قادر احمدی

Emotional intelligence and addressing it is one of the most central and at the same time most complex ways to reach the depth of meanings in literary writing. Daniel Goleman, the contemporary American psychologist, is among the experts who has an accurate and comprehensive view of emotional intelligence. With his approach, one can gain a complete understanding of the psychological creation of a literary work, leading to a proper comprehension of the inherent meaning in a text. In his theory, emotional intelligence has four components: self-awareness, self-regulation, social awareness or empathy abilities, and self-motivation. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a psychological approach, the dimensions of Daniel Goleman's emotional intelligence in this poem are analyzed to simultaneously grasp the secondary meanings and gain a correct understanding of the poet's mentality towards his beloved. The poem "Balqis" is a complete mirror of the poet's thoughts, ideas, and feelings towards his wife, and the character of Balqis plays a very prominent role in this poem. The research results indicate that the poet, being aware of his emotions and feelings towards his wife, manages himself and indirectly introduces his inner motivation as resistance and vengeance for Balqis's blood and defense of the community of women, and declares his social empathy towards the people of his land. The dimension of self-awareness is one of the most widely used elements in this poem, and the poet, while being self-aware of his emotions

Jacobson, a Russian theorist, is one of the experts who has a complete view in the field of verbal communication. By relying on his approach, a comprehensive understanding of speech communication in a story can be achieved. In his theory, verbal communication has six emotional, persuasive, referential, meta-linguistic, empathic and literary components. The story of Hazrat Suleiman is one of the admonition-oriented stories and the element of dialogue has been assigned a high place in this story. The present research has analyzed the story of Hazrat Suleiman based on Jacobson's model with a descriptive-analytical method and explored the linguistic elements of Hazrat in verbal communication. The results of the research show that coherent verbal communication has been established in the story, and the emotional function of the Prophet was manifested in the use of mood adverbs, words and emphatic letters, depending on the audience's situation, and the Prophet used the persuasive function to inform the audience. In the meta-linguistic dimension, the codes are sometimes decoded without a time break and sometimes they are reopened in the next verses. Since his central goal was to guide and convey the message of divine truth, he mixed his words with literary arrays such as similes and metaphors so that the audience would be more receptive to his words.

Urban heat islands have become one of the most challenging issues in urban studies. In addition to their primary impact on average temperature, heat islands can also have secondary effects on local meteorology. Urban heat islands are primarily caused by excessive surface heating and heat storage, pollution emissions, human heating, wind circulation barriers, and reduced evapotranspiration.

In this study, the split-window algorithm of Landsat 8 sensor with a combination of thermal bands 10 and 11 was used to obtain land surface temperature during the day, and the MODIS sensor was used to obtain land surface temperature at night. To determine the heat island region in the city, global and local Moran's I autocorrelation analyses and Getis-Ord Gi hotspot analysis, both performed in ArcMap software, were used. Multiple linear regression analysis in SPSS software was used to obtain the maximum impact of indices.

The results indicate that the hottest points during the day were in Region 6 around Tabriz Airport with a temperature of 27.27 degrees Celsius, and at night, the temperature was 17.07 degrees in Region 3. According to spatial Moran's I analysis, both heat islands had a clustered pattern. According to regression results, open spaces and soil texture, with a score of 0.700, had the greatest impact on urban heat islands due to their high heat capacity and were the coolest surfaces at night. The least impact was from built spaces with reflective roofs, with a score of -0.192, which had a cooling effect. Building height with shading and random density had a negative effect on increasing heat. However, the influential index on nighttime heat islands was in conditions where the building density was moderate and the orientation was appropriate, but the height-to-width ratio of the passageway was 1.31 and 0.825, respectively, which caused heat retention.

The gardens located within the city limits can be considered the most important environmental elements, which consist of the interaction of natural and identity components and are responsible for representing human components. This research aimed to analyze the change in the use of gardens and agriculture in the Urmia city areas. The current research is of a practical type and follows the descriptive-analytical method. Information was collected through the library, field studies, and urban development plans. To achieve the purpose of the research, first, the area of gardens of Urmia city was extracted for two periods, 2006 and 2019, and the surface temperature was extracted using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images and analyzed in Envi 5.3 software. Then, using the two criteria of the average area of gardens and the ground surface temperature in two periods, the evaluation of urban areas based on the SECA method was done. The results showed that the highest destruction of orchards was in region four, and the highest average temperature in two periods was related to region three. From the examination of temperature data, height above sea level, and the use of gardens and agriculture in 2006, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the average temperature and height above sea level; in 2019, it can be stated that there is an inverse relationship with the average temperature between the area of use of gardens and agriculture. It was concluded that in 2006 and 2019, there was not necessarily a direct relationship between the change of use and temperature, and it can have different results depending on the type and number of indicators.

Character is a fundamental category in Arab literature, influencing both literary and nonliterary works. In resistance poetry, its significance is particularly conspicuous and vibrant. In order to double the impact of one's own words on the audience, the poet may express the characters indirectly and without specifying their names at times, as a result of the political and social conditions in the war-torn regions. At other times, the poet may do so explicitly. The character within the poem serves as an embodiment of the poet's thoughts and imagination. Through the portrayal of a living individual and the immersion of that persona into the realm of his imagination, the poet endeavors to establish a meaningful connection with the readership while also allowing the character to embody his own sentiments and behaviors. Philippe Hamon, a renowned and contemporary French theorist, is among the few authorities who has a precise and exhaustive theory of the context of character. A comprehensive understanding of the hidden meanings and concepts in characters can be attained by adhering to his perspective, which incorporates the views of earlier theorists.By conceptualizing character as a symbolic context comprised of the signifier and the signified, Hamon broadens the fundamental semiotics of character. In doing so, he argues that character is not merely a psychological construct, but rather a real-world entity. Characters are processed in accordance with four principles, according to Hamon's theory: types, character dimensions, signifier, and signified. As a result of the shift in the political and social climate of the modern era, which compelled Nizar Qabbani to address women's issues and defend their violated rights, he devoted considerable poetic space to this segment of society and depicted the physical and spiritual beauty of women. Nizar's poetry exemplifies the exquisite unity of women and poetry; these two elements are so intertwined that they cannot be separated; this is the reason why she has earned the reputation of a woman poet within the realm of Arabic poetry. Hence, the poet's poems prominently feature the female context. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach and draws upon Philip Hamon's personality theory to analyze the diverse facets of the female persona in Nizar's poetry courts. While emphasizing the significance of this context in Qabani's poems, it also clarifies its function as a means of conveying the poet's intended message. In conclusion, the research findings indicate that Nizar Qabbani's poems comprehensively illustrate every facet of Philip Hamon's theory. By opting for a moderate approach rather than ambiguity and a direct tone when expressing ideas in his poems, he has effectively increased the value of his poetry. One could say that Nizar's poetry and thoughts have elevated and evolved the status of women; the majority of the female characters in his romances are figurative, which is consistent with the general tone of his poems concerning the corrupt Arab society of the time. It is compatible because the poet often had to suffocate and communicate his ideas in an invisible manner. Furthermore, since he does not believe in the central reader, he employs the method of application the pronoun of the audience to represent the female characters. Thus, the character in question disappeared from the reader's mind and submerged her poem in an aura of ambiguity, which is the consequence of the ominous phenomenon o Furthermore, one may observe an intermediary, a pointer, or a reference, in addition to virtual characters. Frequently, the external and psychological aspects of the description of the female character are conveyed, and the poet employs a variety of literary devices, particularly similes, to establish an intimate connection with the reader. The reader is able to readily envision the poet's depicted character. Furthermore, an examination of the meaning reveals that the majority of the information regarding the nature of women originates from the poet himself. This is evident on both quantitative and qualitative levels, with the poet's descriptions being melancholic in the quantitative sense. And to evoke empathy in the audience, he added melancholy; he utilized both direct and indirect methods in the qualitative dimension. However, upon closer examination of the evidence, the reader discerns a discrepancy between the characters' portrayals and their actual performances, leading to the conclusion that the nomenclature and origin of certain characters are not connected to Hamon's theory

The Holy Qur'an has revealed the truth and nature of many virtues and vices to man in a multi-meaning way, which cannot be understood except through deep observation and contemplation, and to achieve the original and true meanings of the words requires precision in the context and context of the verses. So that the reader can get the main meaning. The words "hasb, rib, doubt, suspicion and yaqn" are among the most used words with different meanings in the Quran. According to the context of the verses, God has applied different and sometimes contradictory ways of expression from the present vocabulary. In addition to taking a quick look at the statistics of these words in the Qur'an, this research has investigated the semantic aspects of these words and their relationship with the concept of intellect using the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the survey show that knowing the scope of each of these words helps us in understanding their relationship with reason, and it indicates that each of them is used in the verses on purpose and for specific meanings. and the use of cohabitation style has been very effective in discovering this relationship.

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Palestine have resisted internal and external oppression and arrogance throughout their history full of jihad and struggle. Intellectuals of these two societies demonstrated their protest against the current political conditions at the time, coinciding with the outbreak of the two world wars, and portrayed the political conditions, poverty, deprivation, the thugs of darkness, and other topics by singing poetry. The literature of resistance had an important role in this field. In order for the poet to portray the painful and distressing conditions of society in the literature of resistance, he tends to a special subject field and aims to stir up the spirit of struggle and resistance among people. Mahmoud Darwish and Tahereh Sfarzadeh sang wonderful verses on resistance, which led to the emergence of poetic commonalities in their poems. The research deals with the emergence of resistance in its various forms, as the two poets chanted, relying on the comparative approach. The result indicates that the chants of the two poets were the scene of the emergence of common contents such as the call for peace, identity, patriotic fervor, martyrdom, and other religious and patriotic contents that make the poets enthusiastic about it.

Today, "the right to the city" approach is a new concept in response to the unbalanced urban development process, which ultimately leads to a city with justice, cohesion and social cohesion, healthy, livable, sustainable and citizen-oriented. This approach is considered as an effective solution in saving and reviving civil rights and by emphasizing the factor of the right to urban life, provides the grounds for the realization and achievement of justice-oriented urban planning and democratic enjoyment of the city. Meanwhile, justice-oriented urban planning has entered the field of urban development as an important knowledge and leading approach in urban planning in order to respond to the social-spatial inequalities produced by capitalism.

The present research with an applied goal and descriptive-analytical method, tries to make a comparative assessment of the status of right to the city indicators in urban settlements by adopting a humane background.

The tools used in collecting and analyzing information are using document selection and library methods and using the questionnaire tools and Swara and Mabac techniques. The statistical population and sample size of the research includes the total population of the historical context of Urmia, which has been calculated through the Cochran method, the number of samples.

Geographical Area of Research:

The neighborhoods of Hafasiyab and Shishegarkhaneh in Urmia city have been the cases of the present research.

The results of the analysis indicate that the sub-indicators of access to public services and democracy have the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively.

Shishegharkhaneh neighborhood of Urmia city in terms of urban governance, social inclusion, diversity and vitality and spatial access to a more favorable situation than the feasibility of the sub-indicators of the right to the city and achieving justice-oriented urban planning Dedicated to himself.

Urban public spaces were one of the most important types of urban spaces. Areas that citizens of all walks of life, age, race and class have the right to use without any restrictions. The quantitative evaluation of public spaces, leveling, analysis, distribution and distribution of public spaces in the neighborhoods of districts of the city of Deh-Tehran revealed. The research is a descriptive-analytic one. The population under study is the total population of the Deh-Metropolitan Area of Tehran with 818 hectares, three districts and 10 neighborhoods. The method of data collection is library based. The required information has been collected from the latest detailed plan of Deh-Tehran based on the population and housing census of 2016. Evaluation of public spaces of Deh-Tehran neighborhoods has been done by 5 main indicators and 5 sub-indices. The results were analyzed using Shannon entropy model TOPSIS and GIS and SPSS software. Accordingly, each of the neighborhoods of Deh-Tehran is ranked and ranked according to the desired indices. The results are presented in tables and maps as well as the level and per capita status of each public land use compared to standard per capita levels. It is calculated separately.Evaluation of public spaces of Deh-Tehran neighborhoods has been done by 5 main indicators and 5 sub-indices. The results were analyzed using Shannon entropy model TOPSIS and GIS and SPSS software. Accordingly, each of the neighborhoods of Deh-Tehran is ranked and ranked according to the desired indices. The results are presented in tables and maps as well as the level and per capita status of each public land use compared to standard per capita levels. It is calculated separately

Each work has a special language according to its subject and structure. The language of some works is simple and easy to understand due to the emotion and imagination used in the work, and some require a lot of reflection and attention due to some words and terms. Arabic books for the second year of high school are one of the most important and accessible educational resources in the field of learning Arabic and, accordingly, familiarity with religious and Quranic concepts, hadiths, etc. for learners. The present research is based on the library and descriptive method in order to review the Arabic books of the second secondary school from the linguistic point of view. The analysis of the discussed Arabic books shows that the authors have chosen the subjects of the textbooks with special linguistic accuracy and elegance, and according to the students' academic level and their situation, they have categorized the texts based on linguistic dimensions.

Rapid growth of urbanization and physical expansion of cities in the recent decades have been accompanied by many negative consequences in different aspects. One of these consequences is the reduction of citizens’ health under the effects of factors such as car dependency, reduction in walkability (as daily physical activity) and inappropriate distribution of activities. In this regard, the issue of health in city has been considered in the recent years. Theatrical studies show that the urban form, which includes a set of physical and non-physical features in the city, affects the increase or decrease of residents’ health. So, the goal of this study is an investigation on the relation between urban form and citizens’ health in Urmia city. In another word, this research wants to recognize the most important elements of urban form which have more effects on public health. The method of this study is descriptive- analytical and also practical- developmental. Data collection is based on documentary studies and survey (distributing a questionnaire among the residents of region 3 and 4). For analysis, TOPSIS method is used. The results of this study showed that among eleven urban form elements in three environmental, social and physical categories, the amount of fabric compactness is the most effective factor on the citizens’ health and after that, there are mixed-use, the quality of pedestrian space, the air quality and the quality of green spaces. The results of TOPSIS analysis showed that according to the residents’ perspectives, the current situation of form in region 4 has more effects on urban health and this show that urban compact form (and its elements) has more effects on public health in comparison with urban sprawl (region 3). These findings are compatible to the theatrical studies. According to the successful pattern of dense development in Urmia city, it is necessary for the health of the citizens Urban planners pay more attention to this aspect of development and development policies of this type of development process to provide.

One of the main techniques in the analysis of novels is the study and critique of storytelling according to the narratology theory of Gérard Genette, a French structuralist critic. In his view, time in each story is one of the important elements in advancing the pillars of the story and this time itself is divided into three parts: order, duration, and frequency. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical method, we have dealt with the category of time in the story of Solomon based on Genette's theory in order to examine and analyze the importance of using the element of time, its dependencies, and its components as one of the foundations of narration. The results of this study indicate that the course of Solomon's story has taken an upward trend due to the excessive use of omissions and the element of anachronism. This story is full of vibrancy, excitement, mobility, dynamism, apprehension, and inner and outer anxiety, and this issue largely balances the speed of the story.

The present age is referred to as the age of urban vulnerability, because cities face natural hazards and technological crises from various aspects on the one hand and socio-security crises on the other as urban life becomes more complex. The issue of passive defense is no longer defined as a mere research topic but as a vital requirement for governing any country, both upon crisis and at other times, for maintenance of its material and spiritual values. Therefore, the theoretical and practical position of defense and defense against the crisis is very important in this area. On that basis, the application of passive defense and consideration of its principles in urban planning can greatly reduce the destructive effects of such crises. The checkered city of Salmas, Iran, a mid-sized city, according to Iranian Space Agency, with a population of 91239 people, is located in a region with high relative risk based on the relative earthquake risk zoning of Iran, from the study of the National Physical Plan of Iran. Due to its location on a fault, evidenced by the devastating 7.2-magnitude earthquake in 1930, it is very important in this city to observe the principles of passive defense in urban planning. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of measuring and modeling the vulnerability of grid and semi-grid urban forms in Salmas against earthquakes from the perspective of passive defense.

 Theoretical Framework

With respect to the type of fabric, there is less vulnerability and greater relief in case of earthquake in regular continuous fabrics over flat lands featuring roads with low or medium confinement and blocks with one or two regular rows of construction. The grid urban form of the roads is also effective in the provision of relief due to easy access. Regular and stepped discontinuous fabrics over foothill lands are moderate in terms of efficiency and vulnerability, and irregular continuous fabrics over flat areas are less effective against earthquakes. The indicators of urban fabric in the assessment of vulnerability against earthquake include the method of attachment of adjacent segments to the passage, adjacency of the open and constructed spaces of each section to the passage, extent of confinement of the fabric, pattern and size of the urban blocks, and pattern of combination of the roads and urban blocks. 

In this applied analytical research, data collection was carried out through library studies, existing articles, field studies, and 2016 census information from the Statistical Center of Iran. Thus, the effective indicators of vulnerability were extracted from the perspective of passive defense after the relevant documents and resources were studied, and fourteen indicators were then selected from among various influential factors according to their availability for specification of vulnerability in Salmas to obtain the research output. Given that each of the indicators effective in the specification of the vulnerability of the coefficient has a different importance, the opinions of the elite were used in this research to determine the weight (coefficient of importance) of each indicator. To weigh the indicators according to the BWM method, ten questionnaires with contents based on a pairwise comparison of the indicators were formulated given the preference of the best indicator over the others and the preference of the other indicators over the worst. In the next step, the data from the questionnaires were entered into the GAMS software and calculated and analyzed. The weight calculated with the value of λε obtained for the ten questionnaires was 0.097, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. For spatial analysis, the information layers of the indicators were first digitized and edited in the GIS software, and each of the indicators was multiplied by the significance coefficient calculated by the BWM method through conversion of the information layers into rasters and their standardization with large and small fuzzy functions and Boolean logic. Using the weighted sum of the indicators to measure vulnerability, the grid and semi-grid urban forms in Salmas were addressed separately. 

Among the calculated weights of the indicators in GAMS, the highest concerned urban from pattern, with 0.164, and the lowest pertained to building façade, with a significance coefficient of 0.030. The average value of λε obtained for the ten questionnaires was 0.097, which indicates the stability and consistency of the calculated weights due to its proximity to zero. The results of combining the indicators in the grid urban form in Salmas demonstrated that there were 4866 parcels in the very low vulnerability zone in the grid urban form, 2719 parcels in low vulnerability, 2862 in medium vulnerability, 3435 in high vulnerability, and 430 parcels in the very high vulnerability zone. In the semi-grid urban form, there were 611 parcels in the very low vulnerability zone, 2598 in low vulnerability, 3669 in medium vulnerability, 5350 in high vulnerability, and 3057 parcels in the very high vulnerability zone.
 

In general, it can be stated that the level of vulnerability in the grid urban form is less than that in the semi-grid urban form. The semi-grid urban form was found to be more vulnerable than the grid urban form based on the indicators of area, parts pattern, building density, building age, building quality, distance from rescue centers, distance from hazardous centers, building facade, population density, and building structure. Moreover, the grid urban form was found more vulnerable than the semi-grid urban form based on the indicators of distance from open spaces, range of worn fabric, distance from faults, and distance from the main thoroughfares of the city.

Every year, natural and unnatural disasters around the world cause many deaths, physical injuries, and diseases so out of 70 types of natural disasters registered in the world, 13 types have been registered in our country. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the vulnerability in the checkered and semi-checkered texture of Salmas city based on passive defense indicators. The type of research is applied and the method of work is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done through library and field studies. To achieve the purpose of the research, 14 indicators have been selected based on the opinions of the elites, and information layers have been formed for them in GIS software. To calculate the weight of indicators BWM multi-criteria decision-making method was used and the results were analyzed in GAMS software. Finally, the weights obtained from the BWM method are multiplied and combined in 14 standard indicators. The results show that the level of vulnerability in checkered textures is less than in semi-checkered textures.

Historical textures are the main and important parts of cities that have unique historical and cultural values. Today, Cities witness the loss of this precious heritage through unconventional construction without regard for cultural and historical values. In order to prevent the destruction of these tissues, it is necessary to use an effective and practical method.

the main purpose of the present research is to analyze the use of the TDR for protecting the historical texture of Urmia.

Research in terms of purpose is an applied research and is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of its nature. The theoretical foundations of the research were obtained through documentary-library studies and in order to study the scope of the study, the criteria for determining the areas of sending and receiving were extracted and using Delphi and AHP methods, importance of the criteria is determined, and then, using GIS software, the sending and receiving zones are identified and prioritized. Then, by compilation and design a program for the transfer development right to planned in the designated areas.

The research results indicate that the TDR approach identifies areas susceptible to development throughout the city of Urmia and the transfer of the right to develop historic property owners to these areas and if the building density of the base is 120% and the ratio of the right of development 20% to 80%, it will have the ability to execute and protect the historical texture of Urmia and it's a sure way to protect this texture.Highlight: Although the Right to Development (TDR) approach is not a new approach in developed countries such as the United States, which was the beginning of the formation of this approach, but this method is a new approach in developing countries such as Iran, which can be used using its mechanisms. Protect important and valuable areas from damage caused by destruction, especially historic buildings in cities

The analysis of the extent and severity of urban fabric vulnerabilities helps urban planners and managers to make appropriate decisions and select solutions, controls, and countermeasures against potential risks. So, this study aims to evaluate the vulnerability of new (Zone 1) and old (Zone 4) fabrics in Urmia against air raids, based on passive defence indicators. In order to do so, 10 indicators were selected through a literature study. At first, the information layers of the indicators are digitised and prepared in GIS, and then the significance coefficient calculated by AHP method was factored in. It showed that in the new fabric 23% of areas have very low vulnerability, with 29% in low, 39% moderate, 8% high, and 1% very highly vulnerable zones. In the old fabric, 11% were in very low, 39% in low, 43% moderate, 6% high vulnerability, and 1% very high vulnerability zone. In general, it can be said that the vulnerability in zone 4 is greater than zone 1. The results show that the amount of vulnerability in the old fabric is higher than the new fabric.

Historical Bazaars as the backbone and heart of the city are the most important public spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities that have long played a significant role in the life of urban communities with their physical, economic, social and cultural functions. The historical Bazaar of Ardabil city is one of the most important historical Bazaars whose various functions have made it a vibrant hub with a strong centrality. Despite its ups and downs throughout history, and the physical changes of Ardabil city notwithstanding, it has managed to maintain its functions. The main purpose of this research is to identify the most important functions of the historical Bazaar of Ardabil city and analyze their significance. The research is applied in terms of purpose and its research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect data, library-documentary and field studies in the form of observations, questionnaire tools and opinions of relevant experts on the subject have been used to achieve the objectives of the research. Data were analyzed using the Dematel and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) models. The research findings show that the functions of "Arousing a sense of belonging and attachment in users", "Presence of different social strata" and "Business activities of different Asnaf (guilds)", respectively, with significance coefficients of 0.668, 0.536 and 0.493 are the most important functions of Ardabil historical Bazaar.

This paper examines the relationship between urban Sprawl and urban compaction with quality of life. By technology progress and the use of fast means of transportation, the deployment of citydwellers was possible in rural areas around the city. However, due to problems in urban centers (such as high price of housing and land, over population jamming, etc.) population is poured into the suburb and on the other side due to the existence of highways, they were able to meet their requirements easily by refering to urban centers where it was caused spread cities horizontally. Urban sprawl event was stared at the united states in twentieth century then it was taken in to place in other countries like Iran. And surely conseques of this event have had some effect on quality of life (positive or negative). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of urban sprawl on the quality of life and the sample is Khoramdareh city. The main question in this study is that if the urban sprawl affects on the quality of life and how much is it? Therefore, after the study and examination of the theories, concepts and approaches to the phenomenon of urban sprawl and quality of life, the global experiences in respect of sprawl and quality of life and indicators of their measurement was investigated. First in the evaluation of case study, causing factors of dispersion in Khoramdareh was analyzed and then urban sprawl was investigated by examining 13 factors in 12 urban district. It was divided into sprawl district (1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12 neighborhoods) and compact districts (5, 6, 7, 8, 9 neighberhoods). Then urban neighberhoods of Khoramdareh gradation based on sprawl from 1 until 12 dirges (11, 12, 10, 1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 6 neighberhoods). Also quality of life by 18 indexes and questionnaire design by 18 indexes and by filling it in Khoramdeh selected neighberhoods (1 and 11 neighborhoods from sprawl district and 6 and 8 neighborhoods from compact district) were evaluated. The number of questionnaires was calculated by Cochran formula and the number rose to 130 in the four neighberhoods of Khoramdeh and by Using of this technique, the samples were made to collect data. Then the questionnaire data were analyzed and summarized by using of descriptive statistics tools (tables and charts) and finally analyzed by using of inferential statistical techniques and the results was granted with a certain confidence level of extension. Used analysis includes: Mann-Whitney Test and t Test by using of SPSS16 software and exploratory factor analysis by using the LISREL 8.5 software. The results show that the quality of life in 1 and 11 neighborhoods (ave = 2/5) is upper than the quality of life in 6 and 8 neighborhoods (Average = 2/22), with 95 percent confidence level. And then by this 95 percent confidence level, it can be said that quality of life in sprawl neighberhoods is upper than the quality of life in compact neighborhoods.

The earthquake is one of the natural disasters with which the majority of cities in all countries encountered. This issue has been generally reinforced by the widest unconsidered human intervention in natural environment like unconventional constructions in the earthquake fault range, lack or neglecting of criteria and constructions standards. Increasing the resilience of cities to natural disasters specifically earthquake is greatly effective in reducing damages and also is effective for recovery periods of communities. Accordingly, the present study seeks to evaluate and compare the resilience of Ardebil, Tabriz, and Urmia cities in four social, economic, institutional and physical-environmental dimensions. The research method is descriptive - analytic and its nature is an applied one. In this research, the theoretical framework of the research was initially carried out through the collection of information and the use of documentary studies. In order to investigate the resilience of the understudied cities, resilience criteria and sub-criteria were determined by examining the previous studies. Then the values of each of the indicators were obtained by field studies and approved projects in each of the understudied areas and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the cities of Ardebil and Tabriz were in a favorable situation with an average score of 3.35 and 3.33 respectively (higher than the average of 3), but the city of Urmia with an average of 2.71 (below the average of 3) was in an unsatisfactory situation in case of crises.

Cities are the most important targets of an enemy invasion because of the high population density and the place of capital accumulation. Accordingly, this study seeks to rank the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city against the dangers of unexpected events and war based on passive defense principles by investigating and identifying effective indicators. This research, based on its purpose, is an applied research and according to the method of work, has an analytical nature. In this study, after studying and analyzing the related documents and resources of passive defense, 14 indicators that are related to some principles of passive defense including principles of dispersal, hardening and localization were selected and then hierarchical analysis process method was used for giving weight to the indices. For performing spatial analyses, index data layers were first digitized and edited in GIS software and by converting data layers into raster and classifying them, the calculated coefficient of significance (via hierarchical analysis method) was multiplied in each index and by using the weighted sum of the indices, the vulnerability was measured in the five districts of Urmia city. In the final step, the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city was ranked according to the TOPSIS model. The results indicate that the vulnerability of the five regions of Urmia city are from top to bottom, respectively, regions five, one, three, four and two and also in most of the cases, they are associated with weaknesses in the principle of dispersal, hardening and localization.

Housing is one of the basic needs of the human being. Considering how to provide housing, housing quality, affordable and affordable housing for all segments of society is one of the most important goals of a variety of urban programs and is considered as a serious discussion of the quality of life approach. Of the various types of housing patterns, there is a pattern of retrofitting that has been seriously addressed in the urban management agenda in recent decades, and if it does not plan and manage its effects, it can overwhelm the quality of life of the inhabitants. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between quality of life and compression patterns of vertical housing development and evaluate the effects of density on the dimensions, benchmarks and indicators of quality of life in District 3, region 22 of Tehran. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test and Spearman correlation in SPSS software were used to achieve the goals and answer the questions. The results show that the quality in the low density pattern with an average of 3.26 compared to other patterns is acceptable. One of the most important results of Spearman test was the correlation of density component with negative quality of life (r = -0.83) and it was proved that with increasing density, quality of life decreases.

Today, the great damage of natural and man-made hazards to environment and the framework of cities have made the concept of resiliency as an important issue in crisis management in order to reduce the effects of the events. Recognition of resiliency can help to identify the qualifications and characteristics which cause to increase the capacity of confronting communities to events and also can offer tools to help the process of reducing vulnerability. The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, and also is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of nature, which the purpose of this study is evaluation of the amount of resiliency of Shiraz city against natural hazards. Theoretical foundations of the research were obtained through library studies and questionnaire was used as a study tool to assess the scope of the study. Therefore, 30 questionnaires were distributed by using the Delphi method among the experts in various fields which were related to the topic who were identified the current status of the Shiraz city. The data were analyzed by Spss software. The results of the research showed that the mean rate of Shiraz is 2.45, which is below the average rate (3) and therefore is not resilient against natural hazards. Also, the results of stepwise regression showed that the institutional-managerial component with the beta coefficient of 0.825 had the most impact and the economic component with the beta coefficient of 0.321 had the least effect on the resiliency of Shiraz city against natural hazards.

The obligation to compensate for the damages incurred on individuals is regarded as one of the most important principles of Fiqh and Law, and the bodily harms to women are included among compensable bodily damages. In case of harm, a financial compensation known as Diya is paid to the injured person, while in the pre-revolutionary laws of Iran, no reference was made to such financial compensations for damage.  But with the victory of Islamic revolution and adopting of the Constitutional Law, an appropriate ground was developed for the judicial system of Iran to be adapted with Islamic legal principles as well as with the Shi'a Twelver doctrine. With the enactment of the Diyat Law, the amount of Diya for women was reduced to half the amount of Diya for men, in some cases. Due to the perception that exist about Islam enjoying a perfect legal system and assigning a fundamental role to women as well as the international adverse publicity of the ongoing law, the Legislature proceeded to resolve the problem of inequity of Diya for women and men re-codifying the Islamic Penal Code, enacted 2013, in order to disregard the gender for damage compensation and to observe the international norms. The legislators introduced the law that the government has to pay the balance of inequity of Diya for women.

Today, due to population growth, increasingly expanding of urbanization and increasing the complexity level of human needs, it is necessary to distribute urban facilities in order to citizens benefit from the economic, social, environmental and... needs in a fair and harmonious in order to provide appropriate and balanced conditions for the healthy living of all members of society. Urban sustainable development is the establishment of parity, balance and integration attitude among the distribution of population and the distribution of urban services and facilities in different dimensions of development, whose main objective is to provide welfare, comfort and promotion and improvement of the quantitative and qualitative level of human life. The imbalance in the spatial-physical structure of the regions is one of the major events of developing countries. In this regard, the present study with applied goal and descriptive-analytical nature and using the Morris development techniques and Human Development Index (HDI) an attempt was made to measure the level of development of the townships of West Azarbaijan province based on the amount of health and therapeutic services (17 variables) and provide suggestions for reducing inequalities and existing gaps in the region. The method of collecting information from documentary-library studies and using the statistical yearbook data and the University of Medical Sciences and Health-therapeutic Services of West Azarbaijan Province in 2017 and the Population and Housing Census of 2016 were adopted. The results of the research indicate heterogeneity and inconsistency in the level of development and the balanced distribution of facilities and health and therapeutic amenities based on population factors in some townships. The findings of the research indicate that Urmia city has the highest development level among other cities. Also, the cities of Khoy, Miandoab, Mahabad, Bukan, Salmas, Sardasht and Naqadeh are in the next categories of development. Chaypareh County is also located at the lowest level of development of the province. Finally, suggestions are given to increase the level of balance and eliminate development inequalities.