factors, and structural malformations evaluated.

Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased whereas the level of malondialdehyde and DNA damage were significantly increased in animals of CP group (p<0.01). Co-administration of American ginseng reversed these parameters and improved recovery in CP+ginseng group. In addition, seminiferous tubules of testis severely damaged in the CP group but ginseng improved histologic changes in CP+ginseng group.

The findings confirmed the protective effects of American ginseng on toxicity induced by CP in the reproductive system of male rats.

The prevalence, incidence, and morbidity of cardiac diseases increase with aging. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks resistance training and green tea extract on cardiac caspase 3 expressions and telomerase enzyme content in aged male rats. In this study, 20 aged male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, exercise, supplement and exercise plus supplement. Exercise groups performed resistance exercise for 12 weeks and five days per week; meantime, the supplementary groups consumed green tea extract. Immunohistochemistry method was used to measure the expression of caspase 3 and sandwich ELISA method was used to measure the telomerase content. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test .The results show that caspase 3 expressions in exercise (P=0.011), supplement (P=0.001) and exercise plus supplement (P=0.000) groups was significantly lower than control group. caspase 3 expressions in exercise plus supplement group significantly lower than exercise group (P=0.004) and supplement group (P=0.031). Telomerase content in exercise (P=0.043), supplement (P=0.015) and exercise plus supplement (P=0.005) groups was significantly higher than control group. According to the results of this of this study, the combination of resistance training and green tea extract can prevent cell aging in the cardiac tissue of elderly rats with decreasing expression of Caspase-3 and increased content of telomerase enzymes in the cardiac tissue.

Age-related physiological disorders and diseases increase the risk of decline in physical functioning. Sedentary lifestyle is associated with the deterioration of cellular aging biomarkers such as telomere length shortening. Telomerase is the main factor for the stability and extension of telomere length. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on cardiac telomerase enzyme content andactivity in elderly rats. In this experimental study, 20 male Wistar rats (46 weeks of age) weighing 260 to 310 g were randomly assigned to two groups: the control group and the exercise group. The exercise group performed moderate intensity resistance exercise for 8 weeks, 5 days per week. Two weeks were considered for environment adaptation, biological rhythms and ladder familiarity. After two weeks, the major training protocol began, including three sessions of resistance training per week for eight weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, samples from the heart tissue were collected in fasting state. The PCR-ELISA method was used to measure the activity of telomerase, and the ELISA sandwich method was used to measure the telomerase content. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results showed that the activity (p=0.002) and content (p=0.042) of telomerase enzyme in the training group was significantly higher than the control group. According to the results of this study, it seems that eight weeks of moderate-intensity resistance training can increase the activity and content of telomerase enzyme in the heart tissue of aged rats.

The incidence of heart failure increases with age. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training and oral green tea extract on cardiac caspase-3 expression in aged male rats. In this study, 32 aged male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, exercise, supplement and exercise + supplement. Exercise groups performed at intensity of 60-75% of vo2peak aerobic exercise for 12 weeks and 5 days per week; meantime, the supplementary groups consumed green tea extract. Immunohistochemistry method was used to measure the expression of caspase-3. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. The results show that caspase-3 expression was significantly lower in exercise group (18%), supplement group (13%) and exercise + supplement group (43%), than the control group (p≤0.05). Also, caspase-3 expression was significantly lower in exercise + supplement group than exercise group (30%) and supplement group (34%) (p≤0.05). According to the results of this of this study, combination of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training with supplementation of green tea extract can decreased the expression of cardiac caspase-3 than aerobic training and supplementation of green tea alone

In this study, we investigated the effect of moderate intensity endurance training on the amount of BDNF in the hippocampus and blood serum of male rats.The brain-derived nutritional agent (BDNF) is very important due to its important role in synaptic plasticity, memory and neuronal function, and is recognized as the most important factor in these sports-induced events.Hippocampus is one of the two neurogenic regions of the brain are very effective in exercising.Distribution of neurotrophins occurs in different regions of the brain and at higher levels in the Hippocampus
For this study, 20 male Wistar rats with 200 g weigh were prepared.Rats were divided into 2 groups of exercise and untreated (control) group.After adapting the animals to the training conditions, each exercise started with a warm-up period of 5 minutes at a speed of 8 m/ min.Then, 10 minutes later, as the first course at 10 m / min, and the main training for 40 minutes at a speed of 22 m / min, at the end of the animals.The speed of cooling was 8 m / min.And for animals, one hour of exercise per day and five days of training per week was applied.After completing the training period blood samples were taken from the heart of anesthetized animals and then perfused with physiological serum, finally the brain of the rats were operated under the laboratory conditions and the two sides of hippocampus were extracted.BDNF measurements were performed using ELISA kit and data analysis was done using student's t-test.
The results of this study showed that 12 weeks of training had a significant effect on the brain-derived neurotrophic index of 20 rats in blood serum (p=0.013) and biphasic hippocampal tissue.(p=0.049)
The findings of this study, consistent with most studies, showed that BDNF in the training group there was a significant increase compared to the control group and showed that endurance exercise of moderate intensity could increase neuronal function in the hippocampus of the mouse, and also brain flexion modified by BDNF can be the basis for the positive effects of exercise on brain health.Nitric exercise also improves the moderate intensity of neuronal survival.Exercise can increase BDNF expression, increase efficacy and flexibility in pre-synaptic space and stimulant synapses.

Preventive effects of exercise on human health is well documented but there are some challenges about the preventive effects of exercise on the incidence, intensity, or the prevalence of clinical and paraclinical outcomes of neurodegenerative disease. The study of different aspects of exercise in finding the mechanism of prevention is very important. The preventive effects of the moderate treadmill training on the learning impairment due to bilateral hippocampal lesion in the rat were evaluated in this study.

Thirty male healthy Wistar rats were allocated into six groups with equal (n=5) number called; naïve, control with training, sham with and without training, hippocampal lesion with or without training groups. CA3 of animal hippocampi were lesioned by applying electrical current (10 mA, 20 sec) under control stereotaxic surgery. The trained groups after one-week adaptation had one hour of moderated treadmill training for 12 months. The conditioned active avoidance learning was assessed by shuttle box apparatus. Learning assay included 3 sessions daily with 5 trials in each and 3 hours inter-session interval for 10 days. Crosstab and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical evaluation with p

The results showed that the number of trained animals in achieving improved learning was greater compared with untrained animals. Although animals with the bilateral hippocampal lesions had learning impairment compared with the control; the trained lesioned animals showed better learning in the trail numbers and days in achieving the level to avoid electrical shock.

Although exercise preventive effects are obvious, the efficacy of exercise type, duration, intensity, and mechanism of action need some other studies. The effects of different forms of exercise on the cognition is not investigated well. Here, the moderate treadmill training showed preventive effects on learning impairment due to bilateral hippocampal lesion in the rats.

Malignant neoplasm of the colon wall or colon cancer (or colorectal cancer) is the fourth and third most common cancer in men and women worldwide, respectively. Risk factors for colon cancer are complex and the drug therapies did not have a great survival chance. Regarding the probable role of the physical activity in preventing the incidence and severity of cancer, the present study examined insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in an animal model of colon cancer.
Material & Male Wistar rats were selected based on approved protocols undergoing treadmill exercise training at moderate intensity. Groups consisted of healthy controls and trained; and cancerous control and trained. In each group, at least 7 mice were used alternatively. Animals first underwent eight weeks of moderate-intensity training and then, through intraperitoneal injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), changes in the predisposing factors for colon cancer were investigated. In non-experimental groups, the experience of drug-carrier injection and treadmill adaptation was also performed. Four weeks after DMH injection, IGF-I and IGFBP3 levels were measured in animal serum. Anatomical evidence was provided to confirm colon cancer.
Besides anatomical evidence of colon cancer, assessing the IGF-I and IGFBP3 values using quantitative ELISA kits showed that serum levels of IGF-I in animals were significantly reduced with moderate intensity pre-training but serum levels of IGFBP3 increased significantly compared to their values in untrained animals.
Considering the findings of longitudinal studies, the underlying factors of increasing the incidence and severity of cancer and its relation with hyperinsulinemia were considered. The Increase in IGF-I and decrease in IGFBP3 following hyperinsulinemia is likely to be a factor for increasing the susceptibility to colorectal cancer in these patients. The findings of this study, as well as other studies, suggest that physical activity by reducing IGF-I and increasing IGFBP3 can be effective in preventing colon cancer. Physical activity can be important as a non-pharmacological approach to reducing the severity and development of colon cancer.

Thirty-six male wistar rats aged two months (200±8 g), were randomly divided into four groups: 1- control (12 rats), 2- Nano selenium (12 rats), 3- training (six rats) and 4- Nano selenium training (six rats). Then, they were supplemented with Nano selenium for 14 days (0.1 mg/kg/day) by Intraperitoneal injection. Six samples of heart tissue from groups of one and two during their resting time were collected. After two months training for groups three and four, second tissue samples were collected from all groups (in the two training groups immediately after last training session and in the other two groups during their resting time). Independent T test (P˂0.05) with SPSS21 software were used, in order to find differences in GPX, SOD, MDA and TAC between groups. First T test from first samples showed significant increase in GPX and TAC in the group two without no difference in MDA and SOD compared to the group one. Another T test between groups of one and two from second sampling indicated that, there is a significant increase in TAC in the group two compared to group one, but there were not any significant differences in other indices. The last T test from second sampling groups of three and four showed, there was a significant decrease in MDA and significant increase in GPX and TAC in group four compared to the group three, but There was not any significant difference in SOD between groups. Then short time supplementation of Nano selenium reduced the oxidative stress produced by exhausted exercise and consequently antioxidant system was amplified.

Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, are widely used as medication to lower cholesterol levels in human patients. Much evidence indicates that statins can also exert neuroprotective actions. So, this study aimed at examining the effect of lovastatin on cognition deficit induced by bilateral electrical lesion of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the Alzheimer’s disease model in adult male rats.
In this experimental study, 56 adult male wistar rats were divided into 8 groups (n=7): control (intact), NBM lesion group (which received electrically- induced lesion 0.5 mA in 3s), sham group (the electrode was impaled into the NBM with no lesion(, lovastatin groups (lesion, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg) and DMSO 5% group (NBM lesion ೄ 5%). Acquisition and retention testing was done by using an eight-radial arm maze in which the patterns of arm entries were recorded for calculating working memory errors, reference memory error and latency in each group.
The bilateral NBM lesion resulted in significant reduction of spatial memory in acquisition and retention tests in the form of increased working and reference memory errors compared to the control group (P The electrical NBM lesion can reduce spatial memory function and the lovastatin therapy after brain injury improved cognitive disorders. It seems that lovastatin by reducing the activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and increasing acetylcholine transferase enzyme activity can cause improvement in learning and memory capability.

Telomerase activity was reduced by aging, leading to decrease in telomere length and cell death. Evidence suggests that physical activity as well as green tea has a positive effect on the prevention of cellular aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training combined with green tea extract on cardiac telomerase enzyme in aged male rats.
In this study, 32 aged male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, exercise, green tea and exercise green tea. Exercise groups performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks and 5 days per week; meantime, the supplementary groups consumed green tea extract. Sandwich ELISA method was used to measure the amount of telomerase.
The results show that telomerase enzyme in exercise group was significantly higher than control group (p= 0.001), green tea group was significantly higher than control group (p= 0.016) and in exercise green tea group significantly higher than control group (p= 0.001) was observed.
According to the results of this study, 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise with green tea extract can increased the amount of telomerase enzyme and Prevent telomere length shortening and cellular aging.

Reactive oxygen species have an important role in the development of many diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short term nanoselenium supplementation and exhausted training in oxidation indexes in muscle tissue of male rats.
In this experimental study thirty-six male wistar rats aged two months (200±8 g), were randomly divided into four groups: 1- control (n=12), 2- nanoselenium (n=12), 3- training (n=6) and 4- nanoselenium뚶ꊞ⧠ (n=6). Then, they were supplemented with nanoselenium for 14 days (0.1mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection. Six samples of muscle tissue from groups of one and two during their resting time were collected. Training groups campaigned for two months. At the end of two months for 2 first groups during their resting time and in the 2 training groups immediately after last training session, tissue samples were collected. Independent T test and one-way ANOVA with SPSS21 software were used in order to find differences in variables (P˂0.05).
T-test showed significant increase in TAC and significant decrease in MDA in the group 2 with no difference in GPx compared to group 1. According to one-way ANOVA, there was a significant increase in GPx and TAC in the group supplement compared to the group control, but there were not any significant difference in MDA and there was a significant decrease in MDA and significant increase in GPx and TAC in group 4 compared to group 3.
It appeared that supplementation of nanoselenium reduced the oxidative stress produced by exhausted exercise and consequently antioxidant system was amplified.

Parkinson Disease (PD) as a second neurodegenerative disease has grown in developed and industrial countries due to high life span, and in Iran it is considered an important neurodegenerative disease either. The drug therapy of PD must be paralleled with other treatments because the age of PD occurrence has decreased in recent decades and disturbed active population life styles. The essential approach to PD is pharmacotherapy but alternative treatments were grown recently for alleviating the PD symptoms. The exercise is considered for PD muscular symptoms but the mechanism and effective exercise is not well known. This study was designed to assess the muscle strength in the PD animal model.
Material & The study was conducted on 54 Wistar healthy male rats that were divided into 9 groups with substituable equal number as follows: naïve control, sham-operated, sham-endurance, sham-resistive, sham-combined, PD-control, PD- endurance, PD-resistive, PD-combined. Naïve, PD control and sham-operated had no training but other groups trained with motorized-treadmill and standard ladder for endurance, resistance and combined training. The muscle strength was assessed before and after training by weight lifting test and after the same duration in the untrained groups. PD was induced by intra Substantia Nigra application of 6-hydroxy dopamine.
Data analysis showed that the naïve control and sham-operated groups had no changes in the muscle strength but in the trained sham groups the muscle strength increased significantly from 17 to 55% according to training. Although PD-control group had showed lower muscle strength non-significantly, the muscle strength increased up to 32% of PD-control with equal increase.
The different training can improve the muscular rehabilitation and neuronal recovery in the animal model of the PD. Although there are some differences in the efficacy of training types in the human cases, it seems that these have non-significant effects in the animals.

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), as a major source of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, has crucial roles in the vital and pathologic conditions, such as drug dependence and depression. The receptors on the VTA-DA neurons with different density and diversity have modulatory effects on their target tissues, such as the cerebral cortex. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of GABA-A receptor blockade on the VTA-DA neuronal firing pattern.
Male Wistar rats (~200 gr) were randomly allocated in 8 groups with equal substitutive numbers (control, sham, and treatments). The VTA-DA neuronal firing patterns (simple-tonic or burst firing) were acquisitioned under urethane anesthesia and stereotaxic approach. Bicuculline as a GABA-A receptor antagonist were infused microiontophoretically intracerebroventricularly (5, 25, 50, 500, 1000, and 2500 ngr) and peri-injection neuronal firing were captured for burst firing detection.
The simple-tonic spiking of the VTA-DA neurons in the pre-injection period was about 5.78 spikes/sec overall with stable firing. Bicuculline microinjection dose-dependently modulated burst firing pattern. The abovementioned amounts of Bicuculline induced 5.2, 10.4, 23.4, 28.8, 35.9, 36.17 percent of neurons to fire burst with duration of 5.2, 8.7, 24.45, 29.87, 40.56, and 50.34 minutes, respectively. The post injection simple-tonic firing rates were also dose-dependently elevated from 8 to 358 percent of the pre-injection levels.
The results showed that GABA-A receptors on the VTA-DA neurons can have regulatory roles on their firing patterns. The external GABAergic afferents or internal interneurons that mediate GABA modulation on the VTA-DA neurons can interfere in the efferent functions of the VTA-DA neurons.

The changes of brain waves eventually sub-bands power incidence in the form of clinical protests. Regarding the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in neuroscience, the alpha/ theta power ratio is a reliable scale to measure the disorders associated with learning. The present study aimed to examine the effect of this substance examined on brain waves and investigated its possible effect on learning through analysis of brain waves sub-bands. In this experimental study, 10 male Wistar rats (300-280 g, 4 to 6 months) were investigated in one group receiving nanotube. In order to record brain waves, electrodes were implanted in the frontal and the occipital cortex. Brain signals were recorded 15 minutes before and 15 minutes after injection of 1mg / kg carbon nanotube suspension. After suspension injection, the power of gamma and theta sub-bands and the power ratio of theta to alpha sub-bands showed a significant reduction in the after injection intervals compared to baseline (control) (P >0/001). No significant change was observed in the alpha and beta sub-bands (P> 0/05). The results of this study showed that multi-walled carbon nanotubes reduce the power of gamma and theta sub-bands and the power ratio of theta to alpha sub-bands and possibly can lead to disorders associated with learning and memory.

Spreading depression is a pathophysiological phenomenon that is initiated by a self-propagating depolarization wave with a short-term excitability and is followed immediately by an inhibitory phase and then continues with a long-term secondary excitability. Spreading depression has a critical role in many disorders such as migraine and seizures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of glutamate receptors and burst activity induced by spreading depression on synaptic plasticity in hippocampus CA1 region. This study was performed on brain slices of 18 male Wistar rats, weighing between 250- 350 g. The slices were studied at one group as control and two groups as glutamate receptor antagonists (AP5 and CNQX). After deep anesthesia, the animals were decapitated and the brain was removed from the skull. Horizontal slices (500 thick) containing the hippocampus region were prepared and perfused with GABAA antagonist (bicuculline 1.25). SD was created with KCl and then LTP was indused and excitatory field potentials were recorded. Followed by inhibition of glutamate receptors after induction of spreading depression a significant reduction in the amplitude of excitatory field potentials was observed in test groups, CNQX (103.26 3.2), AP5 (102.88 1.1), compared to bicuculine (134 6.7) with Mann Whitney U test. (P <0.001) The results of this study emphasize on the role of glutamate receptors in induction of cortical spreading depression, so the antagonists that inhibit these receptors lead to suppression of cortical spreading depression. The study of the phase secondary excitability of SD may help us to understand the mechanism of SD action in associated neurological disorders. This finding can improve the therapeutic strategies for treatment of epilepsy.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is used for the treatment of various cancers. In spite of its therapeutic importance, a wide range of adverse effects such as reproductive toxicity has been observed following the administration of this drug in human and experimental animals. In the current study, we have investigated the adverse effects of CP on morphology and histology of testis rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups. CP was used at a dose of 6.1 mg/kg/day, (i.p.) for 50 days. At the end of the treatment, the histological and biochemical changes in testis, as well as sperm count and motility were assessed. Testicular weight, sperm count and motility as well as serum testosterone concentration were significantly decreased whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in CP group compared with those in the control and sham groups. In addition, histological studies of testis structure showed that seminiferous tubules of testis were severely damaged in the CP group. CP increased the number of sloughing tubules and interstitial space, while it decreased seminiferous tubular diameter (STD), seminiferous epithelial height (SE), tubule differentiation index (TDI) and spermiation index (SPI). The results suggest that cyclophosphamide affect fertility parameters and cause testis atrophy after chronic treatment.

The probiotic strains of Lactic Acid Bacillus (LAB) not only affect gastrointestinal tract microflora and stimulate local immune system of this tract but also modify and stimulate systemic immunity by influence on lymph nodes and spleen. Several studies have shown the anti-tumor effect of these kinds of bacteria. This study was designed to assess the probiotic effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus on cisplatin efficacy among Balb/c mice with breast cancer. L. rhamnosus strain was inoculated in MRS agar and cultivated for 24 h at 37 °C. Female BalbC mice (n=20) with invasive ductal carcinoma transplantation were divided into four groups: Control, L. rhamnosus, cisplatin and cisplatin plus L. rhamnosus. Cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected twice a week. Lr was administered daily by gastric intubation (3×10 8 CFU/day). The tumor size was measured every 3 days and mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last injection and tumor tissue was removed for more tests. The results showed that oral administration of L. rhamnosus decreased the growth rate of tumor (p<0.05). One reason for antineoplastic effect of lactobacilli is immune system enhancement. The results of delayed-type hypersensitivity show the stimulation of immune system and inhibition of tumor growth by this mechanism. In pathologic assessments probiotic administration increased the antineoplastic effect of cisplatin. According to the findings of this study it can be expected that human studies also show the satisfactory effect of lactobacillus administration besides common therapeutic methods for cancer treatment.